Table of Contents

Kuchinja kwechimakumi maviri nematanhatu kweBumbiro Remitemo reUnited States kunomira seimwe yekurukurirano huru zvikuru yekodzero dzokuvhota munhau yeAmerica.

Kuchinja kwokupfuudza kwaimirira zvinopfuura chinjo younyanzvi yokuvhota - vhuvha chete, kwaibatanidza chinjo huru mukurangarira kwakaita nzanga yeAmerica vanhu vaduku simba ravo rokuvimbisana munzanga nedanda ravo muudzori hwehurumende yehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro pasinei zvapo nokubudirira uku kwenhau, makumi amakore akatevera kugadziriswa kwakaratidza zvinetso zvinopfuurira mukuvimbisa kuti vavhoti vaduku vanogona kushandisa zvizere kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo, kuita kuti Amendement yeChimakumi maviri namatanhatu ive musimboti wekurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuvhota uye kuvhotera.

Nhoroondo: Mugwagwa Waienda kuFirimendeji Yechimakumi maviri netanhatu

Kushingaira Kwapakuvamba uye Hondo Yenyika II

Nokuderera kwezera rokunyoresa vanhu kubva pa 21 kusvika pa18 nokuda kweHondo Yenyika II, pakatanga zvikarakadzo zvakawanda zvokuvhota kuti zvienzane nezera rokutora nezera rokunyoresa. Kusaruramisira kukuru kwakanga kwakajeka: Majaya aigona kumanikidzwa kubatira nyika yawo muhondo, bva akanga asina simba rokusarudza vatungamiriri vakaita zvisarudzo pamusoro pehondo norugare. Mashoko acho akavamba paHondo Yenyika II, apo Purezidhendi Franklin D. Rooselt akaderedza zera rehondo kusvikira kuzera re 18, achiumba kusawirirana kwetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika kwaizokura kwemakumi amakore.

Pasinei zvapo nouku kufambira mberi kwapakuvamba, vakuru vakuru vakasiana - siana vehurumende vakanga vatsigira kuderedza zera rokuvhota mukati mezana ramakore rechi20, asi vakanga vasingakwanisi kuwana simba romutemo raidikanwa nokuda kwokupfuudzira gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo. Nhau yacho yakaramba iri pamusoro pokuzivikanwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvorudzi muma 1950 nokuvamba kwama 1960, nechiito chiduku bedzi chehurumende dzinoita chiito chokuzvimirira kuderedza mazera adzo okuvhota.

Hondo yeVietnam Sechinonyanya Kurwiwa

Hondo yeVietnam yakashandura kurukurirano yezera rokuvhota kubva mukurukurirano yerondedzero kuva murairo wetsika yokukurumidzira. Mukati mama 1960, tsigiro yavose yokuderedza zera rokuvhota yakawedzera sezvo Mauto eUnited States Ane Zvombo akabatanidzwa zvakananga mukudzivirira Vietnam kubva kuNorth Vietnam uye mauto eViet Cong guerilla. Kubatanidzwa kweAmerica kwakawedzera uye kufa kwakawedzera, kupokanidzana kwacho kwakava kusingabviri kufuratirwa.

Inenge 30 muzana yemauto muVietnam akanga ari pasi pe 21 uye inopfuura 19 000, kana kuti inenge hafu, yaavo vakanga vafa muchiito ikoko vakanga vari pasi pe 21 (8) vaAmerica vaduku vakanga vachitakura mutoro wokupedzisira wougari hwemo) — chibairo choupenyu hwavo pasina kufarikanya imwe yekodzero dzavo hurusa. Ikoku kwakanga kuri murutivi rukuru nemhaka yeHondo yeVietnam, umo majaya akawanda akanga asingabvumirwi kuvhota akanyoreswa kundorwa muhondo, nokudaro achishaiwa mutoo upi noupi wokupesvedzera vanhu kuti vaende kundoisa upenyu hwavo mungozi.

"Ndakura zvakakwana kurwa, ndakura zvakakwana kuvhota" yakava kutaura kwavose kwavatsigiri vokuderedza zera rokuvhota. Uku kudanidzira kunonzwika mumakoreji ose, mumasangano okunyunyuta, uye pakupedzisira muhoro dzeCongress imene. Chiziviso chakabudisa nharo dzakapfava asi dzine simba pamusoro penheyo dzemitemo dzeruramisiro nedzedemokrase idzo dzakabvumikisa kuva dzakaoma kuva vanoshora kurwisana.

Masangano Akapararira Enzanga Nechiito Choupwere

Kukuchidzira kuderedza zera rokuvhota kwakanga kusiri pamusoro pebasa rehondo bedzi. Nyanzvi inobatanidza nenzira inowedzera kukwirira kwokutsigira zera rokuvhota rakaderera nerebasa revechiduku musangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo uye mamwe masangano nokuda kwokuchinja kwenzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika muma1950 na 1960. VaAmerica vaduku vakanga vachiratidzira ungwaru hwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuzvipira kupfurikidza nechiito chavo chehondo.

Mwero inowedzera yezvikoro zvapamusoro nokuwana mashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika kwavanhu vaduku kupfurikidza noruzivo rutsva rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakapesvedzerawo mirangariro yakanaka zvikuru yokugadzirira kwavo maruramiro anokosha zvikurusa ougari hwemo. Nzvimbo yedzidzo yakanga yachinja zvinoshamisa chifo chezera rokuvhota ramakore 21 rakatangwa, navanhu vaduku vakawanda zvikuru vachipedza dzidzo yesekondari uye kuwana batano nezivo yehurumende.

Rwendo Rwakarurama Rwokuenda Kureta

Voting Rights Act ya1970 neOregon v.

Yakangaidzwa nenhanho inononotsa yegadziridzo yebumbiro-mitemo, vatsigiri vesangano rokuchinja zera rokuvhota vakaita nzira yakasiana. Kutsunga kufamba-famba panhau yacho, vatsigiri vesangano vaibatanidza gadziriro nokuda kwevhoti yemakore 18 ekare mumutemo wa1970 uyo wakatambanudza Voting Rights Act. Iyi gadziriro yemitemo yakaedza kuita kupfurikidza nomutemo yakanga yabvumikisa kuva yakaoma kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Kupindura kupokana kwokuti avo vakura zvakakwana kunyoreswa nokuda kwebasa rehondo vanofanira kukwanisa kushandisa maruramiro okuvhota, Congress yakaderedza zera rokuvhota sorutivi rweVoting Rights Act ya1970. Zvisinei, uku kuita kwakatarisana nedenho dzapakarepo dzebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusoro rakava pakupedzisira mumhaka yaOregon v. Mitchell kuti Congress raisagona kuderedza zera rokuvhota nokuda kwehurumende uye sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo.

Chisarudzo cheDare rakakamuraniswa chakaparira njodzi yemabumbiro emitemo yorudzi. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira mutemo muvhoti 5 kusvikira ku4 mukushandisa zera rokuvhota rakaderera kurusarudzo rwehurumende bedzi. Ikoku kwakareva kuti nyika dzaigona kudikanwa kuchengeta gadziriro dzokunyoresa kwakasiana uye kuita sarudzo dzinoparadzana nokuda kwehurumende nehofisi dzomunzvimbomo nerokudzora idzo dzakabvumikisa kuva dzisingakwaniswi.

