Mutezo we14 weMitemo weMitemo yeChibvumirano weUnited States ndemumwe wezvinyorwa zvemitemo zvakaguma nenhau yeAmerica. Wakaiswa musimba muna 1868, mushure meHondo yevagari vemo, wakaitirwa kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu vakanga vachangobva kusunungurwa uye kugadzirisa ukama hwehurumende nenyika. Mumakore 150 apfuura, gadziriro dzawo dzave dziri nheyo yezvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro pakodzero dzevanhu, muitiro wakakodzera, uye kudzivirirwa zvakaenzana. Kunzwisisa maidi makuru pamusoro peiyi mamiriro ezvinhu kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa gadziriro yepamutemo inodzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga nhasi.

Nhoroondo uye Kunyatsoratidza Kuti Zvinhu Zvakaitika Kare

Gemendement yechi14th Amendment yakanga iri imwe yemitengo mitatu yeReconstructon Amendment yakagamuchirwa pakati pa1865 na1870. Pession ye13th Amendment yakabvisa uranda; Pession yechi15 yairambidza rusaruro rwokuvhota rwakavakirwa parudzi. Iwenati Amendment inogara pakati pavo sechigadziko chevhu, ichirondedzera kuva mugari wemo uye kuisa mipimo yehurumende pamitemo yehurumende. Pashure pekubvumira kwaPrezidhesi Andrew Johnson kwaires kubvumira hurumende dzeMajerizimu kudarika `Grack - rescrief Maces" yaidzosa kodzero dzeAfrican America, Congress //domes-adated Recestercestery Republican Republics //dformation Reconstrust kubvisa mitemo iyoyo uye kuisa vimbiso youkwa kuendzwa kwekuendzo murugwaro rwepamutemo.

Chipfuudzirwa neDare musi waJune 13, 1866, uye chatendera pana July 9, 1868, kugadziriswa kwakabvisa kutonga kwakaipa kweDare Gurusa Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857], uko kwakanga kwaita kuti vanhu vorudzi rweAfrica vasatongogona kuva vagari veU.S. Chikamu 1 chekuramba zvakananga kutonga ikoko kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti vanhu vose vanoberekwa kana kuti vakaberekerwa muUnited States vagari verudzi uye vehurumende kwavanogara.

Gadziriro Huru Dzokuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi

Mubatanidzwa we14 We Amendment unoumbwa nezvikamu zvishanu, asi Chikamu 1 chine mutauro une simba zvikurusa uye unowanzotaurwa.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo

Chikamu 1 chinovamba: "Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States, uye vanodzorwa noudzori hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara. Iyi mirau yakasimbisa udangwe hwunosiambira hwunoramba huri nhau yekurukurirano yapamutemo neyezvematongerwe enyika nhasi. Inovimbisa kuti mwana upi noupi akaberekwa paU.S. (pasi pezvishoma, zvakadai savana vavamiriri vokumwe) anova mugari wehurumende yeU.S., pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yavabereki yokupinda munyika. Chitsama chakanga chiri mhinduro yakananga ku [[[FLT:] Scott[FG:]] [FG1] inodzora uye inobatanidza pfungwa yokuti kuva mugari wemo inhau yomutemo, kwete.

Maitiro Akakodzera aClaus

Chikamu chimwe chetecho chinopfuurira: "... kana kuti Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi rugwaro runoshandawo kuti Gadziriro yeshanu inoisa upenyu hwehurumende yehurumende. Njodzi ine mativi maviri: [ productration system[ inodzivirira maruramiro ehurumende, kunyange miitiro inoita kuti ive yakanaka. Kupfurikidza negadziriro inoyera, mutongi asingasarupo, mutongi (*) asati atora upenyu hwomumwe munhu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu; [[FLT:]] miitiro inodzivirira maruramiro akati kuti anokosha kubva mukudzokoromo, kunyange miitiro inogamuchirwa. Kupfurikidza negadziriro yedare gurusa rinoziva kodzero yeroorano, kodzero yokuzvironze, kusununguka, kuro, kupfurikidza neRGrometomutenzi Crometo:[FF.]

