Nhoroondo yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica haiparadzani nenhau yemasangano ayo ekodzero dzevanhu. Iyi haisi nhau yokubatana kwapasi, kwakakwana, asi kurwa kukuru, kunowanzova kwamasimba masimba kukudza miganhu yorusununguko nohugaro. Kufamba kwepakati pezana ramakore rechi20 kwakanga kusati kuri chiitiko chimwe asi mugumo wenguva refu, kurwisana nokutengeswa kwechinjo nemhasha dzaJim. Kupesvedzera kwacho kwakachinjazve miganhu yeAmerica yokutonga, kuziva vanhu vayo, uye revo chaiyo yedemocracy. Kunzwisisa United States nhasi, matongerwe enyika, magariro azvo, mipimo yayo, zvinofanira kutanga kunzwisisa simba rokuchinja nokurwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Mavambo Okudzivisa: Nhau Refu yeBaka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Garariro renguva reChivil Rights Movement inowanzovamba ne 1954 Brown chisarudzo kana kuti 1955 Montgomery Busbott. Zvisinei, midzi yaro inotambanukira zvikuru mukundikano yeChibvumirano cheChikomberedzo cheRevolution. Vimbiso ye13, 14th, uye 15 Demendements dzakadzimwa nokudzikira kwa18777, iyo yakabvisa mauto ehurumende kubva kuSouth. Mukusavapo kwavo, gadziriro youganda yakamuka, yakadzorwa neKlan, yakasimbiswa ne [[FLT] Pystem]., uye yakachengetwa nechikwereti. Iri "Ndirda yeIa yemagean" haina kusangana.

Nhevedzo yapamutemo yaNaACP, yakagadzirwa nokungwarira naCharles Hamilton Houston naThur Good Marshall, yakanga iri denho yenguva refu panheyo dzapamutemo dzeruvako. Rukundo rwavo mu Brown v. Dare reDzidzo[ [1954]) yakanga iri nhambo huru, ichizivisa kuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakasiana dzakanga dzisina kuenzana. Ichi chisarudzo, nepo chakaitwa ne "kudzivisa kwomutemo" kubva kuMadomaruwa, chakagovera chiteshi chetsika nechapamutemo nokuda kwenhimberidzo yakananga. Kupondwa kwaEmmatt Till muna 1955 uye kusunungurwa kwakatevera kwavaurayi vake kwaidzosaidzosa chizvarwa, kubvumikisa kuti matare oga aisagona kugovera ruramisiro. Chikamu chakaumbwa chakaitwa chitsauko chamato chamato chamato.

Manzwi Eboka: Vatungamiriri, Varongi, uye Vanofunga

Civil Rights Movement yakadzorwa nemhatsa huru yavatungamiriri. Kuvambira pachikuva kusvikira kumunda womugoverani, kubva paraibhurari yomutemo kusvikira kunzvimbo inotengesera zvokudya, manzwi akasiana - siana akabudisa chinodikanwa chavose chechiremera. Uzivi hwavo hwakasiana hwakagovera injini yedzidzo ine simba iyo yakasunda kufamba.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. uye Kushatiswa Kwetsika Kwokusarwisana

Dr. King akakwira kuutanhamari hwerudzi mukati meMontgomey Busbott, asi uzivi hwake hwokudzivisa kusina masimba hwakanga hwakavakirwa zvikuru mukutenda kwake kwechiKristu nedzidziso dzaMahatma Gandhi. Iye akarangarira kuti vavariro yokunyunyuta yakanga isiri yokunyadzisa mudzvinyiriri, asi kumudzikinura kupfurikidza nesimba rinochinja rokutambudzika norudo. Somutungamiriri weSomerter Christian Leaderty Conference (SLC), Mambo akaronga nhimbe muBirmingham naSelma Gandhi uyo akagombedzera rudzi rwacho kuti rukurire zvikanganiso zvarwo. "Ine hope" paMarch paWashington ndinoramba kuva nemhiko yemhiko yechino inopfuradziro. Mambo gare gare gare kutendeudzira kuRuto rwechiKristu (SLCCCC), ruramisiro ruramisiro yehondo yake yehondo, kuratidzira chiono chake.

Malcolm X Nokubviswa Kwouchangamire Hwevatema

Malcolm X akagovera nzvimbo ine simba inopesana nouzivi hwaMambo hwokubatanidza. Somumiriri worudzi worudzi woRudzi rweIslam, akaparidzira kuzvivimba kweBlack, rudado, uye maruramiro okuzvidzora amene mukurwisana norwusarura rwedzinza. Iye akaramba nenzira yakakurumbira March paWashington se "Nhau yeWashington," achiramba kuti rusununguko rwechokwadi harungagoni kupiwa nomudzvinyiriri asi runofanira kutorwa navanodzvinyirirwa. Kuparadza kwake noRudzi rwechiIslam muna 1964 uye kuenda kwake kunzvimbo yake yokundorwa kuMecca kwakamutungamirira kutora nzvimbo huru inorwisana negweta, kodzero dzavanhu. Kuurawa kwake muna 1965 kwakanyaradza inzwi rakaipa, asi pesvedzero yake paBlack Powerth Powervity uye kusaziva kwamarudzi ose.

