Maidi Ari nyore Kunzwisisa Anoitika Apo Unoenda kuDare Rehurumende?

Dare rehurumende inzvimbo chaiyo yepamutemo inoita basa rinokosha mudare redare reAmerica. Kunzwisisa chinoitika apo unoenda kudare rehurumende kunogona kubetsera vanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo kunzvera muitiro uyu wakaoma nechivimbo chikuru. Kana ukabatanidzwa mugakava rehurumende, kutarisana nemhosva, kana kuti kungoda kuziva kuti tsika yedare rehurumende inoshanda sei, iyi nhungamiro ine revo ichakufambisa mudanho riri rose redare rehurumende.

Chii Chiri Dare Rehurumende uye Neiko Chichikosha?

Matare eFederal i "matare ehurumende yakaganhurirwa," mukurwisana nematare ehurumende, ayo anowanzorangarirwa kuva ane chiremera chenhau pamusoro penhau. Uyu musiano mukuru unoumba kuti mhaka dzinobatwa sei uye kuti inzvimboi yapamutemo yakakodzera nokuda kwamarudzi akasiana - siana egakava.

Uku kunoreva kuti matare ehurumende anogona bedzi kunzwa marudzi chaiwo enhau ayo anowira muchiremera chawo chebumbiro remitemo nechapamutemo.

Kuvakwa Kwedare Rehurumende

Dare reruwa ndiro matare makuru edare rehurumende. Kune matare 94 ehurumende muUnited States yose, nyika iri yose ine kana imwe.

Kune matunhu gumi namaviri ehurumende anokamura nyika kuva nharaunda dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, Zera reshanu rinobatanidza nyika dzeTexas, Louisiana, uye Mississippi. Mitongo inobva kumatare eruwa enyika idzodzo inokwidzwa kuUnited States Court of Appres for the Fearers of the 5 tturt, iyo inovakirwa muNew Orleans, Louisiana.

Pamusoro pedare rinotonga rehurumende panogara Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States, iro rinobatira somutsigiri wokupedzisira womutemo wehurumende nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo.

Marudzi Emhosva Anonzwiwa Mudare Rehurumende

Kunzwisisa nyaya dzinodiwa kuti dzishandiswe nehurumende hakufaniri kupokana nedare rose rehurumende.

Kubvunzurudzwa Kunoitwa Nehurumende

Congress inoisa matare eruwa ehurumende ane chiremera chenhau pamusoro penhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yomutemo womubatanidzwa: "matare oruwa achave ane chiremera chapakuvamba chezviito zvose zvehurumende zvinomuka muBumbiro remitemo, mitemo, kana kuti zvibvumirano zveUnited States.. 28 U.S.C. 761.

Kuitira kuti dare rehurumende rive noudzori hwenhau hwehurumende, nhau inofanira kumuka mumutemo womubatanidzwa. Chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo chinopa matare ehurumende chiremera che "nhau dzose, mumutemo nomukubvumirana, zvinomuka pasi pouyu Bumbiro remitemo, mitemo yeUnited States, uye zvibvumirano zvinoitwa, kana kuti zvichaitwa, pasi pechiremera chazvo."

Mienzaniso inobatanidza kuputswa kwekodzero dzehurumende, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano zvehurumende.

Kusarudza Kwakasiyana - siyana

Kutonga kwemarudzi akasiyana - siyana kunobvumira mutevedzeri wenyika imwe kuisa mhaka mudare rehurumende apo mukwirirwi ari munyika yakasiana. Kuunza kutaura kwomutemo wehurumende mudare rehurumende, zvose zvezvipo zvinofanira kuva munyika dzakasiana - siana kupfuura vose vakwirirwi, uye "anobatanidzwa mugakava" anofanira kuva anopfuura $75 000.

Kudzorwa kwemarudzi kunoshanda apo mapoka acho anobva kunyika dzakasiyana, uye kutaura kwacho kuri nokuda kweinopfuura $75 000.

Rudzi urwu rwesimba runobvumira mativi kupinda mudare rehurumende kunyange apo gakava rawo rinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, rinogovera mhatsa nezvinodikanwa zvechitsama kusvikwa. Chinoparira kudzora kwemhatsa ndeyokugovera kusatora rutivi apo mapoka anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana angatarisana nefungira mano inobvira mumatare ehurumende.

Kutsiva Kunopfuura Kwose

Dare rehurumende rine simba rakakwana panhau yakati youkoshi hworudzi, zvikurukuru nhau dzakadai sekodzero yapamutemo neyapamutemo. iyi hurumende yakaganhurirwa inoratidzira fariro huru yehurumende munhau dzakadaro uye inoyamura kutangwa kwomutumbi mumwe womutemo wehurumende kuti utonge nhau dzakaoma nerevo dzapakati pezvine chokuita.

Idzi nhau ndidzo maruramiro bedzi ematare ehurumende uye kubatanidza marudzi anotevera enhau: Asuti pakati pehurumende umo hurumende mbiri kana kuti dzakawanda dziri mubato. Mitemo inobatanidza nhume uye dzimwe nhamba dzavanhu dzinoiswa munzeve. Utsotsi dzinorondedzerwa neU.S. Constitution kana kuti idzo dzinorondedzerwa uye/munhu dzinorangwa nemitemo yehurumende. Matsotsi akadai anobatanidza kupandukira United States, kunyengera, mhosva dzinorwisana nomutemo wamarudzi, uye mhosva dzinoparwa nechiremera chehurumende chokudzora kutengeserana. Bankcytic , inowanzova inotangwa nemitemo yehurumende, inoitwa nemunhu anobviswa nechikwereti zvizhinji uye anodzokororwa nedare rinodzokororwa.

