Nheyo yenjodzi dzinopetwa kaviri inomira seimwe yedziviriro hurusa mumutemo wetsotsi weAmerica, kudzivirira vanhu pasimba rehurumende rokuvatonga raidzokororwazve nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Yakatangwa mumutemo wakafanana wekare uye yakazobatanidzwa muFindth Amendment yeUnited States Constitution, dzidziso iyi inovimbisa kuguma, inodzivirira hurumende kubatwa noutsotsi, uye inochengetedza kuvimbika kwegadziriro yedare. Nepo dziviriro mukurwisana nokuedza kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo inoratidzika kuva yakakwana, matare akashongedza kupesana kwakananga kunobvumira kuurawazve mumigariro yakaganhurirwa. Kunzwisisa iyi miganhuro kunokosha nokuda kwegwetaro dzoutsotsi, varovereri vemhosva, vatongi, uye munhu upi noupi anodzivisa nhevedzano yedare.

Pfungwa huru yakapfava: kana munhu angopiwa mhaka kana kuti kupiwa mhaka yakati. Hurumende haigoni kuunza kupomerwa kwechipiri kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Ikoku kunodzivisa hurumende kunetesa pfuma yomukwirirwi, kuaita kuti adzokororezve dzvinyiriro yemirangariro nemari, kana kuti kubvumira varoveri vemhosva kuti vakurire pembedzo yechipiri paapuro pashure pomugumisiro usina kunaka. Zvisinei, zvokwadi yacho inojekeswa zvikuru. Misquatrims, kukwirira, dzidziso youchangamire yakaparadzana, uye murangariro we "mhaka iyoyo" zvose zvinoparira kuvhura miganhuro yenjodzi yechipiri. Nyaya inonzvera miga yenhau iri shure kwomusiano wemitemo, uye chinhu chinokosha chinobvumira kutambudzwazve.

Chii Chinonzi Ngozi Huviri?

Chitsama chengozi chamashoko cheFindth Amendment chinogovera: "Hakuna munhu upi noupi achaiswa mungozi imwe cheteyo yengozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo. Iyi gadziriro inoshanda kunyika kupfurikidza ne 14neth Amendment (ona Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969). Jeoparty anobatira mumuedzo apo vatongi vanopika, uye mudare rebhenji apo chapupu chokutanga chinopika. Pakareko, kurovererwa kupi nokupindwa kwapapi.

Dziviriro yacho inobatira fariro nhatu dzakasiyana: inodzivisa munhu kurangwa kanoverengeka nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, inodzivisa hurumende kuiedzazve mhaka pashure pokunge yapiwa mhaka, uye inorambidza kukwirira kwakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kunyange kana mukwirirwi asina kupiwa mhaka kana kuti kupiwa mhaka (g, pashure pekutongwa kwaipomerwa pasina kubvumidzwa nomupomerwi). Chisakiso chimwe nechimwe cheichi chinova nebvumirano yacho chimene uye kusatenderwa, izvo matare akabvisa muteveri wemhosva kwamazana amakore.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare

Nheyo inovambira shure kuGirisi yakare neRoma, asi chimiro chayo chazvino uno chakabuda mumutemo weChirungu wavose. Chirevo debet bixvari pro eea eusa — "hapana munhu anofanira kushatiriswa kaviri nokuda kwechinhu chimwe chetecho" — chakanga chiri ibwe rekona reruramisiro yeMiddle Ages. Pakazosvika zana ramakore rechi12, mutemo weChirungu wakaziva kukumbira kwa auretrefis Confict [[ [ast]] (asooka kusunungurwa) uye [FLT:] mutongo] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [FFLD]] [ast: 5,] (aumbirwe mhaka inoiswa mungozi) sechipo. Chikamu chavanhu cheAmerica chinovarati, chakavarati chita kudzivirira vanhu vaidzwa.

MuRepublic yapakuvamba, matare akashandisa zvakasimba mutemo kuvhara mhaka pashure pokurerutswa, asi kunze kwemhosva nokukwirira zvakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvechi 19 nerechi20 zvakanatsa dzidziso yacho, kudzikamisa kodzero dzevanhu panhau yepamutemo yehurumende. Nhasi, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri idziviriro yebumbiro remitemo yakasimba, asi ine miganhu yakajeka.