Vagadziri Vasina Kuruma: Ella Baker, Fannie Lou Hamer, uye John Lewis

Ella Baker, murongi nomurayiridzi akangwara, aidavira mu "boka-pakati" panzvimbo poutungamiriri hwesimba rakaipa, hwechirume hunodzorwa. Akabetsera kuwana Mudzidzi Nonligth Coordinating Cooding Committee Komiti (SNC), iyo yakava chisimba, ushingi hwokuvamba kweboka. Fannie Lou Hamer, aichimbova mutungamiriri weboka, Commuscropper, Commussocipy Free Democratic Party uye akapupurira pamberi pa 1964 Democratic National Convention pamusoro pekurova kwoutsinye kwaakatsungirira nokuda kwokuedza kuvhotavratisra. Chiwi chaDhecratic Party musimba rechena. John Lewis, mutejimendiro mukuru weSC naRhumbar, akarohwa paR. Chibvumirano chake chamasworometics chakaitirwa ku "zvinetso zvakanaka" chakamuita kuti atamburire nokuda kwechipfumi, chibvumirano chavagariri pakati pehondo chavagari-hurumende.[0]

Chitendero Chisingaonekwi

Philip Randolph, mukuru weUrsearch of Sleeping Car Porters, akanga ari mukuru mukuru wesangano racho. Tyisidziro yake yeMarch paWashington yakaitwa muna 1941 paPrezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt kuti adzime bhizimisi rokudzivirira. Bayard Rustin, murongi mukuru uye murongi mukuru waMambo, akaronga muna 1963 March paWashington. Somumwe murume anovatana pachena, Rustin akashanda asinganeti pasinei zvapo nokumanikidzirwa mumimvuri. Mipiro yavo inotiyeuchidza kuti sangano racho rakanga risati riri bedzi pamusoro pevatauri vezve vezve kwezvamashiripiti, asi pamusoro pebasa rakarongwa, rakarongwa nokuumbwa kwemibatanidzwa.

Chirango Chokusabvuma: Chiito Chakananga Chine Chisimba Mukushandisa

Chiito chakananga chakanga chisati chiri chiito chisingadzoreki asi nzira inorongwa, yamasimba masimba yakagadzirirwa kuparira kusawirirana kunovaka. Sezvakanyorwa naMambo mu "Retter yeBirmingham Jail," vavariro yakanga iri yokumanikidza nzanga kutarisana nenhau dzayakanga yafuratira kwenguva refu. Chirongwa chacho chakatsamira pakuda kwokuda kwevapanduki kutora masimba masimba pasina kutsiva, nokudaro kuchiratidzira utere hwetsika yacho pachishandiswa dzvinyiriro yezvemari neyezvamatongerwe enyika panguva imwe chete.

Nashville Anogara Mumba uye Kurovedzwa Kwechizvarwa

Nashville akagara munzvimbo dzapashure dza 1960, akarongwa naJames Lawson, achipfupikisa kusvika kwokuranga kwokuramba kusina masimba masimba. Vadzidzi vakaita saJohn Lewis naDiane Nash vakarovedzwa zvakasimba muuzivi husina masimba masimba, vairatidzira migariro yokuita mabasa umo ivo vakanyombwa, kurohwa, uye kushandiswa nezvokudya. Vaivavarira vakanga vari kubvisa zvikamu zvezvokudya zvemasikati zveguta. Nhimbe yacho yakabudirira kwete bedzi nemhaka yokuramba, asi nemhaka yokurovaniswa kwamabhizimisi omuzinda, uko kwakarovanya vatengesi muzvikwama zvavo. Vana vaNashville vakava musi mukuru weSNC ndokuparadzira aya mano okupfuura neSouth.

Rusununguko Rwava Pedyo Nenhimbe yeBirmingham

Freedom Rides ya1961 yakaedza chirambidzo cheDare Gurusa reBazi raidzorwa negweta renyika. Vatasvi vakatarisana namasimba masimba enyongori anotyisa muAnnison neBirmingham, Alabama. Kennedy udzori hwakamanikidzirwa kupindira, kutumira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kudzivirira vatasvi. Zvisinei, Birmingham Campaig yakanga iri kushandiswa kunobudirira zvikurusa kwesangano rourongwa hwokusaita utsotsi. Kupfurikidza nokuvhura "Project C" (Kuzviisa Pasi) uye kubvumira Mapurisa Bull Connor kushandisa imbwa dzemapurisa namato amwoto, SCLCCC yakaita mifananidzo mikuru yakadaro yokusaruramisira zvokuti nyika yaisagona kutarira kure.