Kutonga Mudare Rehurumende

Miitiro yacho inosiyana zvichienderana nokuti nyaya yacho ndeyehurumende here kana kuti ndeyemhosva.

Mhaka Dzavagari Vemo: Kunyunyuta

Kunyunyuta kwacho igwaro repamutemo rinotsanangura nyaya dzechokwadi, rinoratidza kupomera kwepamutemo kuri kuitwa, rinoonesa vanhu vanenge vabatanidzwa, uye rinokumbira kusunungurwa kana kuti kurapwa nedare.

Kunyunyuta kwacho kunofanira kutanga kuti dare rehurumende rine simba panhau yacho, kupfurikidza nokudzora nhau kwehurumende kana kuti zvimwe kudzora kwemhatsa.Kunofanirawo kuratidzira kuti nzvimbo yakafanira muruwa rwakati rwehurumende umo nhau yacho inochengetwa.

Pashure pokupedzisa nyunyuto, mupomerwi anofanira kubatira mukwirirwi nekopi yenyunyuto nembiriso. Kuraira kunozivisa mukwirirwi kuti ivo vakakwidzwa ndokugovera mashoko pamusoro penguva inosvika nokuda kwokupindura. Basa rokuita rinofanira kuwirirana neFederal Ruparamende rweChiviko kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mukwirirwi anogamuchira ziviso yakafanira.

Mhinduro yacho inokurukura nyaya imwe neimwe panyunyuto yacho uye ingasimbisa kuzvidzivirira kana kuti kutsigira mupoteri wacho.

Mhaka Dzeutsotsi: Kupomerwa Namashoko

Pamavambo emhosva yehurumende, vatambi vakuru igweta (muchuchisi) reU.S. uye vatongi vakuru. Gweta reU.S. rinomirira United States mumatare mazhinjisa, kubatanidza kukwikwidza kwose kwoutsotsi. Vatongi vakuru vanohwirudzura ufakazi hunopiwa negweta reU.S. uye vanosarudza kana pane ufakazi hwakakwana hwokuunza pomero. Mhaka zhinjisa dzehurumende dzinovamba ne "pomero." Mhaka yedare yakanyorwa nedare guru rinobetsera uye yakasainwa nomuchuchichirechi wehurumende inopa mhaka mumwe kana kuti vanhu vakawanda.

Kushandiswa kwematare makuru anobetsera vatongi kupomero vakwirirwi hakudiwi nehurumende dzose, asi chinodikanwa mumhaka dzemhosva dzomuhurumende kutoti mukwirirwi achidzosa mhaka huru yedare rinobetsera vatongi.

Vatongi vakuru vanoongorora ufakazi hunopiwa navachuchisi ndokusarudza kana pane chisakiso chinobvira chokuunza pomero.

Nokuda kwemhosva dzenzvimbo isina kururama, vachuchisi vangakurira vatongi vakuru ndokunyora dare routsotsi kana kuti mashoko outsotsi. Federal diremianer havadi kupomera mhaka kuti iwe upiwe mhaka. Izvozvi zvinogona kupiwa mhaka kupfurikidza negwaro remitemo rinozivikanwa semashoko kana kuti nyunyuto. Zvisinei, kupomera kwakawanda kwehurumende kunobatanidza mhaka dzemhosva uye naizvozvo kunoitwa nemhosva.

Kuoneka Kwedare Rokutanga Nokupomerwa Mhaka

Kana vapiwa mhosva kana kuti vakwirirana vacho vanotanga kuoneka pamberi pedare.

Mhaka Dzoutsotsi: Kuoneka Kwokutanga Namabhakitiriya

Mumaawa 48 pashure pokusungwa, unofanira kumira pamberi poMutongi weMagistrate weUnited States kuti uone kana uchigona kusunungurwa pabhegi kana kuti pawakapiwazve.

Vadziviriri vasingakwanisi kupa zano vanoudzwa kodzero yavo kugweta rakagadzwa nedare.

Pakuonekwa kwako kwokutanga, watongwa, dare rinokuzivisa mhosva dzako, namaruramiro ako, nezvirango zvingavapo; uchakumbirwawo kupinda mukukumbiro wokupa mhaka, usinemhosva, usinemhosva, kana kurwa; dare ringataura mari yokusunungurwa panguva ino.

Nokudaro, vatongi vanowanzoramba chisungo kumukwidziridziridzi wakavakirwa pangozi yokubhururuka kana kuti zvimwe ngozi munzanga.

Basa Ravatongi Vakachenjera

Vatongi vemajaji vehurumende vanoshandiswa munhau dzehurumende kunzwa nhau dzokutanga (dzakadai sedzinoitwa matare asati atongwa), asi havawanzosarudza nhau.

Munhau dzoutsotsi, vatongi vemajaji vangatarisira dzimwe nyaya, kunzvera nokuisa zvibvumikiso zvokusunga, kuisa matare okutonga pakutanga, kuisa bherai, kusarudza mabasa akati (zvakadai sokuedza kudzvinyirira ufakazi), uye mamwe mabasa akafanana. Munhau dzehurumende, vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanobata nhau dzakasiyana - siyana dzakadai sezvinoitwa nedare risati ratongwa uye kuwana.

Kuwana: Kuunganidza Uchapupu Namashoko

Kuwana ndeimwe yenhambo dzinokosha zvikurusa nedzinotora nguva dzechikamu chehurumende. Mukati meiyi nhambo, vose vari vaviri vanotsinhana mashoko ndokuunganidza ufakazi hwokuvaka nhau dzavo.

Kuwanwa Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Muzviitiko zvehurumende, kuwana kunobvumira vanhu kuwana mashoko akakodzera kune mumwe nomumwe uye kumativi echitatu.Federal Mission of Civil Procedature inodzora muitiro wokuwana ndokugadza ukuru neganhuriro zvezvinogona kuwanwa.

Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuwana zvinhu zvinosanganisira kubvunzurudza (mibvunzo inofanira kunyorwa pachishandiswa mhiko), kukumbira kuti pave nemagwaro, kukumbira kuti mumwe wacho apiwe (kukumbira kuti abvume kana kuti arambe chokwadi chaicho), uye kunyora mashoko (kana kuti uchapupu hunopiwa usati watongwa).

Kuwana mudare rehurumende kunowanzova kwakafara, kuchibvumira mapato kuwana mashoko anokosha kukutaura kupi nokupi kana kuti dziviriro uye anowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvenhau yacho.

Kuwana Mumhosva Dzeutsotsi

Kutonga kusati kwavamba, zvose zviri zviviri kuchuchisa nokuzvidzivirira zvingaronga kutora matanho okutonga kukurukura nhau dzakasiyana - siyana, dzakadai sokusaoneka kwoufakazi kana kuti kubviswa kwepomero. Uku rutivi runobatanidzawo muitiro wokuwana, uko mativi ose ari maviri anotsinhana mashoko noufakazi zvinowirirana nenhau yacho.

Vachuchisi vehurumende vanotsvaka ufakazi hwokutsigira mhaka yomukwiridzwi pasina panikiro ine mufungo, nepo gweta rinodzivirira richitsvaka chibvumikiso chokusava nemhaka kana kuti kupanikira kune mufungo. Vachuchisi vehurumende vanofanira kugovera mukwiridziridziri noufakazi chaihwoihwo, magwaro, kana kuti zvimwe zviratidziro zvavanoda kushandisa mudare asi vangagona kudzivisa mashoko akati kutozosvikira pamberi pohuvaguru hwekutonga kana kuti mukati mokutonga.

Kutaura kuzvapupu zvingadanwa kupupurira mudare inhano inokosha mumuitiro wokuwana.

Zvirongwa Zvepamberi Pematare Nezvinofamba

Mhaka isati yapfuurira kutongwa, kune nhano dzamapfundo akawanda nemikana yokuti mapati apedze nhau dzacho kana kuti kunyange kurasa nhau yacho chose chose.

Kuedza Kudzinga

Munhau dzehurumende, vakwirirwi vanowanzoita zvokunyora mufashoni kuti varambe kuti kunyange kana maidi ose anotaurwa mukunyunyuta kwacho ari echokwadi, mutauri wenhau haana kutaura chirevo chapamutemo.

Mudare rehurumende, pasi peFederal Rules of Civil Procedure, chiito chokudzinga nokuda kwokushaikwa kwehurumende yechiremera chinorangarirwa kuva dziviriro yakaisvonaka. Kungamutswa panguva ipi neipi mumuitiro wokupa mhosva, kunyange kana mapati akanga ambotaura kuti chiremera chenhau chakanga chiripo. Kutaura idi, dare ringadzinga mhaka yesua sponte (pacharo) nokuda kwokushaiwa udzori hwenhau.

Mafambiro Okusarudza Muchidimbu

Kutanga kutonga kwokupfupikisa kunokumbira dare kuti ritonge mhaka yacho pasina kutongwa nemhaka yokuti hakuna kukakavadzana kwechokwadi kweidi rezvinhu.

Kutonga kwokupeta kunotsigirwa nouchapupu hunobva mukuwana, kubatanidza uchapupu hunoiswa, magwaro, zvishongo, uye zvimwe zvinhu. Vasingachinji vanofanira kupindura nouchapupu hunoratidza kuti makakatanwa echokwadi aripo anoda kutongwa kuti agadzirise.

Kana dare rikapa mutongo wokupfupikisa, nyaya yacho inopera pasina kutongwa.

Kutanga Kutonga Mumhosva Dzematsotsi

Kufamba kwePregement inzira inokosha yokudzivirira kodzero dzako dzebumbiro remitemo (zvakadai sePramendment yechina inodzivirira pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nokubatwa) uye inhano inokosha kumisa ufakazi huchapinzwa pamuedzo (kupfurikidza neMotion in Limine). Kufamba kwePrecation kunogona kuchinja kudzivirira kwenhau yako uye kunokosha kuva nenyanzvi yenyanzvi yenhau yokuongorora ufakazi hwako kuti ione kana nhau dzapamutemo dzakadaro dziripo. Mienzaniso inozivikanwa yemiitiro yemiitiro yemitongo mito yeri (kuchengeta kutaura kwakaitwa nemi kana kuti zvapupu), nhanho yokudzvinyirira (kudzvinyirira chidimbutso checha chenhau), uye kubvisa.

Kutora nhau kwokutonga kusati kwaitwa kunoitwa mutongo unochengetwa namagweta anodzivirira anodenha kuva pamutemo kwamativi akati enhau. Kufamba kana kuti kuita kumativi nderimwe ramatanho okupedzisira asati aenda kunotongwa. Apo muchuchisi womubatanidzwa kana kuti gweta rinodzivirira anoda kuti dare risarudze nhau yakati pamberi pokutonga, rinogona kuita chikumbiro charo kupfurikidza nokuronga chiito.

Musangano Wapamberi Pedare Wokupedzisira

Dare rose reruwa rehurumende rinoda kunyorwa kwegadziriro yokupedzisira yakakarakadzwa yapamberi pedare. Nhevedzo yokupedzisira yedare inokosha nemhaka yokuti inowirirana noUtongi hweFederal hweChivil Procededure 16(e), nhevedzano yokupedzisira yapamberi pedare inotsiva zvikumbiro zvose zvokutanga uye "inodzora nzira inotevera yechiito mukutongwa kutoti kwachinjwa nomurairo wakatevera.