Apo Kuora Mwoyo Kunoisa Pamberi

Mukwirirwi asati agona kutaura kuti apinda mungozi yakapetwa kaviri, ngozi inofanira kuva yakabatanidzwa pakutanga. Nguva yebatano inosiana norudzi rwokupfuurira:

  • [[FORT:0] Kutonga kwechimurenga: Jeoparding apo vatongi vanoiswa panzvimbo yekutonga uye kupika.
  • [[NHAU] Miedzo yeBench: Jeoparty inobatana apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa.
  • [[FT:0] Kukumbira kworuzha: Jeoparty inobatana apo dare rinogamuchira chikumbiro chacho nenzira yakasununguka.
  • [[FFLT:0] Kupambwa kwemisikanzwa: Kubatanidza jeparty apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa pakunzwa kwechinopikirwa.

Kana mhaka ikabviswa pamberi pokubatanidza ngozi — somuenzaniso, dare rinobetsera vatongi risati rapikirwa — hurumende ingadzorera pomero pasina mhinganidzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Vasina Kuregwa: Apo Kutambudza Kunobvumirwa

Pasinei zvapo nomutauro wakasimba weFindt Amendment, matare akaziva migariro inoverengeka umo hurumende ingaedza mukwirirwi. izvozvi hazvisi mhosho asi zvakavakirwa mukudikanwa kunoshanda uye kudikanwa kwokuchengeta perero yomuitiro wokutonga.

Kusarurama

Kutonga kwakapfupikisa kutongwa kusati kwasvika. Kana hurumende ingaedzazve mhaka yacho pa chikonzero nei kukanganisa kwakataurwa. Kana dare raikanganisa rikanzi rinobva mu "zvisingabvumirwi" — zvakadai sedare rinotonga rakaturikwa, rufu rwedare, kana kuti chikanganiso chinokosha — mukwiridzi angaurayiwazve. Muenzaniso mukuru idare risingabvumirani pachisarudzo; mutongi angazivisazve kukanganisa, uye hurumende ingaedza mutongi mutsva. [[FLT:] United States.[FF:3], U.ULT]

Kana, zvisinei, muchuchisi akakwidziridza mukwiridziri kupinda mukukwidziridza mhaka (anozivikanwa se "kutambudza kusazvibata kwechiito" kunowirirana nokutsamwisa namaune), kutongwazve kungarambidzwa. Mu Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667 (1992), Dare rapamusoro rakaramba kuti apo bedzi mufambiro womuchuchizi wakanga uchiitirwa kunyandura mukwidziridziridzi kuti akumbire njodzi mbiri dzinoita kuti tya. Chikanganiso kana kuti kushingaira pamusoro pezvidzo zvengozi hazviringaniswi.

Mukuwedzera, kana dare rikataura kukanganisa pamusoro pechirambidzo chomukwirirwi uye pasina kuratidzirwa kwechinodikanwa chapachineicho, kutongwazve kunorambidzwa. Uyu mutemo unodzivisa mutongi kugumisa muedzo pasina kurangarira nguva dzose nemhaka bedzi yokuti mhaka yomuchuchisi haina kusimba. mupimo unovimbisa kuti matare akaiswa nokuda kwekurumidziro yechokwadi.

Kukwirira Nokudzorerazve

Pashure pekupwiswa, kana mukwiridzirwi akakwidza nokuhwina nenzira inobudirira kudzokororwa, hurumende ingangogona kurangarira nhau yacho. Uku kutsiva kunoziva kuti kudzorwa hakuunzi kusunungurwa; kutenderwa kwapakuvamba kunodzimwa, uye mukwirirwi anodzoswa kunzvimbo pamberi pokutongwa. Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa ikoku mu [[FLT:] United States v. Ball[FL:1], 163 U.S. 662 (186696), uye rinoramba riri pamutemo. Zvisinei, kana dare reApplaste richinjesa zviri pazvikonzero kuti ufakazi hwakanga husingakwani kutsigira kupwirira, kugarusa hunodziritswa nemhaka yokuti kutsunga kwakaenzana nokusarura. Ona [FLT:]

Nenzira yakafanana, kana mutongi wokutonga akapa chiito chokureurura kururamisirwa kwakavakirwa paufakazi husina kukwana, hurumende haigoni kukwirira kutonga ikoko ndokudzorera mukwirirwi.