Kubva Mumigwagwa Kuenda Kumabhuku Emitemo: Kuchinja Kwomutemo

Kujeka kwetsika dzokuramba kwacho, kwakabatanidzwa nokushandisa kwounyanzvi kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwaPurezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson, kwakaita mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu unokosha zvikuru kubvira pakugadziridzwazve kwemitemo iyi haina kubvisa urudzi, asi yakaputsa kuvaka kwepamutemo kwaJim Crow ndokugadzira maturusi ane simba okurwisa kwomunguva yemberi.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Uyu mutemo unokosha, wapfuudzwa pashure penhau yedare refusa, rusaruro runorambidzwa mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye purogiramu dzinotsigirwa nehurumende. Iwoyu Mutezo VII wakaita Ecumime Opportution Commission. Chiito chacho chakanga chiri mhinduro yakananga yemitemo kunhimbe yeBirmingham neMarch kuWashington. [[FL:0] National Archives ine gwaro rapakuvamba [[, testate kusimba resangano rokushandura kupesana nomutemo.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Selma kuFambary, zvikurukuru masimba masimba e "Bloody Sunday" paEdmund Pettus Bridge, akakatyamadza nyika netsigiro yakanyandurwa nokuda kwemitemo yekodzero dzokuvhota. Vong Rights Act ya1965 yakarambidza miitiro yokuvhotera semiedzo yokunyora nokunyora uye yakapiwa nokuda kwokutarisira kwehurumende (pamberi pezvinjo) yokuvhotera nenhau yerusarura. Kutapura kwakanga kwakurumidza: pakasvika 1968, Black votion restrrice muMississippia yakanga yas asvetuka kubva pasi pe 7% kusvikira ku 60%. VRA inorangarirwa zvikuru kuva nekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzakapfuudzwa. [[FLT:] Kuparwa kwekodzero dzevo. [FT]

Murayiro Wakanaka Wedzimba wa1968

Chikamu chikuru chokupedzisira cha1960 chemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, Fair House Act, chakapfuudzwa mazuva mashomanene pashure pokuurawa kwaMambo. Chairambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kubhadharwa, uye kupiwa mari yokushandisa imba. Zvisinei, kudzorwa nokudzikamiswa kwenzvimbo nemitemo ine simba zvakaganhurira pesvedzero yayo, uye kuvakwa kwedzimba kunoramba kwakadzika midzi zvikuru munharaunda dzemaguta eAmerica, chiyeuchidzo chinopfuurira chokuti mutemo woga haugoni kupedza chiverengero chamazana amakore chezvivako.

Kubvisa Dhipatimendi reAmerica: Nhaka Yesangano Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chivil Rights Movement yakashandura zvikuru kushanda kwehurumende yedoma yeAmerica. Yakawedzera utongi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, yakaputsa udzori hweSouth inosarura patsika yorudzi, uye yakaparadzira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kukura Kwenzvimbo Yacho

Pasati pa 1965, mamirioni avaBlack America muSouth akabviswa nenzira yakarongeka mumuitiro wedemocracy Act. Voting Rights (VRA) yakashandura zvikurukuru ikoku. Yakaita kuti hurumende ive nerwisano yakananga nokudzvinyirirwa kwomuvhoti wenzvimbo yapamusoro, ichitanga nheyo yokuti kodzero yokuvhota ikodzero yakadzivirirwa nehurumende. VRA haina kungova bedzi inosimbiswa nevokuBlack Potation asiwo yaizogadza muenzaniso waizoshandiswa kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota mitauro mishomanene uye mamwe mapoka anopesana.

Ruremekedzo Rwezvematongerwe Enyika dzeAmerica

Kutsigira kweDemocratic Party kwakaparadzana nenzvimbo yayo yegamuchidzanwa yeMadokero machena. Richard Nixon's "Southern Strategy" naRonald Reagan yakatevera yakakumbira vavhoti namaune kupfurikidza nokushandisa mutauro unonangidzirwa pamitemo yenyika, mutemo nenhevedzano, uye kugadziridzwa kwegarikano. Uku kuumbwa kwakabva kwaita mepu yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno, uko Southern iri nhare yeRepublic nedzinza idiviti inoparadzanisa muzivikanwo yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Chinjo inoratidzira kuti sangano reruramisiro rinogona sei kuita chinjo huru inofambira mberi neyamutsigiridzo ine simba.

Mashoko Akasiyana - siyana Anoratidza Kodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

American Civil Rights Movement yakanyandura kumwe kurwisana kusingaverengeki munyika yose. Sangano rinorwisana neparatisi muSouth Africa rakawana zvidzidzo zvakananga kubva mumazano aro namazano. Sangano reNorthern Ireland rekodzero dzavagari vemo mukupera kwama 1960 rakaratidzira zvakajeka kuti sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo raigona kufanonangidzira pachena pamuenzaniso weAmerica. Vatungamiriri kubva kuRevolution yeVelvet muCzechoslovakia kufunda mitoo yokudzivisa kurwa nepfutindivara nepfuti yakaitwa naMambo neSNCC. Sangano racho rakaratidzira kuti sangano revomhonga, risina masimba raigona kudenha zvikuru gadziriro dzakadzikatiswa dzedzvinyiriro.

Agenda Yakanga Isingaparadzwi: Kodzero Dzehurumende Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Rukundo rwama 1960 haruna kugumisa kudikanwa kwesangano rekodzero dzevanhu; vakachinja pfungwa yaro. Gadziriro yemitemo yakaitwa nesangano racho zvino inoita kuti rwisano huru dziitwe. Vashingairi vanhasi vanorwa kudzivirira mhindu dzakapfuura vachikurukura kusaenzana kwetsika kunopfuurira.

Kurwira Mugove: Shelby County uye Kupfuura

Chisarudzo cha2013 Chikurusa cheDare rapamberi pevhu mu Shelby County v. Horer yakabvisa nzira yapamberi yokurongwa kweKodzero, ichibvisa nenzira inobudirira gadziriro yaro yokuchengeta nesimba zvikurusa. Chisarudzo chakabudisa nhevedzano yemitemo mitsva inodzvinyirira muvhoti munyika yose, inoyera zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota, uye kubvisa mavhoti. Iyi mirando inotapura Black black, Latino, uye Native American Potive. Kurwisa kwapanguva ino kupfuudza John Vacces Revord Redvement Activerition imhinduro yakananga kuiyi denho panhau ya 1965. [[FLFU:]

Kubata, Kuchinja, uye Black Live Matter Movement

Black Live Matter (BLM) rakatanga sesimba rekodzero dzevanhu rinokosha zvikuru muzana remakore rechi21. BLM rinokurukura urudzi hwemagariro echikwata avanhu hwakaiswa mugadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi, kubva pakubudisa rudzi noutsinye hwemapurisa kusvikira pakusungwa kwavazhinji. Nepo BLM ichishandisa kurongeka kwakarurama, kufambiswa kwemagariro, kudiwa kwayo kukuru kwechiremera, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye kuguma kwehurumende yehurumende inhaka yakananga kubva kukodzero dzechimubatanidzwa chenyika neMasimba eBlack. Kuuraya kwaGeorge Floyd, Bremna Taylor, uye vamwe vasingaverengeki vakaita kuti pave nekurukurirano yenyika pamusoro peruramisiro yedzinza.

Ruramisiro Yemari Nechiito Chinosimbisa

Mukaha wepfuma yedzinza, nhaka yokudzosera shatiso norusaruro, unoramba uri musiyano unopfuudza. Dr. Chisarudzo chaMambo Chavanhu, icho chakavavarira kubatanidza vanhu varombo vamarudzi ose, rakanga riri bhizimisi risina kupedzwa resangano racho. Nhasi, kurukurirano pamusoro pokubvuma chiito mudzidzo yakakwirira nebasa ihondo yesalation rerevo yokuenzana. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zveDare reProving zvinoganhurira rudzi, zvichiendesa mberi zvibvumiro zvechibvumirano cheThur facence nesangano kuti zviwaniro zvitsva zvokusimudzira mhindu nebanza. NaCPFFFF] NaCP Defect Confectivence yemitemo yezvoucial [[FG 1:1]] zvinoramba zviri padarongeripo yeidziso renhauro yehondo dzapamutemo, zvichitakura kubvumira kuzivikanwa kwechipo yeTurgraviviso.

Nhaka Inoshanda: Basa Risingatongogumi Rehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Chivil Rights Movement yakanga iri nguva yokuchinja munhau yeAmerica, asi basa rayo harisati ratongopedzwa. Rakabvumikisa kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu haisati iri nhaka yakagadzwa asi basa rokurarama, rinofema rinoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, kurwisa, uye kuzvipira. Sangano racho harina kungochinja chete mitemo; rakachinja mashoko etsika orudzi, richisimbisa kuti kuenzana kwedzinza mugariro uri madikanwa nokuda kwenzanga yakarurama.

Muuyo mukurusa waunogona kubhadhara vatungamiriri navarwi veboka racho kuziva kuti dzitarisirwe kuchizvarwa chitsva. Kurwisa kodzero dzavagari vemo uye mubatanidzwa wakakwana kunopfuurira.