Pamusangano wokupedzisira usati watongwa, munofanira kusimbisa ganhuriro dzenguva idzo mutongi achaisa kurutivi rumwe norumwe kupa mhaka yavo. Vatongi vazhinjisa vachaisa ganhuriro yenguva yakaganhurirwa kutsamira panhau yenyu. Nguva ichava muchimiro chamaawa, icho chinobatanidza kutaura kwokuzarura, kunzverwa kwakananga, kunzvera, uye nharo dzokupfiga. Pamusangano wokupedzisira wedare, unofanira, panenge pachine mufungo, kuedza kukumbira nguva yakawanda kupfuura yaunokarira nemhaka yokuti vatongi vachamanikidzira chose chose ganhuriro yenguva mukati mokutonga.

Kutaurirana Munyaya Dzematsotsi

Nhau zhinjisa dzoutsotsi dzomuhurumende dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nebvumirano umo muchuchisi anobvuma kurega kana kuti kuderedza pomero mukutsinhana nokuda kwokubvuma kupinda mumhiko ine mhaka kana kuti kwete. Chibvumirano chacho chinofanira kungoenda pamberi pomutongi, uyo anogona kuchigamuchira kana kuti kuchiramba.

Kutaurirana kunokosha zvikuru mudare rehurumende rehurumende retsotsi rinopedza mhosva dzakawanda dzehurumende kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvechibvumirano panzvimbo pokuenda kundotonga.

Muchibvumirano, mukwirirwi anobvuma kupomera mhaka imwe kana kuti dzakawanda mukutsinhana mhaka nokuda kwokubvumirwa kwokutongwa.idzi mvumo dzingabatanidza kudzingwa kwedzimwe pomero, rumbidzo yomutongo wakaderedzwa, kana kuti chibvumirano pamusoro pokuti nhungamiro dzokutonga dzinofanira kuverengwa sei.

Kana mukwirirwi akasarudza kupomera mhaka, chinjo yokuteerera icharongwa nokuda kwokupinda kwechikumbiro chine mhaka. mukati meiyi nyaya, mutongi anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mukwirirwi anonzwisisa pomero dzacho, miuyo yokuteterera ane mhaka, uye kuti chikumbiro chacho ndechokuzvidira.

Muitiro Wokutonga Mudare Ramabhatani

Kana nhau isina kupedzwa kupfurikidza nokudzingwa, chisarudzo chechipfupi, kana kuti chibvumirano, inopfuurira kutongwa. kutongwa kweFederal kunotevera miitiro yakati inodzorwa neFederal Rules of Civil Proceducere for thegion Posts uye Federal Rules of Criminal Procediture yemhosva dzoutsotsi.

Kusarudzwa Kwajury

Kutonga kukurusa kwomubatanidzwa wedare rinobetsera vatongi kunobatanidza vatongi, kunyange zvazvo vakwikwi mumhaka dzevagari vemo vachigona kupa kodzero yavo kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi uye kuita kuti nhau yacho isarudzwe nomutongi oga (kutongwa kwebhenji).

Muitiro wokusarudza vatongi, unozivikanwa sewakaipa, unobvumira vatongi namagweta kubvunza vanotarisira kuva vatongi kusarudza kana vachigona kuva vakarurama navasingasaruri.

Nhamba isina kuganhurirwa yamatare anobetsera vatongi inogona kurohwa nokuda kwechisakiso, asi dare rinofanira kutanga kupa mvumo yavo, asi mativi ose ari maviri anogona kurova chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chavatongi vakavakirwa chose chose pachisarudzo chavo.Idzi dzinonzi denho dzokusunungurwa ndokubvumira magweta kubvisa vatongi vanobvira pasina kutaura chikonzero, mukuwirirana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana norusaruro.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Kutaura kwokuzarura kunoitwa nomuchuchisi uye dziviriro kunopa mashoko edare rinobetsera vatongi pamusoro poutsotsi hwakapiwa, maidi makuru rimwe nerimwe rinotaura kuti achabvumikisa. kutaura kwokuzarura hakusi ufakazi asi panzvimbo pezvo kunogovera mepu yeizvo rutivi rumwe norumwe runotarisira ufakazi kuratidzira.

Munhau dzehurumende, mumiriri wegweta womupurisa anopa mashoko okuzarura pakutanga, achiteverwa nomumiriri womukwiri. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kukwirira kunotanga, uye murwi angasarudza kupa kutaura kwokuzarura nokukurumidza pashure kana kuti kumirira kutozosvikira murovereri apedza kupa mhaka yake.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Kutanga, vachuchisi vanofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yavo pasina panikiro ine mufungo; nhau yeHurumende ndiyo yokutanga yavachadana pazvapupu ndokuratidza ufakazi hunotsigira. Ivo vachakumbira kazhinji kazhinji ufakazi kumumiriri womubatanidzwa uyo akanzvera mhaka yacho. Vangasuma ufakazi hwakananga kana kuti hwemigariro.

Hurumende inofanira kupa uchapupu hunoratidza kuti vatongi vane mhosva yemukwiri wacho pasina mubvunzo.

Muzvinoitika zvehurumende, mupoteri anotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa nhau yavo kupfurikidza nokufungisisa ufakazi, uhwo huri mupimo wakaderera kupfuura mupimo une mufungo wokupanikira mumhaka dzoutsotsi.

Pashure pokunge mutongi amira, mukwirirwi anopa mhaka yavo. Mukwirirwi anogona kudana zvapupu, kusuma ufakazi, uye kudenha mhaka yebato rinopikisa. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okusapupurira, uye vatongi havagoni kuwana tsinhiro dzakaipa muchisarudzo chomukwirirwi chokusatora chimiro.

Muchinjikwa-Madokero

Muchuchisi wehurumende achadikanirwa kubvumikisa pomero pamuri pasina panikiro ine mufungo pamberi pomutongi kana kuti vatongi. Boka renyu rinodzivirira richakwanisa kuyambuka zvapupu zvehurumende, uye dziviriro ichapa ufakazi hupi nohupi kana huchida.