Changamire Akaparadzana Dzidziso

Zvichida muganhu unoisvokosha padziviriro yengozi mbiri ndi "uchangamire hunosarudzwa" kana kuti "vatongi vakaparadzana". Nemhaka yokuti hurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe zvinhu zvakasiana, Find 5 Amendment haidzivisi hurumende kukwidziridza munhu nokuda kwomufambiro wakatotongwa nehurumende yehurumende, uye zvinopesana. Zvimwe zvinoshanda kupondwa kunotevedzana nenyika dzakasiana- siyana nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho, chero bedzi chiremera chimwe nechimwe chine fariro yapamutemo mukuranga mhaka yacho.

Somuenzaniso, kana munhu akabira bhangi rakapinzwa muhurumende, vose vari vaviri hurumende yehurumende (pasi pomutemo webhangi rehurumende) uye hurumende (pasi pomutemo wehurumende wekuba) zvingatonga. Kuregeredzwa kana kuti kupwiswa mudare rimwe hakudzivisi rimwe. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisazve iyi dzidziso mu [[FLT: 0]] pamutemo wehurumende v. United States [FLT], 139 S. 1960), richiramba denho iyo inotsvaka kuputsa anodokubvisa makore 170 emuenzaniso. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti uchangamire huviri hunoseke dziviriro kaviri, asi Dare nguva dzose rakarangarira kuti uchangamire mumwe nomumwe ane maruramiro anozvimirira kudisisa mitemo yake.

Nharo Dzinoshanda Dzouchangamire Hwoumambo Hwakakodzera

Kusiiwa uku kune revo huru nokuda kwomuitiro wapamutemo. Mumhaka dzakakwirira, vachuchisi kazhinji kazhinji vanotsinhiranisa pomero dzehurumende nedzehurumende kuti vawedzere bviro dzokutendwa. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokurevererwa kwavakuru vakuru vamapurisa mudare rehurumende nokuda kwokuurawa kwaGeorge Floyd, hurumende yakaunza pomero dzapamutemo — mutongo wavose uyo usina kudziviswa nengozi yakapetwa kaviri. Nenzira yakafanana, vachuchichi vamaruwa vakaronda pomero mudare rehurumende vahesvurwa mhaka apo vanopesana nomuuyo.

Kutaurirana kwevatendi kunowanzosanganisira zvibvumirano zvinofukidza zvose zvinopomerwa nehurumende kuti zvisakwidzirirwe nenzira inotevedzana, kunyange zvazvo zvibvumirano zvakadaro zvisingadiwi nemitemo.

Zvisarudzo Zvakasiana Nomufambiro Wakafanana

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri bedzi inoitika kurovererwa kwapanhambo nenhambo nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo . Haidzivisi hurumende kupotsera mukwiridziridziridziridzi ane mhaka dzakawanda dzakavakirwa pachiito chimwe chetecho chiri pasi apa, chero bedzi mhaka imwe neimwe ine chinhu icho imwe isingaitiri. Muedzo wekuti mhaka mbiri dzakafanana unobva ku [[FLT:] Statburger v. United States, U.S. 299 (1932): kana mhaka imwe neimwe ichida chibvumikiso chechinhu icho imwe isingaiti, dzinorangarirwa kuva mhaka dzakaparadzana uye dzingatongwa nenzira inotevedzekateverwa.

Somuenzaniso, chiito chimwe chokutyaira mupesvedzero inoguma norufu chingatongwa sezvo zvose zviri zviviri DUI nokuuraya netsinga nemhaka yokuti DUI inoda chibvumikiso chokudhakwa (chinhu chisingadikanwi nokuda kwokuuraya munhu netsinga) uye kuuraya munhu netsinga kunoda chibvumikiso chorufu (chinhu chisingadikanwi nokuda kweDuI). Mupomeri asina mhaka yeDuI angangogona kutongwa nokuda kwokuuraya munhu netsinga mutsinga muchinoitika chimwe chetecho.