Kuchinja Kukuru kweBumbiro reMitemo

Achiziva nyongano nendyiko zvaizobatanidzwa mukuchengeta marusarudzo akasiyana okuvhota nokuda kwamakwikwi ehurumende nehurumende, Congress yakakarakadza nokukurumidza uye hurumende dzakatendera Dare reMitemo yechimakumi maviri nerechitanhatu. Kugadziriswa kwakaitwa nomuitiro wokukwidza nokumhanya kunoshamisa.

Yakadzorwa naSpeaker Carl Albert weOklahoma, kugadziridzwa kwakapfuudza Imba kupfurikidza nevhoti yavane 401 kusvikira ku 19, pana March 23, 1971. Dare rakanga raipfuvura netsigiro inokurira zvakafanana. Rakawana tsigiro yesangano pana March 23, 1971, uye rakatenderwa nehurumende pana July 1, 1971, kuratidzira nhambo pfupi pakati petendero yeCongregation nerected of amentation in U.S.

Masangano ehurumende muOhio neNorth Carolina akanga ari okupedzisira kutendera kugadziridzwa kwechinjo pamberi pokuvakwa kwechibvumirano chapamutemo muConcert. Kukurumidza kuratidzira bvumirano yakafara yokuti chinjo yacho yakanga iri yose iri madikanwa uye yakarurama. Nixon akapupurira kugadziridzwa pana July 5 muEast House yeWhite House, pamberi peboka reYoung America rehurumende muConcert, uye kunyange mitezo mitatu yegore ramakore 18 kuti isaine chibvumirano sezvapupu.

Tapuro Yapakarepo Nekariro Dzokutanga

Kukura Kwenzvimbo Yokugara

Mutezo we 26 We Amendement wakanyandura anodokusvika mamiriyoni 11 eAmerica kuti vavhote pamakore 18. Uku kukura kukuru kwavavhoti kwakaparira mufaro wakati nokufungidzira pamusoro pokuti ava vavhoti vatsva vaizodzorerazve sei zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica.

Sarudzo yokutanga yapurezidhendi umo vapfumi vemakore 18 vaigona kutora rutivi zvizere munyika yose yakanga iri 1972. Muna 1971, kugadziriswa kwechi26 kwakaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvikira ku18, kuchiunza chitsama chakakwirira zvikurusa (55%) chemakore 18 kusvikira ku 29 okuvhota munhau yeAmerica mukati mesarudzo ya1971. Uku kutanga kwakakarakadza kuti vavhoti vaduku vaizova simba guru muhurumende yedemocracy yeAmerica.

Mitoo Yapakuvamba Yokutora Rutivi

Zvisinei, mbavarira yokutanga yakakurumidza kutsiva zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Chifo chamakore 18 okukura yakapiwa maruramiro okuvhota muna 1971 kupfurikidza neChibvumirano che 26 kuBumbiro reMitemo, pwere dzave dzichimirirwa panzvero seya 2003, uye muna 1976, imwe yesarudzo yokutanga umo vakwegura 18 vakakwanisa kuvhota, 1824 makore okukura vakaumba 18 muzana yevane maruramiro ose vavhoti muAmerica, asi 13 muzana bedzi yezvisarudzo chaizvoizvo – pasi peimwe yetatu.

Uyu mutoo wepwere dzakaderera kana uchienzaniswa namapoka ezera rakura akapfuurira mumakumi amakore ose chifo chokuparadza. Vanhu vaduku vane nhambo yakaderera zvikurusa, kunyange zvazvo samakore ari oga, vanowedzera kusvika pachiverengero chapamusoro pazera ramakore 50 uye ipapo vanowa zvakare. Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei mukaha uyu wazova chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano pamusoro pokudzvinyirira muvhoti uye kusasarura.

Gadziriro Yamakumi Maviri namatanhatu yeMitemo Yazvino Uno Yeganhu Ramajeri

Kurondedzera Kudzvinyirirwa Kwemagetsi Mumashoko Oupwere

Kudzvinyirirwa kwevoter kunobatanidza nzira dzakawanda, mitemo, uye miitiro zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuti vagari vemo vakakodzera vanyorese kuvhota kana kuti kukanda zvivhoti zvavo. Nepo Dare Revhuramisiti rechimakumi maviri nezvitanhatu richivimbisa kuti kodzero dzokuvhota hadzigoni kurambwa kana kuti kuvharidzirwa nemhaka yezera revaya 18 navakuru, vechiduku vanovhota vanoramba vachitarisana nemipinyi inodzivisa nenzira inobudirira kutora rutivi kwavo.

Miganhu iyi inoshanda zvakasiyana - siyana kupfuura kusarurana kwakajeka kwezera kunorambidzwa nevechidiki.Panzvimbo pezvo, inobatanidza mitemo isingatori rutivi mumaziso iyo inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vavhoti vaduku, miitiro yokutarisira inokundikana kuwirirana nemigariro yavanhu vaduku, uye mikaha yegadziriro yegadziriro dzehurumende inosiya vavhoti vaduku vasina tsigiro yakakwana yokushandisa maruramiro avo.

Mitemo Yokunyora Nemirayiridzo Yevaduku

Kunyange zvazvo vatsigiri vemitemo iyi vachipikisa kubiridzira, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti pane zvazvakakanganisa zvikuru pamapoka akati avagari vemo, kusanganisira vechiduku.

Vavhoti vaduku sezvingabvira havawanzovi nezvimiro zvakati zvokuva nazvo zvinenge zvichidiwa nemitemo yemavhota. Vadzidzi vekoreji vangava namarezenisi okutyaira kubva kumba kwavo kuti havawirirani nepokugara pazvino, kana kuti vangavimba nezvidimbu zvevadzidzi izvo dzimwe nyika dzisingagamuchiri sezviziviso zvinoshanda. Idaho akarambidza kushandiswa kwemahofisi evadzidzi sechimiro chokuvhota, kuzivisa kuti miitiro inoratidzika kuva isingatori rutivi inogona sei kuparira mhinganidzo dzakananga nokuda kwomuvhoti muduku.

Kupfupika kwoupenyu hwevaduku vakura kunobatanidza izvi zvinetso. Vadzidzi vari kufamba pakati pemadorm, mafurati, uye misha yemhuri vangaparapatika kuchengeta magwaro okuzivisa ane kero dzazvino uno. Vanhu vaduku avo vachangobva kuva namakore 18 vangave vasati vawana marezenisi okutyaira kana kuti dzimwe tenzi dzehurumende, vachiumba kutora kwavakakwaniriswa kuvhota asi vasina mapepa okuita kudaro.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokunyoresa Nezvakafa

Miitiro yokunyoresa inoita kuti vechiduku vasarudze.

Nzvero yazvino uno yapashure pekunzvera kwechiziviso chepwere cheCIRCLE yakawana kuti vanhu vaduku vari munyika pasina kunyoresa paIndaneti, kunyoresa kwoga, kana kuti kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe cheteko vangataura kuti vanopera nenguva kana kuti vakapotsa nguva yokunyoresa kuvhota. Uku kunzvera kunosimbisa kuti zvinhu zvokunyoresa zvinotapura sei zvakananga kutora rutivi kwepwere.