Kunzvera kwechiinwa chinhu chinokosha mumuitiro wokutonga. Pashure pokunge chapupu chapupurira pakunzvera kwakananga, boka rinoshora rine banza rokuyambuka chapupu. Kunzvera kunobvumira magweta kudenha kuvimbika kwouchapupu, kufumura kusawirirana, uye kuparira chipupuriro chakanaka kurutivi rwavo.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Kungofanana nokutaura kwokutanga, ganhuriro yenguva ichaiswawo.

Kusiyana nemashoko okutanga, magweta anogona kupikisana nouchapupu uye kutsigira kwahunoita kutsanangura zvahunenge hwaratidza.

Mumhosva, vachuchisi vacho vanotanga vapa nharo dzokugumisa, vozoteverwa nemhosva, uye vapomeri vacho vanova nomukana wokuramba mhosva.

Mirayiridzo Nekushandisa Bvumbiro

Kana mutongi angorayira vatongi, nyaya yacho inoendeswa kudare rinobetsera vatongi kuti vatonge.

Mutongi anoverenga mirayiridzo iyi kudare rinobetsera vatongi, uye vatongi vanowanzogamuchira makopi akanyorwa okubvunza panenge pachirongwa nyaya.

Vatongi ipapo vanoronga vari voga kuti vasarudze mhaka yomukwiridzi kana kuti kusava nemhaka. Kana vatongi vakasvika pachisarudzo chakabatana, vatongi vanoverenga mudare. Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo chomubatanidzwa, dare ringazivisa mhaka isiriyo, zvichitungamirira kukutonga kutsva nedare rakasiana.

Munyaya dzeutsotsi dzehurumende, chisarudzo chinofanira kuva chakabatana.

Kubudirira Kunoita Kubva Pamitongo Yatinenge Tapiwa

Vatongi vasarudza mudare, kana kuti pashure pokunge mutongi asarudza kutongwa, dare rinozivisa mutongo wacho zvichienderana nokuti nyaya yacho ndeyehurumende here kana kuti ndeyeutsotsi here uye kuti uchapupu hwacho hwakaratidza chii.

Kuguma Kwemhosva

Munhau dzevagari vemo, vatongi vanosarudza kana mutongi akabvumikisa mhaka yavo kupfurikidza nefungidziro youfakazi.

Kurapa mumhosva dzevagari vemo kunogona kubatanidza kuvadziko dzemari (kuvadziko dzokutsiva nokuda kwokurasikirwa chaikoiko, uye muzvimwe zviitiko chirango chokuranga mufambiro wakaipa), nyaradzo yemitemo (mirairo yedare inoda kana kuti inorambidza zviito zvakati), kuyamura (kutsunga kwekodzero dzebato), kana kuti kuita chaiko (kuedza kupedza misengwa yebvumirano).

Kana mukwirirwi akakurira, dare rinopinda murutongeso ruchiramba kutaura kwomupoteri.Mune zvimwe zviitiko, boka rakapararira ringava nekodzero yokuwanazve mari yegweta ravo nendyiko, kuchitsamira pamutemo unoshanda negadziriro dzipi nedzipi dzebvumirano.

Mhaka Dzoutsotsi Dzinomuka

Kana mutongi kana kuti vatongi vakakuwana usina mhaka, ipapo kutongwa kwapera. Chikamu cheMitemo cheMiviri chinodzivirira kuti urege kuidzwazve pamhosva dzimwe chetedzo. Kana ukawanikwa usina mhaka pakuverengwa kupi nokupi, ipapo Dare richagadza musi wokutongerwa nawo.

Kana mukwirirwi akawanikwa asina mhaka, pomero dzinobudiswa, uye mupomeri anosunungurwa.

Zvisinei, kana, somuenzaniso, hurumende ichiunza pomero yokuponda uye isingawani kutendeseka, kunobvira kuti hurumende yehurumende mune dzimwe zviitiko inyore pomero dzinopomerwa mukwirirwi kana chiito chacho chisiri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende.Izvi imhaka yokuti hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinorangarirwa kuva zviremera zvakaparadzana nokuda kwezvinangwa zvine ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri.

Kutongerwa Mumhosva Dzematsotsi Dzakaumbwa Nehurumende

Apo mukwirirwi anowanirwa mhaka mudare rehurumende, kupfurikidza nokupemha mhaka kana kuti zvimwe pashure pokutongwa, dare rinofanira kusarudza mutongo wakakodzera.Mutongo weFederal muitiro wakaoma unodzorwa nemirau, nhungamiro, uye nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo.

Mushumo Wokunzvera Wazvino

Kubva pamhosva yako, utsotsi hwako, uye kukanganisa kwemhosva yacho, nezvimwe zvikonzero zvakawanda, kuongororwa kuchaverenga mirayiridzo inorumbidzwa yedare.

Pashure pokunge mukwiridzirwi areverera mhaka kana kuti awanikwa ane mhaka pakutongwa, mutongi ipapo anosarudza mutongo womukwirirwi kupfurikidza nokurangarira zvinhu zvemitemo pa 18 U.S.C. ṭ 3553 (a) pamwe chete nenhungamiro dzokutonga dzehurumende dzakapiwa neUnited States Sendensing Commission. Hofisi yedare rinonzverwa inogadzirira Prence Investigation Report (PSR) yeDare risati ratonga izvo zvinoshandisa nhungamiro dzokutonga kumukwiridziridziridziridziridzi mumwe nomumwe noutsotsi.

Mushumo wazvino igwaro rine udzame rinobatanidza mashoko pamusoro pemhosva yacho, nhau youtsotsi yomukwirirwi, mamiriro ezvinhu omunhu oga ezvemari, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Zvose zviri zviviri muchuchisi nedziviriro zvine mukana wokuhwirudzura mushumo nemhosho kana kuti kuramba rumbidzo dzomumiririri.

Murwi Anotongerwa Kunzwa

Mutongi anogona kurangarira zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinoparira zvakadai sezera rako, migariro yakapoteredza utsotsi, pamwe chete nokutora rutivi.

Mukwirirwi anewo kodzero yokutaura kuti mhosva yacho yakavatapura sei.

Pachapera kutonga, dare richazivisa mutongo wacho.

Kusunungurwa Zvikuru

Kubudiswa kwemhosva kukuru kwakafanana nokutongwa nomukwirirwi anofanira kushuma nguva dzose kuHofisi Yezvirongwa yeUnited States, uye kuwirirana nemigariro yakasiana - siana.

Kana Dare rikawana kuti mupomerwi apunza migariro yokusunungurwa kunotarisirwa, Dare ringabvisa kubudiswa kunotarisirwa ndokutongera mukwiri kunhambo yokusungwa nokusunungurwa kwokuwedzera kutarisirwa.

Kufadza Kunoita

Kukumbira kwacho kunobatsira kuti pave nokuongorora kunokosha pakutonga kwedare uye kunobatsira kuti mutemo wehurumende ushande zvakanaka.

Kuziva Kukwezva

Kuti atange kukwirira, mukwidzi anofanira kunyora chiziviso chekukwirira mukati menhambo yenguva yakatarwa. Munhau dzehurumende, kukwirira kunofanira kupiwa mukati mamazuva 30 okupinda kworutongeso. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vane mazuva 14 okunyora chiziviso chekwidzo, nepo hurumende ine mazuva 30.

Kurega kunyora chiziviso chokukwirira nguva kungaguma nokurasikirwa nekodzero yokukwirira, kunyange zvazvo mumigariro yakaganhurirwa matare angapa kuwedzerwa kana kuti kubvumira mapepa okunonoka.

Muitiro Wokuda Kuwana Chimuko

Kana une chikonzero chokudavira kuti chikanganiso chapamutemo chakatungamirira kukupwiswa kwako — somuenzaniso, vatongi vakahwirudzura ufakazi hungadai husina kutongobvumika — unogona kuronda kukwirira muDare Rokukwirira reUnited States.

Kukwirira kunosarudzwa nedare redare rinoshanda pamwe chete.Chisarudzo cheDare reZvipindudzo kazhinji kazhinji chichava shoko rokupedzisira mumhaka yacho, kutoti kuchidzorera nhau yacho kudare rokutonga nokuda kwemimwe mitongo, kana kuti mativi anokumbira Dare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. kuhwirudzura nhau yacho. muzvimwe zviitiko chisarudzo chingahwirudzurwa muchirambidza, ndiko kuti, neboka guru zvikuru ravatongi (zvikurukurukuru) reDare Rokukwidza.

Gadziriro yedare inonangidzira ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo, kwete kakavadzano dzechokwadi. Matare anopa mhaka anowanzozviisa pasi pezviwanwa zvechokwadi zvedare rinotonga nemhiko dzekutendeka. Mutongi anofanira kuratidzira kuti dare rinotonga rakaita mhosho yapamutemo yakatapura muuyo wenhau yacho.

Mapoka ose ari maviri anoisa mashoko mapfupi anonyorwa achiitirana nharo nzvimbo dzavo. Kupfupikisa kwomubati kunotsanangura kuti izvikanganisoi zvakaitika uye nei vachida kuti zvichinjiswe. Kudzivirira kupfupi kwedare rinotonga. Mutongi anganyora mhinduro pfupi kunharo dzeappelele.

Pashure pokuongorora mipfupi, dare redare rinenge rapa hurukuro ringaronga kutaurirana, uko magweta erutivi rumwe norumwe anopa nharo dzawo ndokupindura mibvunzo inobva kuvatongi.Hazvisi zvikumbiro zvose zvinobatanidza nharo dzinotaurwa; zvimwe zvinosarudzwa zvakavakirwa pamipfupi yakanyorwa bedzi.

Zvinoguma Nemigumisiro

Dare rokukwirira rinogona kusimbisa chisarudzo chedare rokutonga, kuchidzorera, kana kuti kudzorera mhaka yacho kudare rokutonga nokuda kwokumwe kutongwa. Kana dare redare rikawana kuti mhosho dzakaitika asi dzisina ngozi (nkokuti hadzina kutapura muuyo), richasimbisa rutongeso pasinei zvapo nezvikanganiso.

Kupwiswa kunogona kukwirirwa kana mukwirirwi wacho akadavira kuti akawanwa ane mhaka zvisina kururama kana kuti mutongo wacho wakanga wakanyanyisa.Tsigiro dzinogonawo kukwirirwa kana marudzi akati ezvikanganiso akaitika mukati mokutongwa. Nemhaka dzeFederal (mumhaka duku) shomanene zvikuru dzinogona kukwidzwa kusvikira kuDare Rapamusoro reUnited States.

Kuongorora Kukurusa kweDare

Mutongi anorasikirwa mudare rehurumende rezvikumbiro, kana kuti mudare rapamusorosoro rehurumende, anganyora chikumbiro nokuda kwe "chikumbiro checerestiari," icho chiri chinyorwa chinokumbira Dare Rapamusorosoro kuhwirudzura nhau yacho. Dare Rapamusorosakafanira, zvisinei, kusafanira kupa mvumo. Dare rinobvuma chaizvoizvo kunzwa nhau bedzi apo inobatanidza nheyo yapamutemo inokosha zvikuru, kana kuti apo matare maviri ehurumende kana kuti akawanda zvikuru akadudzira mutemo nenzira yakasiana. Apo Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinonzwa mhaka, dare rinodikanirwa kunyora nhau uye Dare ringanzwa kutaura.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinogamuchira zviuru zvezvikumbiro nokuda kwecertiorari gore rimwe nerimwe asi rinopa hwirudzuro muchiverengero chiduku bedzi chenhau.

Yamuro Yapashure-Postation

Kunyange kana ukawanirwa mhosva uye kukwirira kwako kukakundikana, ungava nezvikonzero zvokunyorera chikumbiro chehabeas perpus kana kuti kutsvaka zvimwe zvinhu zvokuyamura pashure pokunge wakwidzwa.

Kukumbira kwevaHabeas kunobvumira vaipomerwa kuti vapikire kubvumirana kwavo kana kuti mutongo wakavakirwa pakuputswa kwemitemo.

Zvikonzero zvinowanzoitwa zvokuyamura zvinosanganisira kubatsira kusingashandi kwezano, kusazvibata kwevachuchisi, uchapupu huchangobva kuwanwa, uye kuputswa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kurangarira Chaiko muDare Rehurumende

Mitemo Yehurumende Nezviito

Mitemo iyi inodzora zviito zvose zvehurumende uye nyaya dziri mumatare eruwa eUnited States inofanira kutorwa, kupiwa, uye kushandiswa nedare uye mapoka kuti vachengetedze kutsunga kwakarurama, kwokukurumidza, uye kusingadhuri kwechiito chiri chose uye kupfuurira.

Mitemo yehurumende yemhosva dzoutsotsi inogona kuwanikwa muFederal Rules of Criminal Procedure, iyo inodzora mativi ose okutonga kwoutsotsi.

Matare ehurumende anewo mitemo yomunzvimbomo inosiana neruwa. iyi mitemo yomunzvimbomo inobata nhau dzakadai semiitiro yokuisa matare, tsika, uye zvinodikanwa zvakati nokuda kwemiitiro yemiitiro nemimwe mitongo. Vatakuri namapati vanofanira kuzvirovedza vamene nemitemo yose iri miviri yehurumende nemirau yomunzvimbomo yoruwa apo mhaka yavo yakamira.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Netsika zveDare

Mukuwedzera kumira yakarongwa inoshanda mudare rehurumende, kunewo tsika dzakasiana dzinochengetwa zvakasimba. Madare eFederal anochengeta mwero wakakwirira wetsika nedzidzo. MaAttorney anofanira kudana mutongi se "Rukudzo rwenyu," mira pakutaura, uye kutevera tsika dzakafanira dzedare.

Mapati nevaoni vanofanirawo kuona tsika dzakanaka, kubatanidza kupfeka zvakakodzera, kudzima makombiyuta, uye kuramba vakanyarara uye vachiremekedza panenge pachiitwa nyaya.

Kufambisa Nemagetsi

Matare eCesal anoshandisa Case Management/Electronic Case Falls (CM/ECF) nokuda kwokunyora magwaro emagetsi. Mapepa mazhinji anofanira kuchengetwa pakombiyuta, uye mapato anogona kupinda mapepa edare nezvinomira pabutiro rePublic Access to Court Electronicle Records (PACER).

Mamwe magwaro, akadai seakaiswa muchisimbi kana kuti ane mashoko anotapura, angava nezvinodikanwa chaizvo zvokunyora.

Misiyano Pakati Pedare Rehurumende Nerehurumende

Kunzwisisa kusiyana kwakaita magariro edare rehurumende nerehurumende kunobatsira vanhu kuti vashandise mitemo zvinobudirira uye kuita zvisarudzo zvavanoziva kuti vonyora nyaya dzipi kana vachifanira kusarudza.

Kupiwa Simba uye Chiremera

matare mazhinjisa ehurumende matare ehurumende ane chiremera chose, kureva kuti ane simba rokunzwa nhau ipi neipi. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende anorangarirwa kuva matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa. Chirevo chakaganhurirwa chinoreva kuti Congress inoganhurira nhau yenhau idzo matare ehurumende anogona kunzwa. matare eFederal bedzi ane chiremera chekuteerera mhaka kana mapoka ane vagari vemo vakasiana - siana kana kuti nhau yacho ichimuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Nyika ine mitemo inoita kuti zviito zvakati zvive zvisiri zvapamutemo, uye hurumende imwe neimwe ine mutoro wokugadza zvirango nokuda kwokuita mhaka idzodzo.

Vatongi Nezvirongwa

Vatongi veFederal (napaDare Gurusa") vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa "nezano nebvumirano" zveDare uye "vachabata nzvimbo dzavo mukati momufambiro wakanaka". Vatongi vangachengeta nzvimbo yavo kwoupenyu hwavo hwose, asi vazhinji vanorega kana kuti vanorega basa pakuvamba. Vangabviswawo nokusatendiswa neHoro yavamiriri uye kupwiswa neDare.

Mukupesana, vatongi vazhinjisa vedare rehurumende vanosarudzwa navavhoti kana kuti kugadzwa namagavhuna nokuda kwemashoko akatsiga. Uyu musiano mukuru mukusarudza uye kurangarira unogona kupesvedzera kuita chisarudzo chedare uye vara rose redare rehurumende rinorwisana nehurumende.

Misiyano Inooneka

Muitiro woutsotsi wakaenzana unosiana nomuitiro womutemo wehurumende, kubatanidza nhungamiro idzo mutongi anofanira kutevera mukati mokutonga. matare eFederal anotevera Federal Mitemo yeCivil Procediture neFederal Rules of Criminal Procedure, nepo matare ehurumende achitevera mitemo yawo amene yapamutemo.

Dare rehurumende rinowanzofambisa nhau nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura matare akawanda ehurumende, neganhuriro dzakasimba zvikuru nokutarisirwa kwenhau kunoshingaira zvikuru navatongi.

Mazano Anoshanda Kudare Rinotonga

Kukosha Kwokumirira Mutemo

Kumirira pamutemo kune ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro ako uye kuwana muuyo wakanakisisa unobvira. Magweta edare eFederal anofanira kubvumwa kuti ashande muruwa rwakati rwehurumende apo mhaka yacho inoswedera.

Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta vane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okugadza zano. Hofisi yomurwi yomubatanidzwa inomirira vapomeri vanopomerwa mhaka dzeutsotsi dzomubatanidzwa.

Kunzwisisa Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Dare rehurumende rinoshanda pasi pemiganhu yorumano yokunyora magwaro, kuita chimwe chinhu, uye kuita zvikumbiro. Kurega kumira nguva kunogona kuva nemiuyo yakakomba, kubatanidza kudzingwa kwezvikumbiro, kupinda kworutongeso rwakarongwa, kana kuti kurasikirwa namaruramiro okukwirira.

Federal Mitemo yeCivil Procedire neFederal Mitemo yenguva yezviito zvakasiyana - siyana. Mitemo yomunzvimbomo ingaisa miganhu yokuwedzera. Mapati anofanira kusanoronda miganhu yose inoshanda ndokutsvaka kuwedzerwa apo kuri madikanwa miganhu isati yapera.

Kugadzirira Nokuronga

Kubudirira mudare rehurumende kunoda kunyatsogadzirira uye kuronga, izvi zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa mutemo unoshanda, kuunganidza nokuronga uchapupu, kugadzirira zvapupu, uye kutanga nzira yakajeka yepamutemo.

Vatongi vazhinji vehurumende vanofanira kuva vakarovedzana nezvinodiwa nomutongi nemiitiro, zvinogona kusiana zvikuru pakati pavatongi vehurumende. Vatongi vazhinji vomubatanidzwa vanobudisa mirairo kana kuti miitiro inopa nhungamiro pamusoro penzira yavanobata nayo nhau nemufambiro.

Zviwanikwa Zvedare Rinonzwisisa

Zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika kuti zvibatsire vanhu kunzwisisa nokushandisa dare rehurumende. United States Courts website ( www.ucourts.gov) zvinopa mashoko akazara pamusoro pematare ehurumende, kubatanidza zvinhu zvedzidzo, zvivako zvedare, uye manyuko edare rimwe nerimwe.

Dare reruwa rimwe nerimwe rinochengeta website yaro riine mitemo yomunharaunda, rinosarudza mashoko, magadzirirwo ezvinhu, uye zvimwewo.

Masangano epamutemo anopa zvinhu uye dzimwe nguva mimiririri yevanhu vasingagoni kubhadhara magweta.

Federal Judicial Center ( www.fjc.gov) inobatira sesangano renzvero nedzidzo rematare omubatanidzwa uye inogovera zviwiro zvedzidzo pamusoro petsika yokutonga yomubatanidzwa.

Mirangariro Yakarovedzeka Pamusoro Pedare Rehurumende

Dare Rehurumende Rakakomba Nguva Dzose

Nepo mhaka dzoutsotsi dzomuhurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzichibatanidza mhaka dzakakomba, hadzisati dziri nhau dzose dzomuhurumende dzine revo zvikuru kupfuura nhau dzehurumende. dare reFederal rinongova bedzi nechiremera chakasiana, uye gakava ravagari vemo rakawanda renguva dzose rinogona kunzwiwa mudare romubatanidzwa rakavakirwa pasimba rakasiana - siana.

Unogona Kusarudza Dare Rehurumende Kana Kuti reHurumende

Mapati haagoni kungosarudza zvake kupinda mudare rehurumende nemhaka yokuti anokuda. Kudzora kwedare reFederal kunofanira kuvakirwa pasimba renhau rehurumende, kudzora kwemhatsa, kana kuti chimwe hwaro hwesimba rehurumende. Kana chiremera chehurumende chikasavapo, nhau yacho inofanira kuchengetwa mudare rehurumende.

Vatongi Vehurumende Vakakodzera Kunyanya

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vehurumende vane upenyu hwakasiyana uye vangasvika nhau dzakasiyana nevatongi vakasarudzwa vehurumende, mugumisiro wemhosva ipi neipi unotsamira pamaidi, mutemo, uye kunaka kwezvibvumikiso zvapamutemo zvinopiwa.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa zvinoitika paunoenda kudare rehurumende kunoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kushandisa matare nenzira inobudirira.

Kana uchibatanidzwa mugakava ravagari vemo, kutarisana nepomero dzoutsotsi, kana kuti kungotsvaka bedzi kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei, zivo yomuitiro inobetsera kuderedza funganyo uye kugonesa kuita zvisarudzo zviri nani. Nepo dare rehurumende richigona kuratidzika kuva rinotyisa, rinoshanda mukuwirirana nemitemo yakagadzwa nemiitiro zvakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro.

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inoita basa rinokosha muhurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa nevanhu, kuturikira mutemo wehurumende, kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwemasangano akasiyana - siyana, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kuoma kwemitemo nemiitiro, pamwe chete nemigumisiro yakakomba inogona kuvapo nemhaka yokutongwa kwehurumende, kunoita kuti kutungamirira kwounyanzvi kwepamutemo kuve kunokosha.

Mashoko okuwedzera pamusoro pematare ehurumende nemiitiro anogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza neHofisi yeSangano reU.S. ( www.ustouts.gov), iyo inogoverawo zviteshi zvakawanda zvokunzwisisa gadziriro yokutonga yehurumende. Department of Justice ([FL:2] www.grogement.gov) inopawo mashoko pamusoro pekuchengetwa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa uye kupiwa mhosva.