Kuedza kunoshanda kuzvose zviri zviviri pomero dzakawanda mukutonga kumwe uye kumatare anotevedzana. Kana hurumende ichiunza pomero mumiedzo yakasiyana yaizorangarirwa semhosva imwe cheteyo pasi staker, kupomera kwechipiri kunodzimwa — kutoti kana imwe yedzimwe mhesano ichishanda (g, uchangamire huviri).

Fambiro Mberi Nevatarisiri Vavanhu Vose

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inoshanda bedzi kumatare apamutemo. Zviito zvehurumende, zvirango zvokutonga, uye dzimwe nhau dzisiri dzoutsotsi hazvikuchidziridzi chitsama, kunyange kana zvakavakirwa pamufambiro mumwe chetewo wakamutsa mhaka youtsotsi. Zvisinei, kana chirango chehurumende chiri chirangaro chokuti chakava "rusarudzo rwomusikirwo," matare angaibata seyakadaro nokuda kwemadonzo maviri. United States v. Halper[, 490 U.S. 435 (1998) asi Dare gare gare gare gare gare rakajekesa mupimo [FLT:].UP], 522.[3]

Zvisinei, zvingangoratidza kukosha kwokuongorora kuti chii chiri kuitika, kwete zita racho chete.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Chaiwo: Juveniles, Mauto, uye Colteral Estopel

Dziviriro dzengozi mbiri dzinotambanukira kumisikanzwa yavechiduku, iyo inorangarirwa kuva "yechitsotsi". Kana mwana angova musindimara (kana kuti asunungurwa mukutonga kwavechiduku), hurumende haigoni kudzorera kusindimara nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho. Zvisinei, muduku angatongerwa somukura nokuda kwemufambiro mumwe chetewo kana kudzorwa kwemhosva kwehurumende kusati kwabatanidza njodzi mudare repwere.

Mumamiriro ehondo, mitezo yebasa inodzivirirwa nengozi mbiri kutoti ichitongwa nedare nokuda kwemhosva yakasiana pasi peVictal Code of Military Justice. Dzidziso youchangamire huviri inoshandawo kuhurumende nehurumende apo imwe yadzo inobatanidza dare redare.

Mumwe mufungo unokosha idendertarical estopel, iyo inodzivisa hurumende kubvisa nhau dzeidi idzo dzakapedzwa chaizvoizvo munyasha dzomukwiridziri mukutonga kusati kwaitika. Nepo kusati kuri kuviri, kunopa dziviriro yakafanana. Somuenzaniso, kana mukwirirwi akasunungurwa pautsotsi hwakavakirwa pakuwana kuti iye akanga asiri muparadzi, hurumende haigoni gare gare kumupomera mhaka yakasiana inoda chibvumikiso chenhau imwe cheteyo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemitemo Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, matare akapfuurira kunatsa miganhu yengozi mbiri. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu Ghogger v. United States (2010) yakasimbisazve dzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire, achiramba rondedzero yokuti Mutezo weMitemo weMineineth waidzora chose chose. Mutongi Thomas, achivapo, akataura kuti revo yavanhu yapakuvamba inotsigira uchangamire huviri, nepo Ruramisiro Gordodododo yakaramba, achiudana kuti "kupesana" kuFind Amend.

Chimwe chinoitika chinokosha chinobatanidza kubatana kwengozi mbiri nomutemo weganhuriro nomufambiro usina kururama wedare. Mu Mcnell v. United States, 136 S. 2355. (2016), Dare rakaganhurira rondedzero ye "chiito chehurumende" mumhaka dzouori hwavose, kuchitungamirira kukutongwazve kwavamwe vaipomerwa mhaka dzavo pashure pokunge zvitendero zvabviswa. Hurumende yakabvumidzwa kuhwirudzura mhaka idzodzo nemhaka yokuti kudzosera zvikanganiso zvakavakirwa pakanga panhema yapamutemo, kwete ufakazi husingakwani.

Matare ehurumende akarwisanawo nenhau dzine ngozi mbiri, zvikurukuru mumashoko akapoteredza e "kumira pauriri hwako" kutonga kwokusatapurwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinorangarira kutonga kwakadaro sekwakaenzana nokutongwa kwoutsotsi nokuda kwamadonzo engozi dzakapetwa kaviri, kuchidzivisa kukwikwidzwa kwapashure, nepo dzimwe dzisingadaro.