Nguva yokuronga nguva yokunyoresa inowanzopesana nemiitiro youpenyu hwevanhu vaduku. Vadzidzi vangasava vari kufunga nezvesarudzo mumwedzi yezhizha apo zvikumbiro zvakawanda zvokunyoresa zvinoitika, kana kuti vanganangidzirwa pakutanga pakoreji apo miganhu yokunyoresa inopera. Vavhoti vokutanga nguva inoshaiwa miitiro yakagadzwa nezivo zvinoita muitiro wokunyoresa nokuda kwavakuru.

Mitezo yakashandisa mitemo yokunyoresa yakakwirira zvikuru yakawana chiverengero chakakwirira zvikuru chepwere. Michigan, iyo yaiva nomuvhoti wepwere mukurusa muna 2022, inobuda sehurumende yakaita kuti kuve nyore kunyoresa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, uye hurumende, iyo inewo nyoreso yapaIndaneti nenyoreso imwe cheteyo, yakatanga kunyoresa kwokuvhota kwokuzviitira muna 2019, uye yakava newedzero hurusa munhamba yepwere (makore 18 - 24) yakanyoreswa kuvhota pakati pa201822.

Kushatisa Nzvimbo Nenhau Dzekuwana

Nzvimbo nokuwanikwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvhota zvinotapura zvikuru mano evavhoti vaduku okukanda mapepa. Koreji dzinopa zvinetso zvakasiana, sezvo vadzidzi vangava vasina chokwadi pamusoro penzvimbo yavanofanira kuvhota(panzvimbo yavo yechikoro kana kuti musha wavo wemhuri) uye vangatarisana nemhinganidzo dzose.

Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaderedza nhamba yenzvimbo dzokuongorora dziri pedyo nekoreji nemayunivhesiti, dzichimanikidza vadzidzi kufamba madaro anokosha kana kuti kumirira mumitsetse mirefu. Vadzidzi vasina motokari vanotarisana nezvinetso zvikuru zvinosvika kunzvimbo dzokuvhotera dziri kure, zvikurukuru kana zvokufambisa zvavose zvakaganhurirwa. Izvi hazviitwi netsaona; muzvimwe zviitiko, zvinoratidza zvisarudzo zvemaune kuti vasarudze kuomera zvikuru vadzidzi.

Sarudzo dzapakuvamba dzokuvhota nokuvhota netsamba muindasitiri dzinogona kubetsera kupedza idzi denho, asi kusvika kunedzi dzinotsiva kunosiana zvikuru nehurumende. Mhedziso dzinowanika nokuda kwe6 dze 8 dzinoti dzinotumira tsamba nepoto dzinotumirwa kuvose vakanyoreswa muna 2022, uye vatatu vavo (_Colado, Oregon, uye Washington, zvose zvakava nezvisarudzo zvose zvematsamba kuvambira muna 2014 kana kuti pakuvamba) zvakanga zviri pakati pamaruwa 7 okutanga nepwere yakakwirirasarukira pakati penhambo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuramba Uchishingaira Nemabasa Omudzidzi

Vadzidzi vekoriji vanotarisana nechisarudzo chokuti varambe vakanyoreswa mumisha yavo kana kuti vanyorese munzanga mavachagara.

Dzimwe nyika nenharaunda dzakadenha kodzero yavadzidzi yokunyoresa pakero dzavo dzechikoro, dzichiitirana nharo kuti hadzisi vagari vechokwadi vomunzanga yekoreji. Idzi denho, nepo dzinowanzokundikana mudare, dzinoparira nyongano nokusava nechokwadi zvinogona kudzivisa kunyoresa nokuvhota. Ngozi yedenho dzapamutemo kana kuti pomero dzevhoti dzinogona kuva netapuro inotyisa pakutora rutivi kwavadzidzi.

Mutezo weMitemo wechimakumi maviri netanhatu wakatarisana nedenho shomanene dzapamutemo mumakumi amakore chifo chokuparadza kwawo, nezvibvumikiso zvavose zvinovambira pakuti mudzidzi wekoreji ari kunze kwetaundi anomirirwa sei panzvero. Iyi mibvunzo yapamutemo inopfuurira inoratidzira kukakavadzana kunopfuurira pamusoro penzvimbo yavavhoti vaduku mugadziriro yezvivhoti.

Misiyano Yemashoko Nezvinodzidziswa Nemapepa

Vasingapiwi mhinganidzo dzepamutemo dzakarongwa, vavhoti vaduku vanotarisana nemashoko anokosha uye mikana yezviwanikwa zvinodzivisa kutora rutivi kwavo nenzira inobudirira.Vavhoti venguva yokutanga vanofanira kushandisa gadziriro dzevhota dzakaoma zvikuru pasina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira nezivo izvo vavhoti vakura vakaunganidza kwamakore kana kuti makumi amakore okutora rutivi.

Vanhu vaduku vakawanda havana mashoko makuru pamusoro penzira yokunyoresa nayo, kwokuvhota nayo, kuti izivikanwoi, uye nzira yokushandisa nayo mutoo wokuvhota. Nepo aya mashoko achiwanika sezvinofungidzirwa, achiawana nokuanzwisisa zvinoda nguva, nhamburiko, uye zivo yokuti vanhu vaduku vazhinji havana. Zvikoro nenzanga zvinosiyana zvikuru mukugadzirira kwavo vanhu vaduku nokuda kwokuvhota, kuchiparira kusaruramisira mugadziriro yehurumende.

Kushayikwa kwegadziriro dzegadziriro dzehurumende dzokutsigira vavhoti vatsva kunomirira rudzi rwakati rwokudzvinyirira kwezvivako. Kusafanana nenyika dzinonyoresa vagari vemo kana kuti dzinopa dzidzo inodzorwa zvikuru, United States inosiya vanhu vaduku vachingozvivhota voga. Uku kurongeka kunoguma nokuda kutora rutivi kwakajeka pakati peavo vasina mhuri, nzanga, kana kuti tsigiro yesangano nokuda kwokuvhota.

Miitiro Nemiitiro Mukuchinja Kwepwere

Mwero Yechinjo Yenhau

Muvhoti wepwere achinja zvikuru chifo chokuchinja kweChibvumirano cheChine China makumi maviri namatanhatu, mwero yokutora rutivi kazhinji kazhinji inoramba iri pasi peiyo yamapoka akwegura. Munhau, muvhoti wepwere akakwira munenge 20% mukati mesarudzo dzapakati penhambo, kunyange zvazvo makore ejambwa rapurezidhendi anowanzoona kutora rutivi kwakakwirira zvikuru.

Sarudzo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakaratidza miitiro inokurudzira. Muna 2020, 50% yavanhu vaduku, vane makore 18 - 299, vakavhota musarudzo yapurezidhendi, wedzero inoshamisa yenhamba 11 kubva muna 2016 (39%) uye sezvingabvira mumwe wemwero yakakwirira zvikurusa yokutora kwepwere kubvira pazera rokuvhota yakaderedzwa kusvika ku 18.

Zvisinei, inenge hafu yavanhu vaduku (makore 18-29) yakakanda bhoti mujaho ramapurezidhendi 2024, iyo inohwirudzura fungidziro dzapakuvamba uye nzvimbo dzinoita kuti vechiduku vatore rutivi mukunenge 2024 muna 2024 (50%), iro rakanga riri gore rakakwirira renhau nokuda kwomuvhoti. Nepo richimirira kutora rutivi kwakasimba zvikuru, kuderera kuduku uku kubva muna 202020 kunoratidza kuti kutora mapurisa kwakakwirira hakungoerekani kana kuti hakuvi kwechokwadi.

Kusawirirana Mukati Mebasa Repwere

Vechidiki vanongoramba vachingoongorora nhamba dzevavhoti vanosiyanisa zvinhu zvinokosha nevechidiki vanoona kuti vakasiyana sei.

Vavhoti vadukusa vakakodzera zvikurusa vanotsigira munhau pamwero yakaderera, uye iyoyo yakanga iri nhau yacho zvakare muna 2024, nomuvhoti wepwere pakati pe 18 na 19 wegore pa 41%, 6 muzana yakaderera kupfuura kudzoka kwepwere dzose. Mukaha uyu unosimbisa denho chaidzo dzakatarisana navavhoti venguva yokutanga vari kufambisa tsika yevhota kwenguva yokutanga.

Musiyano wedzinza mupwere unoratidzira mitoo mikuru yokusasarura muhurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Muvhoti wepwere akaparadzana kubva pa 58% pakati pavakadzi vaduku vechichena kusvikira kuisati iri hafu yeiyo pakati pavarume vaduku vechiLatino (27%) navarume vaduku vechiBlack (25%), uye muvhoti muduku anobva muvaBlack neLatino, zvikurukuru, anopfuurira kombamiro inobva mukusarudza kwazvino uno uko kuri chisarudzo chikuru cheitiro.

Misiyano yezviwirirano yakabudawo seyakatanhamara. Pakanga pane mukaha wezvikamu 9 wokutora rutivi muvatano yavanhurume muna 2024: 50% pakati pavakadzi vaduku na 41% pakati pavarume vaduku. Uku kusiyana kunonongedzera kuzvinoitika zvakasiana - siana uye ukama kutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika pakati pamapoka akasiana - siana avanhu vaduku.

Kuchinja Kwenzvimbo Yehurumende

Kufamba kwepwere kunosiyana zvikuru munyika, kunoratidzira misiano mumitemo yechisarudzo, migariro yehurumende, uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Upwere hwakatanga kubva pa37% munyika dzakakwira kusvikira ku 13% mudzimwe mukati memasarudzo 2022, zvichiratidzira kuti nhau dzakapoteredza zvikuru nokuda kwokutora rutivi kwepwere.

Nyika dzine mitemo yokuvhota inorambidza nguva dzose inoratidza kubhadharwa kwepwere kwakaderera.Tennessee (13%), Alabama (15%), uye Oklahoma (15%) havana zuva rimwe chetero, kana kuti kunyoresa kusati kwaitwa, uye Oklahoma ndeimwe yehurumende 10 bedzi munyika yacho isina kunyoreswa zvizere muvhoti wepaIndaneti; Tennessee ine chinodikanwa chakasimba chokukanda chitsama chehurumende; uye Alabama ndeimwe yenyika shomanene dzisingapiwi nokukurumidza, mukuvhota.

Nenzira inopesana, inotaura kuti mitemo yokuvhota yave ichishandiswa inoratidza kutora rutivi kwakakwirira zvikuru kwepwere. Mirrosota, Maine, Michigan, uye Colorado zviri pakati penyika dzapamusoro nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri 2024 dzepwere dzinobuda uye muFomatitive Leaders, nyika dzose ina dzine AVR, OVR, SDR, uye kunyoresa pasati pasvika zera ramakore 16, zvose zviri zvina hazvina kurovha inorevesa, uye Colorado inotumira nenzira yomuzvarirwo tsamba muvhoti iri yose yakanyoreswa pakati pemakore 1860, uye Minnesotapea, iyo yakava necherekedzo yepwere yapamusoro muna 2024, yakateverwa AVR napamberi pakati pekuvhoterara uye pamutemo kuti ive yakaoneka kuva nemigumisiro yezvirongwa zvenguva dzose pakati pemakore 20222, uye kuva nezvinoitwawo zvinooneka pakati pemakore 1860.

Mazano Okudzvinyirira Akapararira Anotapura Mibato Yose

Voter Roll Defast

Muvhoti anovhota miitiro yokubudisa yavanhu vamazera ose asi anogona kutapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vavhoti vaduku vanotama kazhinji kazhinji uye vangasaziva kuti vabviswa munhevedzo dzokunyoresa. Anobvisa nenzira inofungidzirwa vavariro yokuchengeta marobhoti akarurama kupfurikidza nokubvisa vanhu vakafa, vakasundwa, kana kuti vanova vasingadzoreki. Zvisinei, kubvisa kazhinji kazhinji kunobvisa vavhoti vakakodzera kupfurikidza nechikanganiso kana kuti mipimo youpengo.

Kufamba kwevaduku kunovaita kuti vave pangozi zvikurukuru yokubvisa mavhota nemhaka yekuchinja kwekero kana kuti kukundikana kuvhota mukusarudza kuchangobva kuitwa. Mudzidzi anonyoresa pakoriji asi asingavhoti muvhoti yomunzvimbomo angabviswa pamberi pesarudzo huru inotevera. Mumwe munhu anotama pakati penyika kuti aende kudzidzo kana kuti kubasa angabviswa mumarori enzvimbo dzose dziri mbiri, achisiya asingakwanisi kuvhota kupi nokupi.

Kushaikwa kwokujeka mumiitiro yokuchenesa kunobatanidza izvi zvinetso. Vavhoti vazhinji havawani kuti vakabviswa kutozosvikira vaedza kuvhota, panguva iyo kungava kunyanyononoka kunyoresazve. Nepo dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa dziviriro dzakafanana nezvinodikanwa zveziviso uye kunyoreswa kwezuva rimwe chetedzo kuderedza miuyo yokubvisa, vamwe vanopfuurira kubudisa nokuvhota nokutarisira kwakaderera kana kuti dziviriro yavanovhota.

Kuderedza Mikana Yokutanga Yokushandisa

Kuvhota kwokutanga kunopa mukana unokosha wokuvhota vanotarisana nekusawirirana kwakarongwa, zvinetso zvokufambisa, kana kuti zvimwe zvinodzivisa kuvhota paZuva Rokusarudza.

Dzimwe nyika dzakaderedza nguva dzokuvhota nokukurumidza, dzakabvisa kupera kwevhiki kuvhota kwapakuvamba, kana kuti dzakaderedza nhamba yenzvimbo dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba.Idzi chinjo dzinogombedzera vavhoti vakawanda kuti vavhote paZuva Rokusarudza, apo mitsetse inenge iri refu zvikuru uye kuronga rwisano. nokuda kwavadzidzi vanoronga makirasi okuvhota, basa, uye zvimwe zvibvumirano, kurasikirwa nokuvhota kwokukurumidza kunogona kureva musiyano pakati pokuvhota nokusavhota.

Apo mayunivhesiti anowana nzvimbo dzokuvhota dzokutanga, kutora rutivi kwevadzidzi kunowedzera nenzira isingatauriki.

Ganhuriro Pakunyoresa Mubatanidzwa Wemari

Mibato yokunyoresa yakakurumbira, inowanzoitiswa namasangano ehurumende, nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mapoka avadzidzi, inoita basa rinokosha mukunyoresa vavhoti vatsva, kubatanidza vanhu vaduku. Dzimwe nyika dzakaisa ganhuriro paidzi dzoro, dzichida masangano kunyoresa nehurumende, dzichiganhurira anogona kuunganidza zvimiro zvokunyoresa, kuisa miganhu yorumano nokuda kwokuzviisa pasi, uye kugadzira zvirango nokuda kwezvikanganiso zviduku.

Mapoka evadzidzi anganyoresa vezera ravo kuti vanyorese matanda anenge akanganisa basa ravo uye kuti vangasakwanisa kunyoresa zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo.

Kuvavhota vechiduku vasinganyanyi kunyoresa, kuderera kwezvirongwa zvokunyoresa kunochinja zvakananga kuti vanyorese zvishoma.

Kupesana Kunozivikanwa

Mitemo yokusatendeseka, inoganhurira kodzero dzokuvhota nokuda kwavanhu vane zvitendero zvoutsotsi, inotapura mamiriyoni evaAmerica. Nepo iyi mitemo ichitapura vanhu vemazera ose, ine ukoshi hwakati nokuda kwekurukurirano dzokuvhota kwepwere nemhaka yokuti kubatanidzwa kweruramisiro youtsotsi kunowanzovamba muukuru hwavaduku, uye nemhaka yokuti mitemo iyi inotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vanhu vaduku vane ruvara.

Kupindirana kwokusawirirana kwemagariro edzinza nokusabatana kwedzinza mugadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi kunoreva kuti mitemo iyi inodzivisa kuvhota pakati pavarume vaduku vechiBlack neLatino pamwero yakakwirira zvikuru. Ikoku kunobetsera kunzvimbo dzisiri dzehondo dzakacherekedzwa musarudzo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi uye kunomirira chimiro chokudzikamiswa kwegadziriro dzinobatanidza dzimwe mhinganidzo dzinotarisana nepwere dzinovhota ruvara.

Mitemo inosiana zvikuru mumitemo yayo yokuparadzanisa, kubva mukudzorerwa kwomuzvarirwo kwamaruramiro pakusunungurwa kusvikira kukuparadzaniswa kwechigarire kwemhosva dzakati. Iri basa rinoparira nyongano uye ringatungamirira vavhoti vakakodzera kudavira zvisina kururama kuti havagoni kuvhota. Kuoma kwemitemo iyi uye ruzvidzo rwakabatanidzwa nokubatanidzwa kweruramisiro kunodzivisa vanhu vaduku kuedza kunyoresa kana kuti kuvhota kunyange apo vanofanirwa nepamutemo.

Basa Rokuchinja Zvinhu uye Rokudzora

Kunyoresa Mubatanidzwa Wezvigadzirwa Zvemagetsi Zvinongozviitikirawo

Kunyoresa kwokuzvidira kwomuvhoti (AVR) kunomirira chimwe chezvinjo dzinovimbisa zvikurusa nokuda kwokuwedzera muvhoti. Mugadziriro dzeAVR, vagari vemo vakakodzera vanonyoreswa kuvhota apo vanoshanda namasangano ehurumende semasangano emotokari, nechisarudzo chakasarudzwa nokuda kwaavo vasingadi kunyoresa.

Kunobvisa kudikanwa kwokuti vechiduku vatore matanho okunyoresa, kunobvisa kuoma kwemanyorero uye nguva, uye kuvimbisa kuti kuchinja kwekero kunongooneka mukunyoresa kwevavhoti. Hurumende dzakashandisa AVR dzakaona kuwedzera kukuru kwemwero yokunyoresa, kunyanya pakati pevechiduku nemamwe mapoka aripo.

Kubudirira kweAVR mukuwedzera kutora rutivi kwepwere kunoratidza kuti musiyano mukuru wepwere unobva pamhinganidzo dzezvivako panzvimbo pokusakendenga kana kuti kusafarira.

Kunyoresa kweZuva rimwe chetero

Kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete (SDR) kunobvumira vavhoti vakakodzera kunyoresa nokuvhota pazuva rimwe chetero, kubatanidza paZuva Rokuvhota pacharo.

Vavhoti venguva yokutanga avo vangave vasingazivi nezvemisi yokunyoresa kana kuti vasingafambi kazhinji kazhinji, SDR inogovera musengwa wekotsekano wakakomba. Vadzidzi vanoziva paminiti yokupedzisira kuti havana kunyoresa, kana kuti vasina chokwadi pamusoro penzvimbo yavo yokunyoresa, vanogona kutora rutivi musarudzo. Kuchinjika kweSDR kunowirirana neupenyu hwevaduku vakura munzira idzo gadziriro dzegamuchidzanwa dzokunyoresa dzisingaregi.

Nyika dzinonyoresa mazuva ose dzinoratidza kuti pwere dzakakwirira kupfuura dziya dzisina. Muitiro wacho unoshanda zvikuru kana ukabatanidzwa nezvimwe zvitadzo zvinoyera zvakadai sekunyoresa paIndaneti uye kunyoresa kwapamberi pemakore 16 ne17 okukura.

Kunyoresa Pamberi pegore ne17

Gadziriro dzokunyoresa pasati pasvika dzinobvumira vanhu 16 na 17 vanosvika makore kunyoresa kuvhota pachine nguva mberi, kunyoresa kwavo kuchiva kunoshingaira apo vanova namakore 18. Uyu muitiro unoshandisa idi rokuti vanhu vaduku vazhinjisa vachiri muchikoro chapamusoro pamazera ano, uchivaita kuti vasvike zviri nyore zvikuru kupfurikidza negadziriro dzedzidzo yehurumende.

Kunyoresa kunobetsera kutanga kuvhota sorutivi rwenguva dzose rwokusvika zera, kuchibatanidza kupinda muchinjo yokuva munhu mukuru panzvimbo pokuirangarira somuitiro wakaparadzana, wakaoma. Vanhu vaduku vanonyoresa vasati vanyoresa sezvingabvira zvikuru vachavhota musarudzo yavo yokutanga yakakodzera kupfuura avo vanofanira kunyoresa pashure pokunge vatendeuka 18.

Zvikoro zvapamusoro zvinogona kubatanidza kunyoresa kusati kwaitwa mumakirasi ehurumende, zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda, kana kuti chikoro chose chinodzorwa. Iyi tsigiro yesangano inogovera kunyorwa uko vanhu vaduku vazhinji vanoda kushandisa muitiro wokunyoresa nenzira inobudirira. Hurumende dzakaita kunyoresa kwapamberi pekunyorwa dzakaona wedzero dzinobvira mukunyoresa nokutendeuka kwepwere.

Kugamuchira neMatsamba neKubudisa Mabhuku

Gadziriro dzemaposi nedzokuvhota kusingadzoreki dzinopa kuchinjika kunobetsera zvikurukuru vavhoti vaduku. Vadzidzi vanogona kuvhota pasina kufamba kuenda kumba kana kuti kufamba nzvimbo dzokuvhota dzisina kurovedzeka. Vanhu vaduku vane rudungwe rwebasa rusingachinjiki vanogona kuvhota panzvimbo pokuedza kukodzera kuvhota muZuva reSarudzo rakabatikana.

Mitemo inongoerekana yatumira mapepa okuvhota kuvavhoti vose vakanyoresa yakaona kubudiswa kwepwere kwakasimba.

Zvisinei, gadziriro dzevhoti namatsamba dzinoda kero dzakarurama, idzo dzinogona kuva dzinodenha vanhu vaduku vanofamba kazhinji kazhinji. Gadziriro dzokutsvaka nokutumira nguva dzakatambanudzwa nokuda kwedzokudzokera bharo rebetsero kuzvinetso izvi, asi mikaha inosara nokuda kwavavhoti vaduku vanokurumidza zvikurusa.

Kunyoresa Pakombiyuta

Kunyoresa paIndaneti kunoita kuti kunyoresa kuve nyore uye kuve shamwari yevanoshandisa, kunyanya kuvechiduku vanokwanisa kushandisa michina yemagetsi.

Kukwanisa kunyoresa paIndaneti uchishandisa foni kana kombiyuta, uye uchikurumidza kusimbisa kuti uri mumiririri, kunobvisa kusawirirana.

Kunyoresa paIndaneti mune dzimwe nyika kunokanganisa zvikuru vechiduku vanotora.

Dzidzo Yakaumbwa uye Kugadzirira Kupa Basa

Basa Rezvikoro Mukugadzirira Mari

Zvikoro zvinobatsira zvikuru pakugadzirira vechiduku kuti vasarudze, asi kunaka uye ukuru hwedzidzo yehurumende zvinosiyana - siyana munyika dzose uye mumaruwa.Apo dzidzo yehurumende inosanganisira mashoko anoshanda pamusoro pokuvhota (hw) kuti inyorese, kuti wonyoresei, kuti woitei pakuvhota kwacho, uye izvi zvinoita kuti vechiduku vawedzere mukana wokuvhota kana vava kukwanisa.

Dzimwe nyika dzakaita zvinodiwa kuti zvikoro zvesekondari zvive nemikana yokuvhota, kuvhota muvana vepachikoro, kana kuti kuita kuti vadzidzi vabatanewo pakusarudza.

Zvisinei, zvikoro zvakawanda zvinopa dzidzo shoma yehurumende, uye zvinotopa mukana mushoma wokuita zvokuvhota. Musiyano uyu unosiya vechiduku vakawanda vasina zivo nounyanzvi zvavanoda kuti vashandise gadziriro yokusarudza.

Kubatanidzwa Kwemari Kwakavakirwa Pacampes

Makoreji namayunivhesiti zvakaziva nenzira inowedzera basa rawo mukutsigira muvhoti wavadzidzi. Nhamburiko dzinotsigirwa nomuvhoti wakavakirwa paCampus dzinobatanidza kunyoresa, gadziriro dzedzidzo dzevoti, betsero nezvinokumbirwa zvisipo zvokuvhota zvavadzidzi, uye kushaikwa kwemiitiro yokuvhota neshamwari yavadzidzi.

ZVIRI ZVOSE MUCAmpes Democracy Challenge uye nhano dzakafanana dzakakurudzira mazana ekoreji kutanga gadziriro dzechiito chakakwana nokuda kwokuwedzera kutora rutivi kwomuvhoti wavadzidzi.

Zvisinei, kutsigira kurongwa kwokuvhota kwevadzidzi kunosiyana zvikuru. Mamwe mayunivhesiti anoita kuti kuvhota kuve chinhu chokutanga, kutsaurira zvinhu nevashandi kuti varoote.

Kupesvedzera Kwenzanga Nemhuri

Kupiwa kwemitemo netsika zvevanhu zvizvarwa zvose kunokosha pakutanga tsika dzokuvhota.

Nenzira yakapesana, vanhu vaduku vanobva mumhuri nenzanga dzine mwero yakaderera yokuvhota vanotarisana nemimwe miganhu. vangashaiwa mashoko makuru pamusoro pokuvhota, vangasava nomunhu wokutendeukira nemibvunzo, uye havagamuchiri kurudziro kana kuti tsigiro nokuda kwokutora rutivi. aya masangano ehurumende anobetsera kumukamukata unopfuurira mumuvhoti wepwere mumapoka edzinza, edzinza, uye ezvemari.

Masangano akavakirwa panzanga anogona kubetsera kuzadza aya maburi kupfurikidza nokugovera dzidzo yomuvhoti, betsero yokunyoresa, uye kurudziro zvokuvhota.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Vavhoti vaduku vanoshandisa mashoko akazara nemashoko asina kururama pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa, miitiro yokuvhota, uye misi yokuvhota inogona kuvhiringidza ndokudzivisa vavhoti vaduku. Nhimbe dzokuparadzira mashoko pane dzimwe nguva dzinodenha vavhoti vaduku nemashoko asina kururama akagadzirirwa kudzivisa kutora rutivi kwavo.

Vavhoti vaduku vanofanira kutanga unyanzvi hwokugona kurava nokunyora mashoko akavimbika kubva muzvinhu zvenhema kana kuti zvinotsausa. Kushayikwa kwedzidzo yokuverenga nokunyora yakarongwa yezvinobudisa nhau kunoita kuti vechiduku vakawanda vasarudze mashoko okusatora rutivi.

Kutya Uye Kunetswa

Kutyisidzira kwevoter, nepo kunopfuurira kusati kuri kwapamutemo, kunopfuurira kuitika uye kunogona kutapura zvikurukuru vavhoti vaduku avo vangava vavhota kwenguva yokutanga uye vasina chokwadi pamusoro pamaruramiro avo. Zvinetso kukusakodzera kwavadzidzi vanovhota, kuongorora kwokudenha, uye mufambiro wokuvhota zvinogona kudzivisa vanhu vaduku kuvhota.

Kutyisidzira kwemiuyo yapamutemo yemhosho dzokuvhota, kunyange zvikanganiso zvisina mhaka, kunogona kuva netapuro inotyisa pakutora rutivi kwepwere. Vavhoti vaduku vasina chokwadi pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa kana kuti mitemo yokuvhota vangasarudza kusavhota panzvimbo pokuisa mungozi kuita chimwe chinhu chakaipa. Uku kudzvinyirira kworutyo kunotsigirwa zvikurukuru mukurwisana navavhoti vomunguva yokutanga vasina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira nechivimbo mukufambisa gadziriro yakasarudzwa.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwepwere Kunotevedzana

Kudzvinyirirwa kwepwere dzinovhota kwakava kwamativi akasiana, sezvo vavhoti vaduku vakatsigira nenzira inowedzera vanoda kusarudzwa kweDemocratic musarudzo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Policies anoita kuti kuvhota kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwavanhu vaduku kazhinji kazhinji kunoitwa nemitemo yehurumende inodzorwa neRepublicaan, nepo miitiro inorerutsira kuvhota kwepwere inozivikanwa zvikuru munyika dzinodzorwa nedemocratic.

Kana mitemo yokuvhota ichirambidzwa pachikoro, kugamuchirwa nevadzidzi, kana kuti kunyoreswa kuchienderana nokudzora kwechikwata uye nezvinodiwa nevavhoti vaduku, zvinokarakadza kuti dzimwe nhamburiko dzokudzvinyirira dzinoitirwa zvakanaka panzvimbo pokukurudzirwa nokunetseka kwepamutemo pamusoro pekuperera pakusarudza.

Kuchinja kwaita kurongwa kwokuvhota kunokonzera zvimwe zvinetso zvekuchinja.

Kudzivirirwa Nezvinetso Zvepamutemo

Kukura Kwechimakumi maviri namatanhatu kweMwedzero Neganhuriro

Chibvumirano Chamakumi maviri namatanhatu chinorambidza kana kuti kuganhurira kodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yezera ravagari vemo 18 navakuru. Ichi chirambidzo chakajeka chinodzivisa rusaruro rwezera mukuita vhoti.

Miitiro inoita kuti kuvhota kuve kwakaomera munhu ari wose asi nenzira isingaenzaniswi inotapura vavhoti vaduku haisi hayo inoputsa Gadziriro Yamakumi maviri namatanhatu, kunyange kana muuyo wavo uri wokudzvinyirira kutora rutivi kwepwere. Dare kazhinji kazhinji rakadudzira kugadziridzwa kwacho zvishoma, richinangidzira ngwariro parusaruro rwakajeka rwezera panzvimbo pokuparadzanya.

Vamwe vatsigiri vakatsigira tsananguro huru dzechinjo iyo yaizoziva kudzvinyirirwa kusina kunanga kwokuvhota kwepwere sechimiro chokusatenderwa kwezera.

Kupa Kodzero Kudzivirira

Voting Rights Act inopa dzimwe dziviriro pakusarura vhoti, kunyange zvazvo upamhi hwaro hwakaganhurirwa nezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa. Chikamu 2 choMutemo chinorambidza miitiro yokuvhota inosarura pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mitezo muboka romutauro muduku. Iyi dziviriro inogona kubetsera vavhoti vaduku veruvara avo vanotarisana nemhinganidzo dzezera nedzabatanidzwa nedzinza kuvhota.

Zvisinei, Voing Rights Act hairambidzi rusaruro runotsamira pazera, uye dziviriro dzarwo dzakaneteswa nezvisarudzo zvedare izvo zvakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kudenha miitiro yokuvhota inopa mhaka. Kubviswa kwezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota pachikamu 5 cheChibvumirano kwakabvumira hurumende kushandisa mitemo yokuvhota pasina utarisiri hwehurumende, kubatanidza mitemo inodzivisa kuvhota kwepwere.

Dziviriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo reHurumende

Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anopa dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhota kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende. matare ehurumende anodudzira idzi gadziriro pane dzimwe nguva akamisa mitemo yokuvhota inoganhurira iyo matare ehurumende aizotsigira. Iyi dziviriro yenzvimbo yakakwirira yenyika inogona kubetsera vavhoti vaduku kupfurikidza nemitemo isingateereri iyo inodzvinyirira kutora rutivi kwavo.

However, state constitutional protections vary widely, and many states provide minimal protection beyond what federal law requires. The patchwork of state-level protections contributes to dramatic variations in youth voting access across states.

Nzira Yacho Inofambira Mberi: Kudzivirira Nokuwedzera Kodzero Dzepwere

Mitemo Yakabatana

Mutemo wehurumende waigona kugadzirisa zvakawanda zvinotadzisa kuvhota.

Zvikarakadzo izvi zvaizobatsira zvikurukuru vavhoti vechiduku nokuda kunyoreswa kwevoti voga, kunyoreswa kwezuva rimwe chete, uye kukurumidza kuvhota. Vaizorambidzawo miitiro yakawanda inorambidza inovhiringidza inovhiringidza vechiduku zvikuru, yakadai sezvinodiwa zvevavhoti uye zvavanorambidzwa kuvhota vadzidzi.

Zvisinei, mutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota wehurumende unotarisana nemhinganidzo huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasina kutsigirwa kana kuti chinjo kumitemo yeDare, mutemo wehurumende unobatanidza zvose unoramba usingabviri mushoko riri pedyo. Izvozvi zvinoisa ukoshi hukuru pakuchinja kwenzvimbo yehurumende uye midzi youswa zvinoronga kudzivirira nokuwedzera maruramiro okuvhota pwere.

Kuchinja Kwehurumende

Chinjo dzehurumende dzinopa nzira chaiyoiyo yokuwedzera nayo kusvika kwepwere mukuvhota mumhoteredzo yazvino yezvamatongerwe enyika. United States inogona kushandisa kunyoresa kwokuvhota kwoga, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, kunyoresa kwapamberi pemakore 16 ne17, uye mavhoti namatsamba pasina chiito chehurumende.

Vatsigiri vekodzero dzokuvhota dzevechiduku vakakunda zvikuru munyika, nyika dzakawanda dzichibvuma mitemo yokuvhota mumakore achangopfuura.

Zvisinei, chinjo dzenzvimbo dzinoparira basa rekuvhota rinosiana zvikuru mumitsetse yenyika. Vanhu vaduku munyika dzine mitemo yokuvhota inoganhurira vanopfuurira kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha, nepo avo vari munyika vane miitiro yenhema vachifarikanya kuvhota kuri nyore zvikuru. Uku kusaenzana kwenzvimbo mukuvhota kunomirira denho inopfuurira kunheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuzvipira Musangano

Zvikoro zvapamusoro, makoreji, uye mayunivhesiti zvinogona kuita misengwa yesangano kutsigira kutora rutivi kwomudzidzi. iyi misengwa ingabatanidza kubatanidza kunyoresa kwomuvhoti mumuitiro wokunyoresa, kugovera dzidzo yomuvhoti sorutivi rwezvidzidzo zvehurumende, kugovera nguva yokuvhota, uye kutsigira mitemo yokuvhota nenzira yeshamwari yavadzidzi.

Zvisinei, misengwa iyi inoda mari, kutsigirwa noutungamiriri, uye nhamburiko inopfuurira. Masangano akawanda haana kuita kuti kuvhota kwavadzidzi kuve chinhu chokutanga, kuchisiya bviro inokosha yokuwedzera kwokutora rutivi kwepwere kupfurikidza nechiito chesangano.

Kuronga Upwere uye Kudzidzisa

Masangano epwere ari kutungamirira kunyoresa, anopa dzidzo, anotsigira kuchinja kwemitemo, uye anoita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vazvidarire kutsigira kana kuti kuvhota kodzero dzepwere dzinopikisa.

Iyi miitiro yepwere inonyandurwa inomirira simba guru nokuda kwechinjo. Apo vanhu vaduku vanoronga pamwe chete, vanogona kukurira zvakawanda zvemhinganidzo dzinodzvinyirira kutora rutivi kwomunhu oga. Upwere hunokudziridzawo unyanzvi hwenzanga nemiitiro zvinoparira kubatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwoupenyu hwose.

Kutsigira kurongwa kwepwere kunoda zviwanikwa, kuva murayiridzi, uye kutsigira kwemasangano ezvirongwa.Foondas, masangano ehurumende, uye masangano edzidzo zvinogona kuita mabasa anokosha mukugonesa pwere kuronga dzichiremekedza utungamiriri hwavanhu vaduku uye utongi.

Kupedza Zvisakiso Zvikuru Zvoupwere Hushoma

Nepo kubvisa mhinganidzo kukuvhota kuchikosha, kuziva zvizere chipikirwa cheFirimendeji yechimakumi maviri namatanhatu kunoda kupedza zvisakiso zvikuru zvokurega kubuda kwepwere.Izvi zvinoparira zvinobatanidza dzidzo yakaderera yehurumende, kushayikwa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, kubviswa mumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kufungidzira kuti kuvhota hakuna kukodzera nhamburiko inopiwa inobatanidzwa.

Kuedza kwokungwarira kuvhota kwepwere kunowedzera kunofanira kubatanidza kubviswa kwemhinganidzo nokuvimbisana kwakanaka. Ikoku hakurevi bedzi kuita kuti kuvhota kuve nyore zvikuru asiwo kuita kuti zvematongerwe enyika zvive zvinowirirana zvikuru nezvine chokuita navanhu vaduku, kugovera dzidzo yehurumende ine revo nemikana yokuvimbisana, uye kuratidzira kuti vhoti dzepwere dzine nhau.

Vavariro haifaniri kungova bedzi pwere dzakakwirira zvikuru dzinotanga kusarudza asi kutanga kwetsika dzokuvhota kwoupenyu hwose nokuvimbisana kwehurumende. Nzvero inoratidza kuti kuvhota kunochinja tsika(h) vanhu vanovhota muvhota ravo rokutanga vakakodzera zvikuru kuvhota muupenyu hwavo hwose. Nenzira inopesana, vanhu vaduku vasingavhoti pakutanga vangasatongokudziridza miitiro yokuvhota.

Mupedzi: Chipikirwa Chisina Kubviswa cheFirimendeji yechimakumi maviri netanhatu

Anopfuura makumi mashanu amakore pashure pokuvambwa kwayo, Amendment yechimakumi maviri namatanhatu inoramba iri chiitwa chinokosha mukukura kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica. Kuchinja kwaizivikanwa kwavanhu vaduku nokuda kwougari hwemo nedanda ravo mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji, kuchitambanudzira kwavari maruramiro makuru okuvhota.

Bva chipikirwa chegadziridzo chinoramba chisingazadziki. Vavhoti vaduku vanopfuurira kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha kukutora rutivi, kubva kumitemo inoganhurira inovhota kusvikira kukusakwana dzidzo yehurumende kusvikira kukushayikwa kwetsigiro inorongwa nokuda kwavavhoti vokutanga. Iyi mhinganidzo inodzivisa kuvhota kwepwere, ichiparira mukaha unopfuurira pakati pekodzero dzapamutemo dzavanhu vaduku dzokuvhota namano avo anoshanda kushandisa ikoko maruramiro.

Mitoo yacho yakajeka: inotaura kuti kushandisa mitemo yokuvhota kunowana kuvhota kwakakwirira zvikuru kwepwere, nepo nyika dzine mitemo inoganhurira dzichiona kutora rutivi kwakaderera. Vavhoti vaduku vemavara vanotarisana nemipini yakabatanidza miuyo inoguma nemwero yakaderera zvikuru. Vavhoti vakakodzera vadukusa (h18-na 19 yegore) vavhotera pamwero yakaderera zvikurusa, vachikarakadza kuti kuchinja kwokuvhota hakutsigiswi zvakakwana.

Kana mamiriyoni evechiduku achidziviswa kuvhota nokudzivisa kubviswa, tingati here tingava tazadzika chipikirwa chezvinhu zvose zvinodzvinyirira vechiduku nokubatsira kwevavhoti, tingava sei nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzinodzivirirwa pasinei zvapo nokufunga nezvezvamatongerwe enyika?

Kurwira kodzero dzokuvhota kwepwere hakusiyani nokurwisa kudzvinyirirwa kukuru. Nzira dzinoshandiswa kudzvinyirira kuvhota(majekiseni echiduku) Zvinodikanwa zveD, miganhu, kunyoresa, kuvharwa kwenzvimbo, kuchenesa kwokuvhota, inzira dzimwe chetedzo dzinoshandiswa kudzvinyirira kuvhotera pakati penzanga dzine ruvara, muvhoti wakaderera, uye mamwe mapoka anosarudzwa. Kuvaka mibatanidzwa muidzimugariro inoshanda uye kuvandudza.

Kutarira mberi, kudzivirira nokuwedzera maruramiro epwere okuvhota kuchada nhamburiko inopfuurira panzvimbo dzakawanda. Mutemo weFederal ungagona kutanga mipimo yenyika inodzivirira vavhoti vose, kubatanidza vanhu vaduku. Kuchinja kwehurumende kunogona kuwedzera kusvika mukusava nechiito chehurumende. Misengwa yesangano inobva muzvikoro namayunivhesiti inogona kugovera tsigiro inokosha kuvavhoti vavadzidzi. Rongedzero yepwere inogona kukurudzira vanhu vaduku kuraira kodzero dzavo uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvipikire.

Zvichida zvinokosha zvikuru, kuzadzika chipikirwa cheGadziriro yechimakumi maviri namatanhatu kunoda chinjo huru munzira iyo nzanga yeAmerica inorangarira nayo vavhoti vaduku. Panzvimbo pokubata kuvhota sechinetso chokutarisirwa kana kuti tyisidziro inofanira kuiswa, tinofanira kuziva vanhu vaduku savagari vakazara vane kutora kunosimbisa utongi hwehurumende hunosarudzwa navanhu. Panzvimbo pokuita mhinganidzo kukuvhota kwepwere, tinofanira kuvaka gadziriro dzinogamuchira ndokutsigira vavhoti vatsva.

Chibvumirano Chamakumi maviri namatanhatu chakazivisa kuti vanhu vaduku vane maruramiro okuvhota. Anopfuura makore makumi mashanu gare gare, basa rokuita kuti izvozvo zvive zvechokwadi nokuda kwavanhu vaduku vose rinopfuurira. Nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokudzvinyirira muvhoti, kupinda muvhoti, uye kutora rutivi kwehurumende dzinodzokera kumibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuti ndiani anosarudza uye kuti kuri nyore kana kuti kwakaoma sei nokuda kwavo kuita kudaro.

Sezvo zvizvarwa zvitsva zvinosvika zera ndokutaura maruramiro avo okuvhota, ivo vanogara nhaka zvose zviri zviviri kubudirira kweChibvumirano cheChina makumi maviri namatanhatu nebasa risina kupedzwa rokuvimbisa kuti vavhoti vose vakakodzera vanogona kutora rutivi zvizere muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Chipikirwa chekugadziriswa kwedanho (hwusati huchizova mhinganidzo yokuvhota) inongogona bedzi kuzadzikwa apo tinenge tisati tichibvisa kusarura zera kwakananga asiwo mhinganidzo dzakawanda dzisina kunanga dzinopfuurira kudzvinyirira kutora rutivi rwepwere. Kusvikira zuva iroro, kurwira kodzero dzokuvhotera uko kwakasunda chikamu cheChigumi Nezvitanhatu cheFirimendero, kunoda chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kudzivirira nokuwedzera nheyo dzehurumende pamwoyo weAmerica.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pekunyoresa kwomuvhoti namaruramiro ako okuvhota, shanyira Vajeti.gov, chisakiso chevhota chavakuru vakuru vehurumende. Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pechibvumirano chehurumende nevhoti yehurumende, kunzvera basa re Concenter for Information & Research on CBIC Learning and Cincmentation [FTY:3] paTufts University.