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana

Chikamu 1 chinorairawo: "Hapana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi mukati moukuru hwake dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Iyi rondedzero yakapfava yazova chishandiso chikuru nokuda kwemitemo inodenha shambidziko. Mutevedzero weSangano Claus inoda kuti hurumende ibate vanhu zvakafanana. Revo yakaiswa panzvimbo imwe cheteyo mumakumi amakore enhau, kugadza mitsara yemipimo yedare. Mitemo yakawanda inohwirudzurwa pasi pekuedza kunenge kwakaenzana kwedanho yakaenzana. Inorangarirwa kuva inoshanda kana vane batano yehwaro ine mufungo yefariro yehurumende. Asi mitemo inosarura yakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti rudzidziso inonyandura kunzvera, kudzokororwa kwakakomba, uye inodokurohwa nguva dzose kutongeirwa pasi kutoti kubatira fariro inodzorwa. Gender anoshandiswa pakati perefeyi. Chidziromendero chapamutemo chapamutemo chapamutemo chapamutemo [Fogromet [3][4]][4]

Ropafadzo Kana Kuti Kuremekedza Claus

Chitsama ichi chakarongwa pakati peChiganhu chaClaus neGuer Communist Clausse chitsama: "Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kuti kumanikidza mutemo upi noupi uchavhara ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States. Chitsama ichi chakanga chakaitirwa kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzenyika kuti dzisakanganiswa. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa renhau rinofanira kuenda kuchigaro chehurumende Kupashayisa Ganarifa [[[ kurava chitsama chidimbu, chichiita kuti kodzero dzerudzi bedzi dziri "dzo kuunziri kuva mugari worudzi" (se kodzero yokuenda kuchigaro chogaro yehurumende kana kuti matare ehurumende). Chisarudzo ichocho chakabvisa chaizvoizvo chitsara kuva manyuko ekodzero dzamaruramiro ekodzero dzenguva inopfuupfumi. Vamwe vakareveri vanoramba kudzoro, asi vanochengeta kodzero yacho inopfuurira kutarisana nekodzero zvikuru.

Kodzero Dzepamutemo Dzinodzivirirwa Ne Amendedzero

Panzvimbo pezvo, inogadza nheyo dzakafara idzo matare akashandisa kudzivirira mhatsa huru yerusununguko. Pasi apa pane dzimwe dzekodzero dzinokosha dzakazivikanwa pasi apa mukuva nekodzero dzinogadziriswa.

Kodzero Yokuva Mugari Wemo Nokuva Worudzi

Kuva mugari wemo kwapamutemo pasi peCitizenshi Calasse kunoreva kuti munhu ari wose akaberekwa muUnited States (uye pasi poudzori hwake) mugari wemo. Irworwu maruramiro harugoni kutorwa neCongress kana kuti nehurumende kunze kwenzira nhete dzakagoverwa muchikamu 1. Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa ikoku mu United States v. Wong Kim Ark [[[FLL]] [1898]), rina kuti mwana akaberekwa muUnited States kuvabereki vokumwe vaChina akanga ari mugari weU.S. kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende weruwa panguva ino yakarambidzwa vanhu vechiChina kubva musikirwo. Uyu muenzaniso unoramba uri mutemo wakanaka uye ndiwo hwaro hwenharo pamusoro pounziridziri wevana vakatamira kumusha.

Dziviriro Pamitemo Yokusasarura

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana idziviriro huru parusaruro rwehurumende. Yave ichibatsira mudenho kumitemo iyo inosarura dzinza, dzinza, vatano, mirangariro, uye mamwe maonerwo. Somuenzaniso, bergefell v. Hoddell[[[FLT:]] (2011]], Dare rakabvumira kuti roorano inorambidza roorano imwe cheteyo yakavakirwa paMabasa ose ari maviri echiito nedziviriro chakaenzana. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT:]]] graitebr. Bollinger[FLT]][200]] [200]) kubvumira kuiswa mudzidzo yakakwirira zvikuru, nepo nechisarudzo chakafanana na [FT] Actredstionsss.[4]

Maruramiro Okufambira Mberi Mukufambira Mberi Kwemitemo

Nhevedzo inoda kuti Dare Gurusa risati rabvisa kodzero dzomunhu, munhu iyeyo anofanira kugamuchira ziviso nebanza rokunzwiwa nenzira ine revo. Ikoku kunoshanda kumitongo youtsotsi, kurasika kwavagari vemo, kubviswa kwekodzero dzavabereki, kubviswa kweparation, uye mimwe mibato mizhinji yehurumende. Dare Gurusa rinoshandisa muedzo wokudzikamisa wakatangwa mu Mathes v. Eldidge[[FLT] [16] [16] kusarudza kuti izvinodikanwa nezvirongwa zvinotedzerwa mumitemo: fariro yapachivande, ngozi yokurasikirwa nemhosva yemhosva yemhosva mumiitiro yazvino unovapo, uye fariro yehurumende mukushanda zvakanaka nemutengo.

Kubatanidzwa kweBhiri reKodzero

Kupfurikidza neGuerst Process Claus, IPramende ye14th yakaita kuti chizhinji cheBill of Rights chimanikidzwe nokukurumidza mukurwisana nehurumende. Uyu muitiro, unonzi kusarudzwa kwezvombo , wakavamba nokushingaira muzana ramakore rechi20. Rusununguko rwokutanga rwokutaura, kutsikirira, kuungana, uye rudzidziso rwakavakwa nokukurumidza. Mamwe maruramiro [=] akafanana nekodzero yokutakura zvombo ( Mcdald v.[[FLT]], 2010]) uye maruramiro okutonga mhaka dzevagari vemo yehurumende nokuda kwemitengo huru, yave yave yave yabatanidzwa munguva pfupi yapfuura. Sezvinenge nhasi, kodzero dzose dzerudyi muMaganhuro, dzinoshanda bedzi nezvinodikanwa zvishoma (kudzorwa kwechitatu, chibvumirano cheGeneti, chitsarutsiriso chikuru, 2010) nokuda kwekutongwa kwedare rinodzososo chehurumende.

Kodzero Huru Negadziriro Yakafanira

Gadziriro yakafanira inodzivirira maruramiro akati ayo akavakirwa zvikuru munhau yeUrudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa. Kunyange kana asingataurwi muBumbiro remitemo. Idzi dzinobatanidza maruramiro okuroora, maruramiro okurera vana, kodzero yokurera vana semaonere anoitwa, kodzero yokushandisa kudzivirira pamuviri, kodzero yokuita kuti uite zvepabonde pachako, uye kubvisa pamuviri (sezvinenge zvakatangwa mu [[FL:0]] Roe v. [Vakadzi][[FLT:]]]] 1973 uye kuchinjwa na [[FLT]]] maruramiro okudzivirira. Chisarudzoso chinoramba chakako. [Ichipo] [2]] chinodzivirira pamutemo chinodzivirira kupfurikidza nokusarira roorano.] [[FLT]]] [5]

Kutapura Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokuchinja Kwenzanga

Pasina iko, kukunda kukuru kwesangano rekodzero dzevanhu, sangano rekodzero dzevakadzi, uye sangano reLGBTQ ringadai risina kubvira.

Kugumisa Rusaruraganda

Mu Plaby v. Ferguson[FLT: 1] (1996), Dare Gurusa rakatsigira dzinza mu "kupesana asi rakaenzana" dzidziso, richigumisa kuti Nhungamiro Yakaenzana yaClaus haina kuputswa senzvimbo dzakafanana. Iyi chisarudzo chapamutemo Jim Crow muSouth mose kwamakore 60. Dare pakupedzisira rakatendeuka mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzorome [[FLT:] (11954], kubata kuti dzinza ravanhu muzvikoro rakanga risina kuenzana. Mutongi mukuru Earl Berles akanyora kuti zvivako zvedzidzo zvinodzidzwa zvinodzingana, uye "Gronge "General gever] zvinotapura pfungwa dzadzokororosa. [5]

Kudzivirira Kupiwa Kwekodzero

Virginia Board of Evolutions (1966) pasi peSangano rePuremende yeFirem, uye zviitiko zvakazotemwa zvakashandiswa kudenha rusaruro rwechi15. Dare Rapamusoro rakakurira mitero yevhotera mu Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions (666) muUdzivisiso rweSangano yeSangano, uye zviitiko zvakatemwaradziro yakaganhurirwa yedzinza yakaitwa kuti ive nesimba redzinza rekuvhotera rekuvhotera. Zvisinei, zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi Shelby County v. Haker (203]) zvakanetesa Kodzero yekodzero dzedzinza renyika yose yeIndero, izvo zvakanga zvakavakirwa pasimba reGwarongedzero reGenetic couption reDymentymentywordinginging.

Kuchengetedza Kuenzana Kweroorano

Mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti Dare reMitemo reMinethi Inoda hurumende kuti dzizivise roorano dzevatano imwe cheteyo. Mutongi Kennedy akatsamira pazvose zviri zviviri nhevedzano yaClaus (kudzivirira kodzero huru yokuroora) uye Ecult Protection Clause (inotsanangura rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano). Chisarudzo chakanga chiri chiitiko chinokosha nokuda kweLGBTQ+ kodzero uye kuratidzira kuchinjika mukutaura nenzwisiso yenzanga inowirirana nerusununguko nokuenzana.

Chiito Chinosimbisa uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Chipikirwa cheKineth Amendment chakavawo chitsigiso chedziviriro yakaenzana asi kuti rudzi rwakanga rwuriwo nzvimbo yehondo yokubvuma chiito. Mu Regents dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke [[FLT] [1970], Dare rakatonga kuti mipimo yedzinza yakanga iri isingachinjiki asi kuti rudzi rungagona kuva chimwe chinhu mukubvuma. Zviitiko zvapashure, kubatanidza [[FLT:] v. Bollinger[FLT] [2003] [2003], yakatsigira zviito zvedzinza zvinosaririra zvedzinza zvinozivikanwa. Zvisinei, mu [FLT] [FLD] [4] zvingagona kuva chinhu chimwe mukuita kuti vasarutsigis.[FFLD] v.[FT] [FLT] [F] [F] [200], [200] pamusoro pechitoogrome, chinoitwa pamusoro pezviito zvedare chapamusoro chomumutsa dzidzo chinoitwa mumutsa dzidzo sezvinofanira kusimbisa pamutemo sezviito.

Kududzira Kwazvino Uno Nenharo

Gadziriro yeKinai Ye Amendment inoramba iri gwaro benyu, nerevo yaro inoramba ichipokanidzwa mumatare, masangano okutonga, uye hurukuro yavose.

Kuberekwa Wakasununguka Kuri Mudenho

Vamwe varavi vezvamatongerwe enyika nenyanzvi dzapamutemo vakapanikira kana Stocktizeshiship Claus ichifanira kushanda kuvana vavatami vasina kunyorwa. Vanopikisa kuti vana vakadaro hava "ri pasi" reUnited States mupfungwa yakazara. Zvisinei, murangariro wapamutemo wakapararira neyapamutemo(wnstry nerugwaro, Wang Kim Ark muenzaniso, uye mitemo yehurumende yokuti kuva mugari wemo ibumbiro remitemo uye inogona bedzi kuchinjwa kupfurikidza nomumwe mutezo wemitemo. Kuedza kupi nokupi nokupi nokupi nokupi nokupi kutsanangura kudzorwa mutezo wokutonga kana kuti kupfurikidza nomutemo kwaizodokutarisana nedenho yemitemo.

Gadziriro Isinganyanyi Kukodzera Pashure Pemabhora

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu maDobbs akazarura suo kudenho mukurwisana nedzimwe maruramiro echinotarwa. Mimwe mitemo yehurumende nezvisarudzo zvedare zvakatopanikira maruramiro kukuvata ([Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:3] 1965]) uye maruramiro kumufambiro wevatano wapachivande ([[FLT:]] Lwrence v.[FLT][FLT]][FLT]] [5] 2003]). Nepo [[FLT] Madoct] akawanda ainoti akanga asingapanikiri muenzaniso iwoyo, kurangarira kusingabvisirwi munhau yazvo.

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Nokuzivikanwa Nevanhu Vane Uchenjeri

Matare ari kushandisa nenzira inowedzera Dare Rinoyera Dziviriro dzaClaumes kuti ataure rusaruraganda rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nechinoyera. Mu Bostock v. Clayton County (2020), Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti Thit VII yeRudo Yekodzero Dzechinidzo inorambidza rusaruro pangochani uye vashandi vanopfuudza vamwe vanhu. Mhaka idzi pakupedzisira dzingasvika kuDare gurusa uye dzinorondedzera muganhu weIndaneti. Asi matare akaderera ari kurangarira kana kubviswa kwomutemo pachaungadzo, somuenzaniso unoshora vanhu vamwe vanhu, mumitambo, zvigaro, kana kuti kutarisira kwokurapa.

Ropafadzo Here Kana Kuti Kuunganazve?

Chikwata chiduku asi chinopesvedzera chenyanzvi dzemavambo navatongi chinoramba kuti maGonano kana kuti maImmuniti Claus anofanira kudzorerwa semotokari yokutanga yokudzivirira maruramiro makuru. Vanoonesa kuti Hostter-Imba ye [ chisarudzo chakasakarurama uye kuti revo yapakuvamba yechikamu ichi yakanga iri kudzivirira kodzero huru dzeU.S. vagari vemo vanorwisana nehurumende. Mutongi Clarence Thomas akatsigira atsigirazve murangariro uyu mumifungo inowirirana. Nepo Dare risati ragamuchira uku kusvika, kuchinja mudzidziso kwaigona kuva nerevoka huru nokuda kwekodzero dzepfuti, rusununguko rwemari, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzinodzorwa kupfurikidza neMitemo yorudzi. [FLD.][FLD [Foctal] v.[3]

Kumanikidzwa uye Chikamu 5

Chikamu 5 cheKinneth Amendment chinopa Congress "simba rokuita kuti iteererwa, kupfurikidza nomutemo wakafanira, gadziriro dzenyaya ino. Uku kupiwa kwechiremera kwave kuchishandiswa kupfuudza mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubatanidza Civil Rights Act ya1964, Voting Rights Act ya1965, uye Fair Hom House Home Act ya1968. Zvisinei, Dare reProlettess reMissioning Congress restinging inoita kuti pave nesimba reBangalencerity. ] Mu [Fogne v.Foncerrus [Foct:1] [1997], Dare rakarova mutemo weReligious Religious Reconvection Act serict, rinoita kuti Dare rokuzvidzora panzvimbo zvapavhuro rishamisa vatano rive nokuresarira panzvimbo dzakawanda dzoupenyu.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Isingaperi yeMitemo Yechigumi Nemana

Geneth Amendment yakashandura Bumbiro reMitemo kubva payakabatanidzwa pakati pehurumende nehurumende yehurumende kuva chibvumirano chorusununguko rwomunhu. Kuva kwayo chizvarwa chayo Claus yakaita mupimo woudangwe usingawanzowaniki pakati pamarudzi. Maropafadzo ayo eChiteshi chaClaus akabatanidza inenge Bill yeHwedzero pahurumende uye rusununguko runokosha rwakadzivirirwa urwo vatangi vaisagona kufungidzira. Kudzivirira kwaMarudzi eAmerica kwave kuri bakatwa nenhovo nokuda kwevaAmerica vanorwira ruramisiro nehuvaki. Uye maropafadzo awo kana kuti maImmunitunity Claus, kunyange zvazvo apera, angangomuka kuti aite basa idzva mukudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vamwe.

Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kukurukura revo youenzani, rusununguko, uye kuva mugari wemo, Iwenath Amendment icharamba iri pakati pekurukurirano idzodzo. Kunzwisisa maidi ayo makuru hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo(kukosha nokuda kwomugari wemo upi noupi anoda kutora rutivi mugadziriro inoenderera mberi yemitemo yeAmerica. Nokuda kwokuravazve parugwaro rwamasangano apamutemo, ona [[FLT:] [FLD]] [0]] Confectinformation Institute yeGeneral Information [[FLT: 1]. Mumhaka yenhau yakakwirira inowanika kupfurikidza na [[FLT]][FFF]] [FLT]], uye National Archiversivestionstions [FFF]