Gadziriro ye 26 yeChibvumirano kuUnited States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna July 1971, inomirira kumwe kwewedzero hurusa neyakakombasa yenhau yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokuderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvikira ku18 nokuda kwehurumende yose, hurumende, uye sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, yakakwidziridza inenge mamiriyoni 11 eAmerica. Mavambo echinyakare anowirirana uye anoparira kurwisana kukuru kwenhau pamusoro pebasa rehurumende, kuderedza kukwidziridza hondo yeVietnam, uye kuronga kwepwere kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakamanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kutarisana nokuchinja kwapamhikano: kana vakura makore 18 vaigona kurongwa ndokufira nyika yavo, chikonzero nei vasingagoni kuvhotera vatungamiriri vakavapinza munzira inokuvadza? Kunzwisisa nhau yacho yose inoda kupfumba kwenhau, uye kuongorora njodzi dzapamutemo dzakavambwa nemitemo kupfuurira kupfuurira kupfuurira kurwisana nehondo.

Nhoroondo Nemasangano Akatanga Kuitwa Vechiduku

Kumanikidzwa kuderedza zera rokuvhota hakuna kutanga neHondo yeVietnam. Murejibhoti yapakuvamba uye muzana rose ramakore rechi 19, zera rokuvhota rakadokuva rakagadzwa munyika yose pa 21 — gamuchidzanwa rakagarwa nhaka nomutemo wechiNgezi, iro rakarangarira zera ra 21 roruzhinji nokuda kwekodzero dzezvinhu uye kuzvimirira kwapamutemo. Bva pfungwa yokuti avo vakura zvakakwana kurwa vanofanira kuva vakura zvakakwana kuti vavhote yakanga yaoneka muzvose zviri zviviri Hondo Yenyika II neHondo yeKorea. Mukati meHondo yeNyika II, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Rooselt akarangarira nokupfupikisa kuderera kwemitemo yezera rokuvhotera, asi nhamburiko yehondo yakaita nzvimbo yokutanga.

Muma1940 na 1950, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakarangarira zvisarudzo zvokufananidzira kutsigira kuderedza zera rokuvhota, asi fambiro mberi duku yakagadzirwa. Tsitsi dzakawana kurongwa kukuru mukati meHondo yeKorea, apo kudhindwa kwakatumira zvakare kurwisana kwe 18 ne 19 yegore. Georgia yakava nyika yokutanga kuderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku18 — asi bedzi nokuda kwehurumende nesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo — muna 1943. Kentucky yakatevera. Izvi zviito zvakaparadza zvairatidzira kuti pfungwa yacho yakanga isiri isingareviki, asi simba rezvamatongerwe enyika raidikanwa kuchinja mutemo wemubatanidzwa wenyika — zvishoma zvikuru kugadziriswa kwemutemo wemitemo — yakanga isati iri pamutemo — yakanga isati iripo.

Sangano rakawanda rekodzero dzavagari vemo rama1950 nama1960 rakapesvedzerawo nenzira isina kunanga kumanikidzwa kwepwere. Sezvo vashingairi vakaraira maruramiro akaenzana nokuda kwavaAmerica veAfrica, vanhu vaduku vazhinji vakava vanobatanidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika, vachitora rutivi muvagari vemo, rusununguko, uye kurudziro dzokuvhota. Masangano akadai seStudents Nonlig Coordinatinting Committee Commoriniting Committee Komiti (SC) uye Mudzidzi weDemocratic Society (SS) weDS) zvakasimbisa chizvarwa chainzwa kuva chinorambwa zvikuru kwete bedzi norusaruro rwedzinza asiwo nezera rokuvhotera. Pfungwa yokuti vanhu vaduku vanofanira kuva nenzwi muchisarudzo icho chakaumba upenyu hwavo — basa rehondo, dzidzo, muitiro wemari — yakavamba kutongeri pashure pekoreji.

Hondo yeVietnam Seuto Rinorwisa Zvirwere

Kana hondo dzapakuvamba dzakagovera gadziriro isingapinduri nokuda kwokuderedza zera rokuvhota, Hondo yeVietnam yakagovera petrole yezvamatongerwe enyika. Rwisano yacho yakawedzera zvikuru pashure pokunge Gulf of Tonkin Resolution muna 1964, uye pakasvika 1968 United States yakanga ine mauto anopfuura 500 000 muSoutheast Asia. Gadziriro yokunyora — yapamutemo Service System yeSeptuance — yakapinza mupamutemo mazana ezviuru avarume vaduku, vazhinji vavo vaiva namakore 18 kana kuti 19.

Mashoko okuti “kare kuti varwe, vakura zvakakwana kuvhota” akava danidziro inonyandura yesangano raidzivisa hondo yakabva uye yairangarira zvikuru zvourudzi. Nokuda kwavazhinji, nhau yacho yakanga isiri bedzi pamusoro pekuenzana muzvinhu zvisingaonekwi, asi pamusoro pekodzero huru yehondo. Kana majaya aimanikidzwa kuisa upenyu hwavo mungozi muhondo yavakanga vasingadi, ipapo vaifanirwa nenzwi mumuitiro wechisarudzo icho chakasarudza hondo dzakadaro. Unyengeri hwakanga hwakajekasha: makore 18 okukura aigona kurondwa, aigona kusaina chibvumirano, aigona kutongwa semukuru mudare utsotsi — bva vaisagona kuvhotera purezidhendi uyo angamutuma kuti afe.

Mamirioni anoshora hondo, kubatanidza March paPentagon napakuramba kwa1969 paDemocratic National Convention, zvakatungamirirwa kazhinji kazhinji navadzidzi vekoreji vakanzwa vasina simba rokuchinja purogiramu yehurumende kupfurikidza nemitoo yevhota. Muna 1970, kutsutsutsumwa kwevhozhokero yeU. yeboka reCambodia uye kupfurwa kwakatevera kwavadzidzi vanonyunyuta paKent State University ne Jackson State College kwakapinza mamiriyoni evaAmerica mumigwagwa. Chikumbiro chezera rokuvhota chakava chinhu chikuru cheboka ravadzidzi, kwete sechibvumirano asi sechorudyi.

Murangariro wavose wakasimudzwa.

Hondo Dzomutemo uye Nzira Yakananga kuMenderero Ya 26

Kutsigira Kodzero Dzakaitwa mu 1970

Kuedza kukuru kwehurumende kwokuderedza zera rokuvhota kwakauya kwete kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, asi somutasvi akabatanidzwa neVoting Rights Act ya1965 apo yakanga ichitambanudzwa muna 1970. Congress yakapfuudza gadziriro — inozivikanwa seTitreme III — iyo yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18 nokuda kwehurumende, hurumende, uye sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo. Kutama kwacho kwakanga kwakachenjera mune zvamatongerwe enyika: kuriisa kuVoting Rights Act yakakurumbira kwakaipa mukana wakasimba wokupfuudzwa. Purezidhendi Nixon akasaidza kuwedzerwa mumutemo musi waJune 22, 1970, kunyange zvazvo akataura kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pegadziriro yemitemo yehurumende yapamutemo yainoshandiswa kuhurumende uye vhota.

Nixon akabvumikisa kuva ane mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka. Muna October 1970, Dare Rapamusorosarudzo rakapa chisarudzo charo mu Ogon v. Mitchell, mhaka yakaoma kudenha mutemo mutsva. Dare, mukutonga kwakaoma, rakati Congress yakanga ine chiremera chokugadza nguva yokuvhota nokuda kweSarudzo yehurumende muChikamu I, Chikamu 4 cheBumbiro reMitemo rePropukostitus — kureva makore 18 egore raigona kuvhotera purezidhendi neCongress. Zvisinei, Dare rakatonga kuti Dare rakanga risina simba rokugadza mazera okuvhotera nokuda kwehurumende nechisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo, icho chakava nemamiriro ehurumende akachengeterwa enyika. Muuyo wacho wakanga uri mumitengoganhu worusarudzo mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende womunzvimbomo asi usingagoni kuvhota mukusagona kuisa muvhota, kunyange kugadzira mutongo wedare renyika. Chibvumirano chechikoro chikasharira kugona kuisa dare renyika yehurumende nokuda kwehurumende nokuda kwezvipotoro.

Kuchinja Kunokarakadzwa

Yatarisana nenyongano yehurumende nokusaruramisira kwenhambo yokuvhota yakakamukana, Congress yakakurumidza kukarakadza gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo yaizogadza zera rokuvhota pa18 nokuda kwose sarudzo. Kurangarira kwakanga kwakananga: mupimo wehurumende waidikanwa waiwirirana waidikanwa kudzivisa nyongano uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vaduku vose, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yavo yokugara, vaiva nekodzero dzimwe chetedzo. Sander Birch Bayh of Indiana, murwiridhesi wepwere, akatungamirira pomero muDare rezvamatongerwe enyika. Chikarakadzo chakarongwa — Council 7 (Matation) chakapfuudza Dare raMarch 10, 1971, nevhotina muna March 23, 1971. House yakatevera paMarch 23, 1971, nevhoti 400.

Nhimbe Yokuita Kuti Vanhu Vave Makoro

Pane imwe nguva Congress yakaronga kugadziridzwa, kudzorwa kwaida mvumo nenhatu dzezvikamu zvina zvina — panguva iyoyo, 38 kubva muna 50. Kumhanya kwegadziriro yokuita kuti pave nemhindu kwakanga kusati kwamboitika. Vatsigiri — kubatanidza mapoka avadzidzi vesekondari nerekoreji, masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye mapoka enyanzvi dzenguva refu — zvakaunganidzwa nokukurumidza. Hurumende, zhinji dzacho dzakanga dzatoderedza zera rokuvhotera nokuda kwezvakasarudzwa zvehurumende, dzakanga dzichida kupedza vhiringidzo yakatangwa na Oragn. Mitchell[F:1]

Muvhiki imwe chete yepamutezo wedare, nyika nomwe dzakanga dzatendera. Pakasvika kupera kwaApril, 27 nyika dzakanga dzaita kudaro. Pana July 1, 1971, North Carolina yakava nyika yechi 38 yokukwidza, inopfuura mwedzi miviri chete pashure pokunge kugadziriswa kwatumirwa kunyika. Purezidhendi Nixon anoramba achipupurira kugadziridzwa kwechibvumirano panzvimbo yetsika paWhite House pana July 5, 1971, achiidana kuti “nyika inotemwaratisiro” muAmerica. Nguva yemazuva 100 — kuvambira paMarch 23 kusvikira July 1 — anoramba ari nguva inomhanya zvikuru nokuda kwekugadziriswa kupi nokupi nokupi kwemitemo muU.S.

Zvikonzero zveichi chimbichimbi zvakanga zvinoverengeka. Chokutanga, kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakataura chinetso chakajeka uye chapakarepo chakatapura inodokuva nyika iri yose. Chechipiri, dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakabva kuvavhoti vaduku — avo vakanga vachironga, vachinyunyuta, uye vachitendeukira nenzira inowedzera kuzvamatongerwe enyika zvokusarudza — zvaisagona kufuratirwa.

Tapuro Pahurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu yeAmerica

Mitoo Mitsva Nemipimo Yokuchinja

Pakarepo vavhoti vane mamiriyoni 11 vakasvika makore 18 kusvikira ku20 vakawedzera vavhoti vakakodzera vaivapo, uye mamiriyoni akawanda akanga asvitsa makore 18 ne21 mumakore akatevera. Musarudzo yapurezidhendi ya1972, 55% ye18 kusvika ku24 yemakore 24 vakazotanga kuvhota — nhamba yave isati yambova yakaenzana kubvira muna 2018, 2020, uye 2022, zvichionga kuwedzerwa kwokuwedzera kwokuvhota kwepwere, kuderera kwe18 kusvika ku24 gore negore, kupfuumbidzo yakabatanidza kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji seri kwemapoka akura, inenge 40 /45% muchisarudzo chapurezidhendi pamakumi amakore akawanda apfuura (ne kuwedzera kukuru muna 2018, 2022, uye 20222), pasinei nokuwedzera nokuvhotera nokuwana kwakapfava). Pasinei zvapo nemwero yemapurotsiridziro yakaderera, inoramba iri nheyo inokosha yavanhu yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwenheyo zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chinjo Dzenguva Refu Musimba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Gadziriro yechi 26 haina kungochinja bedzi kuti ndiani aigona kuvhota — yakachinja mashandiro anoita mabato. Vatsigiri vakavamba kupa ngwariro huru kunhau dzinova nechokuita navanhu vaduku, kubatanidza mari yedzidzo, zvikwereti zvavadzidzi, basa renyika, uye gadziriro dzehondo. Koreji dzakava nzvimbo dzinokombamira kunyoreswa kwevhoti uye kupiwa simba rehurumende. Kugadziridzwa kwakanyandurawo kuumbwa kwamasangano akadai seStudenti Public Infaction Actution Grouts (PIRGS), Rock the Vote (yakavambwa muna 1990), uye gare gare gare, ose ane vavariro yokuita simba rezvamatongerwe enyika repwere.

Uyezve, Dare Rekuvhota rechi26 rakagadza muenzaniso wekuwedzera kwomunguva yemberi kwemapepa ehurumende. Nheyo imwe cheteyo — yokuti kodzero yokuvhota haifaniri kurambwa yakavakirwa pazera — yakazotaurwa muzvibvumikiso zvokuderedza zera rokuvhota kusvika ku16 mune mamwe masarudzo omunzvimbomo (sezvave zvakaitwa mumaguta mashoma). Nepo kugadziriswa kwemitemo kwemakore 16 hakufaniri kure nokurangarirwa zvakakomba pamwero wenyika, kuvapo kwechi26 kweTempmplete kunopa zvose zviri zviviri muenzaniso uye kugadzirwa kwepamutemo kwekurukurirano dzakadaro.

Kupfuurira Kunaka Nezvidzidzo Zvanhasi

Makore anopfuura makumi mashanu pashure pokunge yaitwa kuti ive yandudzwa, Hurumende yechi26 inopa chiratidzo chine simba chokuti masangano emagariro evanhu, hondo, uye pfungwa yokururamisira zvinogona sei kuchinja mutemo.

Mutezo weChitanhatu weFirimendement pachawo wakakumbirwa mumatare kudenha idzi ganhuriro, nemamwe matare achitonga kuti mitemo yehurumende inorema mitoro isingaenzaniswi kuvavhoti vavadzidzi ingaputsa vimbiso yekodzero dzokuvhota dzakaenzana nokuda kwe 18 kusvikira ku21 yegore. Rugwaro rwokuchinja rwakapfava — “Kururama kwavagari veUnited States, avo vane makore gumi namasere ezera kana kuti vakura, kusavhota hakuzorambirwi kana kuti kudzorwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yezera” — asi kwakabvumikisa kuva nerevoka huru nokuda kwokuti nyika dzingadzora sei kugamuchirwa nokupinda.

Imwe nhau yazvino uno inhau yokuderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 16 nokuda kwesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo. Vatsigiri vanonongedzera kumuenzaniso wenzanga muMaryland, California, uye Vermont iyo yakabvumira 16-makore 17 kuti vavhote muboka rechikoro kana kuti sarudzo. Vanopikisa kuti makore 16 egore kana kuti dare rehurumende anosarudzwa. Vatsigiri havasi kurukurirano iyi yakaitwa se 18 senhunhu, nepo vachisiya nyika dzakasununguka kuderedza zera rokuvhotera. Kuchinja ikoko kunoramba kuri rutivi runokosha rwebumbiro renyika.

Pakupedzisira, nhau yeFramendment yechi26 inopa chidzidzo chikuru pamusoro pesimba rehurumende yeAmerica rokutonga.Kwakanga kusiri kuchinja kwokumanikidzirwa nevoruzhinji kana kuti kuiswa pasi. kwakanga kuri muuyo wokufamba kwouswa kwakasimba — navanhu vaduku vamene — vakaramba kugamuchira tsika yairaira upenyu hwavo asi yakaramba inzwi ravo. Rubudiriro rwavo runoratidzira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo yemitemo rinogona kuchinjwa kuita kuti nyika ive noubati ushe hwedemokrati zvikuru, kunyange mukutarisana nemapoka makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika.

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