Kunewo gakava riri kukura pamusoro peruramisiro yekupomerwa kwamatare kwakawanda mudzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire, zvikurukuru apo pomero dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinomuka muchinoitika chimwe chetecho.Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti rinoputsa mudzimu wechikamu chengozi mbiri, nepo vatsigiri vachiramba kuti kuri madikanwa kuchengeta unani hwehurumende. Kusvikira muna 2025, Dare harina kuratidza kudisa kuputsa nheyo mbiri youchangamire.

Kunetsa Muitiro Wapamutemo

Nokuda kwamagweta anodzivirira, kunzwisisa miganhu yengozi yakapetwa kaviri kunokosha pakuita chisarudzo chamajangariko. Apo mutengi anotarisana neparapatimendi anotarisana neparapatiko inobvira, zano rinofanira kusanonzvera kana njodzi yakabatanidzwa, kana kutongwazve kuri nokuda kwe "mhosva imwe," uye kana kusava nechinhu chipi nechipi chinoshanda. Kurangarira kukuru kunobatanidza:

  • [ Mibato yedare: Nguva dzose yera kana kutongwa kwakavakirwa pakudikanwa kana kuti kusazvibata kwemuchuchisi. Mukwirirwi anobvumirana nedare risingawirirani nemhosva anodzivisa dziviriro yakapetwa kaviri.
  • Appals: Kana kupwiswa kukachinja pazvikonzero zvisati zviri pachena, mutengi angatarisana nokutongwa kutsva. Magweta anodzivirira anofanira kuyera betsero dzechikumbiro mungozi yokurovererwa kwechipiri nomuuyo unobvira zvikuru.
  • Kuratidzirwa kwapakarepo kweMulti-justicial: Munhau dzinobatanidza zvose fariro dzehurumende nehurumende, kurukura chibvumirano chenyika yose icho chinopedza mhaka dzose dziri mbiri. nyora zvipikirwa zvipi nezvipi zvehurumende zvokuramba kupiwa mhaka mutsinhano nechikumbiro chehurumende.
  • CParacal estopel:[[FL:1] Mumigariro yakaganhurirwa, kureururwa kusati kwaitika kungadzivisa hurumende kubvumikisa maidi akati mumuedzo wakatevera. Iyi idzidziso ine simba asi mitete inoda chibvumikiso chokungwarira.

Kuvanochuchisi, mashoko engozi aviri anoisa miganhu inokosha pazvisarudzo zvinopinzwa. Inodzivisa kukwidziridza kupomera kwokutsiva uye inomanikidza hurumende kusimbisa pomero dzinowirirana mukutonga kumwe papi kana papi panobvira. Kutsiva kwouchangamire kunogovera kuchinjika asi kune ngozi yokuoneka kusina kururama, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvakakwirira umo vanhu vanorangarira kukwirira kwechipiri sechiito.

mhedziso

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inheyo inodzivirira ruramisiro yetsotsi yeAmerica, yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vanhu pasimba guru rehurumende. Bva dziviriro dzayo hadzina kukwanisika. Kutongwa kwemhosva, kukwirira, zviremera zvakasiana, uye murangariro wemhosva dzakasiana zvose zvinoumba nzira dzokutsikirira. matare akasanodzikamisa maruramiro omukwirirwi kumaruramiro okugumisa pafariro yenzanga mukuva nechokwadi chokuti mhaka dzinorangwa uye kuti matare anotongwa zvakarurama.

Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mugadziriro yorutongeso rwoutsotsi — angave mukwidziridziridzwa, gweta, mutongi, kana kuti muiti wemitemo — nzwisiso yakakwana yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri uye kusavapo kwayo inokosha. Chikamu chacho hachivimbisi kuti munhu achaedzwa kamwe bedzi; chinovimbisa kuti havasati vachizoedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, sezvinorondedzerwa namazana amakore edudziro yemitemo. Sezvo miganhu yapamutemo inochinja uye denho itsva inomuka, miganhu yengozi mbiri icharamba ichiedzwa, asi chinangwa chayo chikuru chinoramba chisingachinjiki: kudzivirira asina mhaka mutongo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inotakura mutoro wekubvumidzwa kwenguva yokutanga.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Ruzivo rweReformation Institute yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri, [[FLT]Gugudge v. United States mufungo, uye Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro 101 peji panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri.