Kufungwa Kwebasa Rakakodzera

Muitiro wakafanira inheyo huru inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga mukati menzanga yedemocracy. Inovimbisa kuti mugari wemo ari wose anogoverwa kubatwa zvakanaka mumutemo uye anodzivirira pachisarudzo choushingi chakaitwa nehurumende. Pamuitiro wayo wakafanira, muitiro unoda kuti nyika itevere miitiro yakagadzwa yapamutemo uye iremekedze kodzero dzose dzinosungirwa munhu asati avanyima upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Iyi nheyo inopinzwa mukuvakwa kwechishanu nerevokugara pasi pevhu reUnited States. Chiteshinga cheFindment inoshanda kuhurumende yeUnited States, nepo Hurumende ye14th Amend Refemend inotambanuro inotambanutsa chinodikanwa kuhurumende dzose kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza. Pamwe chete, iyi mipimo inovimbisa kuti hapana munhu acharasikirwa nedziviriro yeChikuru chebumbiro chemitemo yemitemo yeUnited States.

Marudzi Maviri Ezvinoitwa

Nyanzvi dzemitemo nematare zvinoziva mapazi maviri akasiyana ebasa rakafanira: kudzivirira uye kuisa pfungwa pachinhu chimwe chete.

  • [[NT.] .[FLT: 1] inodzivirira maruramiro akati makuru kubva kudzongonyedzo yehurumende, kunyange kana miitiro yakafanira ikatevera. Somuenzaniso, Dare Guru rashandisa mutoo wakafanira kuvamba mitemo inodzongonyedza kuva woga, udzori, uye kodzero dzavabereki. Zviitiko zve [[FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] zvinodzivirira kubvisa mimba.[FLT] (65]), izvo zvakaderedza chirambidzo pakushandiswa kwedhizha, uye [[FLT:]]. [[FLT] v[5].[5] [7]
  • Zvinoreva Maitirwo eNzira yapamberi inonangidzira ngwariro pakururama kwemiitiro yehurumende apo inotsvaka kunyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu. Kunoda kuziva uye mukana wokunzwika panguva ine revo uye nomutoo une revo. Somuenzaniso, pamberi pokugumisa betsero dzegarikano, kubvisa mutengi padzimba dzavose, kana kuti kubvisa rezinesi ramao, hurumende inofanira kugovera kunzwa. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Goldberg v.[[FLT:] [1970]) yakazivisa kuti vagamuchiri vagamuchiri vane kodzero yokunzwa nguva isati yasvika pakurasikirwa nebetsero ingagona kuparira kuvadziko.

Mavambo Enhau Ezvinoitika

Mavambo egadziriro yakafanira anodzokera shure kuEngland yeMiddle Ages. Magna Carta ya1215, yaimanikidzirwa pakuvamba naMambo Johane namabhironi anopandukira, yaiva nechikamu chinokosha: “Hakuna munhu wakasununguka uchatapwa kana kuiswa mutorongo, kana kubviswa maruramiro ake kana kuti zvinhu zvake, kana kuti kubviswa kwapamutemo, kana kuti kunyimwa kumira kwake neimwe nzira, kana kuti kumanikidzwa, kana kuti kumanikidzwa, kunze kwokunge nomurairo wapamutemo wakaenzana naye kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Chitsamagna pachaenda mberi chinopinda mumurangariro wazvino uno "kuiswa kwomutemo." Magna Carta yakasimbisa kuti mambo amene akanga ari pasi pomutemo, pfungwa yokuchinja yakaiswa pamavambo nokuda kwokutonga.

ChiNgezi Bill of Rights cha1689 chimwezve chinosimbiswa dziviriro pachiito chehurumende chinodzvinyirira, chichirambidza kuiswa kwebhegi yakanyanyisa nechirango choutsinye uye chechienzi. Apo vagari vomuAmerica vaisimbisa maruramiro avo mukurwisana noutongi hweBritain, vakakwevera zvikuru pamienzaniso iyi yeEngland. Gamende yeFindment kuU.S. Constitution, yakasimbiswa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, yakarambidza zvakajeka hurumende kuti inyike munhu upi noupi we "upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo, uye pashure peHondo yeChivilimuchi, Ireverseth Amerend Redective yakatambanust kuhurumende imwe cheteyo, ichivimbisa kuti muitiro wakakodzera wakava mutezo mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Kunyoresa Nenguva Yazvino Uno

Gemende yeKinayith Reclassing Screate Process Claus yave iri pakati pekubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights mukurwisana nenyika. Kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa, gadziriro zhinjisa dzehurumende sere dzokutanga dzakashandiswa kuhurumende uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza neCurtive Procession Claus. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT]Gideon v. Wainwr [1963] [63]) kubatanidza mutemo wesikisi weSikisi kodzero yeChikamu chimwe cheSatanhatu yezano, kuraira kuti pave namagweta kudzivirira kwapamutemo kwapamutemo kwapamutemo. Kuda kuti nyika igove isati inokwanisa kudzivirira utsotsi. Nenzira yakafanana.[FLT.[FLT] V[FLD3:] [1961]

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare Dzinoshora Gadziriro Yakafanira

Kupfuura nhau dzadudzwa pamusoro apa, zvimwe zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakaumba nhambo dzomuitiro wakafanira:

  • Mira v. Arizona [[FLT:] (196) Dare rakaramba kuti mapurisa anofanira kuzivisa kuti maruramiro awo anofanira kuramba akanyarara uye kodzero yavo kumumiririri pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwedare. Ichi chisarudzo chakaparira nyevero dzinonzi zvino dzinoshandiswa pakuzvidzivirira pachako.
  • . MATHEws v. Elditridge (1976]: Dare rakatanga kuedza kudzikamisa miitiro mitatu yokusarudza kuti ii inodikanwa mumiitiro ipi yakafanira. Matare anorangarira fariro yomunhu oga inotapurwa, ngozi yengozi mumiitiro iripo, uye fariro yehurumende, kubatanidza fiscal nemitoro yehurumende. Uku kuedza kunoshandiswa muzviitiko zvinobatanidza betsero dzekuvadziko yenzanga yechengeteko nedzimwe hurumende.
  • [FLT] United States v. (2013): Dare rakakurira Dare reKudzivirira Romuchato, richiita kuti hurumende irege kuramba kuzivikanwa kweroorano dzakabvumirwa nomutemo. Chisarudzo chacho chaitsamira pamiitiro yakafanira, chinosimbisa kuti mutemo wakaisa "stima" pavakwanyina vamwe chetevo vete-sex.
  • [FLT][FLT]Tims v. Indiana (20:9) Dare rakashandisa Dare reMitemo yeFirezime Revhura reFramendime kuruwa kupfurikidza neClaus Claus, akabata pfuma yevagari vemo isingafaniri kuiswa pamhosva. Iyi mhaka yakasimbisa wirirano yebasa rakafanira, kodzero dzezvinhu, uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemitemo inorasika.

Kukosha Kwechinoitika Chakafanira Munzanga Yedemocratic Society

Muitiro wakafanira unokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta ruramisiro, kuenzana, uye chivimbo chavose mugadziriro yapamutemo.

  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzavanhu vamwe navamwe:[ Muitiro wakafanira unoshanda senhoo mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengerwa. Iro rinovimbisa kuti kunyange mukati memigariro yekurumidziro kana kuti apo murangariro wavanhu unokwira zvikuru, hurumende inofanira kutevera miitiro yakarurama ndokuremekedza rusununguko rukuru.
  • Kuzvidavirira kwaVakuru vakuru veHurumende: kupfurikidza nokuda kuonana, ziviso, uye banza rokunzwika, muitiro wakafanira unoita kuti vatambi vehurumende vazvidavirire. Kunodzivisa zviito zvokusafunga uye kunogovera mutoo wokudenha kuoma kwesimba.
  • [ Chirango choKunaka nokusaenzana: Muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti vanhu vose, pasinei zvapo nepfuma, dzinza, kana kuti nzvimbo, vagamuchire dziviriro dzimwe chetedzo dzapamutemo. Ibwe rekona romutemo, rinodzivisa hurumende kudenha vanhu kana kuti mapoka pasina ruramiso.
  • Fastering Public Confidence: Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti gadziriro yapamutemo inoshanda zvakanaka uye nenzira inodeya kutaurwa, vane bviro huru yokuwirirana nomutemo, kubatira pamwe nokuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye kutora rutivi muupenyu hwomubatanidzwa. Muitiro unosimbisa kuva pamutemo kwezvisarudzo zvokutonga nezvinodzora.

Zvinhu Zvinonetsa Vagari Vemo: Kubatsira Kunoita Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Kunzwisisa zvarinoreva kunopa vanhu simba rokusimbisa kodzero dzavo uye kutsvaka kururamisira apo kodzero idzodzo dzinotyisidzirwa.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi

Mutsika yeruramisiro yamatsotsi, muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa muedzo wakarurama, maruramiro ezano, maruramiro okutarisana nezvapupu, uye dziviriro pakurwisana nokuzvitutumadza. Iyi dziviriro inobetsera kudzivisa zvitendero zvisina kururama. Zvisinei, uchokwadi hwokusungwa kwavazhinji nokupararira kwezvikumbiro zvinomutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuti mutoo wakafanira unoitwa. Vapomerwi vazhinji vanotapurwa maruramiro avo okugamuchira dzvinyiriro, pane dzimwe nguva pasina kunzwisisa zvizere miuyo. Rufumo rwokushanda rwezano, rwakasimbiswa mu [[FLT:] Stricklandland v. Washington[FLT:]] [1]] [19984], vanoramba vari vachengeteri vasingadi, asi vanodzivirira gadziriro dzavo dzavose.

Zviito Zvebasa

Masangano ehurumende anoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura mararamiro evanhu zuva riri rose. Muitiro unoda kuti masangano aya arambe, kana kuti apedze betsero, marezenisi, kana kuti mvumo, anofanira kugovera ziviso nokunzwa kune revo. Ikoku kunoshanda kuzvisarudzo zveSangano reSangano reNzanga, muripo webasa, magorokotera okusagona kuvhura (g., chiremba, pamutemo), uye kufambiswa kwokupinda munyika. Kuyera kunobva Maws v. Eldidge kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunofanira kuiswa miitiro chaiyo inodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, kunzwa kwokuva nemhengeta kusingashandiswi kungadikanwa nokuda kwokuremara, nepo, nepo kugona kuva kuri madikanwa nokuda kwokuvadziko, nepoka.

Kururamisira Munzanga uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Muitiro wave uri chishandiso chine simba mukufambira mberi kweruramisiro yenzanga. Chikamu chimwe chetecho chinodzivirira maruramiro ezvinhu chakashandiswa kuputsa mitemo yokusasarura. Mu Lovave v. Virginia (1967), Dare rakashandisa Dare raishandisa Nhevedzo yeClaus pamwe chete neExct Protection Claus kubvisa ganhuriro pamite yemichato yemarudzi akawanda. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, zvibvumikiso zvakafanira zvave zviri chinhu chikuru kugakavadzanokanwa pamusoro pekodzero dzekuvhotera, kuvhotera, uye rusununguko rwokubereka. Nhengedzero dzakakodzera dzinova nechokwadi chokuti hurumende haigoni kuvabvisa pakodzero dzavo pasina chikonzero chinogombedzera uye miitiro yakanaka.

Mhuri Nedzidzo

Mumutemo wemhuri, muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira maruramiro avabereki. Dare Gurusa rakaziva maruramiro makuru avabereki okuita zvisarudzo pamusoro petarisiro, kuchengetwa kwavabereki, uye udzori hwavana vavo. Hurumende isati yagona kubvisa kodzero dzavabereki kana kuti kubvisa mwana mumusha, inofanira kugovera ufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa hwokubatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti kuregeredza, mupimo wakakwirira kupfuura nhau dzevagari vemo. Mudzidzo, vadzidzi vanotarisana nenzvimbo refu kana kuti kudzingwa vakafanirwa nokucherekedza uye chimiro chakati chokunzwa, sezvakasimbiswa mu Gos v. Lopez [7]

Zvinetso Zvinotevera

Pasinei nebasa rayo rokutanga, basa rakakodzera rinoramba richienderera mberi uye richigadzirisa matambudziko muzana remakore rechi21.

Kuvengana Kwakawanda Nemisiano Yamadzinza

United States ine mumwe wemwero yakakwirira zvikurusa yokusungwa munyika. Vanhu veBlack neHispanic vanomirirwa nenzira isingaenzaniswi mugadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi. Ikoku kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti dziviriro dzomuitiro wakafanira dzinoshandiswa zvakaenzana here. Mitsetse miduku yapamutemo, zvirango zvehasha nokuda kwemhosva dzisina masimba masimba, uye kusungwa kusati kwaitwa uko kunodzvinyirira vakwiridzirwa kuti vapiwe mhaka yose yokudzvinyirira mitoo yakarurama. Gadziriro yebheyri yacho pachayo inowanzoranganisa urombo, kuchengeta vanhu vakaderera vachichengetwa pamberi pokutongwa nemhaka yokuti havagoni kubhadhara nokuda kwokusunungurwa kwavo.

Zvinhu Zvinowanikwa Nehurumende uye Kuva Woga

Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye kuwedzera kwokuongorora kwehurumende muzita rechengeteko yenyika kwakaparira nhau itsva dzakafanira. Foreign Intelligence Surveildance Act (FISA) uye zvirongwa zvakafanana nemirau yaNSA yakashorwa nokuda kwokusaona zvakanaka uye kupiwa mukana wokutonga kwakakwana. Kubvumira kweGaramende yeChina yakaderedzwa mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, uye kuunganidzwa kwemitezo yemetametamesi kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pezvinonzi "search" uye kuti izvii zvinofanira kuitangira. Muitiro unoda kuti vanhu vaziviswe nezvokuzviongorora uye vapiwe mukana wokukudenha, asi kuvhara kazhinji kunodzivisa izvi.

Kukodzera Kupiwa Mari

Nhaka yehurumende inobvumira kuchengetwa kwemitemo kubvuta zvinhu zvinofungidzirwa kuva zvinobatanidzwa mukuita utsotsi, kunyange pasina kupomera muridzi nemhosva. Nemhaka yokuti chiito chapamutemo chiri mukurwisana nenzvimbo yacho imene, vanayo kazhinji kazhinji vane mutoro wokubvumikisa zvinhu zvavo kusabatanidzwa mumubato usiri wapamutemo. Uku kupesana nokufungidzirwa kwokusava nemhaka uye kunogona kuputsa muitiro wakafanira. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa redare rinosarira mu [[FL: 0] Timbs v. Indiana[FL:1] [20:9]) vakashandisa Holy Faild Clause kumaruware, asi kuchinja panzvimbo yehurumende kunoramba kuva kusina kufanira. Vatsoropotedza vazhinji vanotaura kuti chisarudzo chakashata mu [FLT] Timbs v. [FLT] [2010]

Kukwanisa Kushanda

Kudzivirirwa kwapamutemo idzidziso yapamutemo inodzivirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende, zvikurukuru mapurisa, pakupomerwa mhaka yokuputsa mutemo kutoti vakaputsa "nomurayiro wakajeka". Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi dzidziso yakakurisa kuzvidavirira uye yakaita kuti kuomere vanyajambwa vomufambiro wakaipa kuwana ruramisiro mumatare. Dzidziso yacho inodzivisa nenzira inobudirira kutaura kwemitemo kwakawanda, kubatanidza uko kunobatanidza simba rakanyanyisa kana kuti kunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo, kusia vanyajambwa vasina mushonga une revo. Kukumbira nokuda kwokuvandudza kwakawedzera, asi chiito chemitemo pamwero yomutemo pamwero yehurumende chakadzorwa. Nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame, ona nzvimbo ye [[FLT:] ACLUU] inokwaniriswa nezvinodzivisa kurwisa.

Kusvika kumifananidzo yepamutemo

Kodzero yokupa zano mumhaka dzoutsotsi yakasanosimbiswa, asi kuita kwayo kazhinji kazhinji hakuna kukwana. Mahofisi anodzivirira avose anonyanyoiswa pasi, kuchitungamirira kukuwandisa kwemhosva, nguva isina kukwana nokuda kwekurukurirano yavashandisi, uye dzvinyiriro yokupedza nhau nokukurumidza. Munhau dzavagari vemo, hakuna maruramiro emitemo okupa zano, kunyange apo fariro dzoupenyu dzinoiswa panjodzi, dzakadai sokudzinga, korororo yevana, kana kuti kudzingwa. Mukahaha unoreva kuti vanhu vazhinji vakaoma kufambisa nhau dzapamutemo pasina gweta, vanoderedza kururama kwakapikirwa nomutoo wakarurama. Masangano akafanana ne [[FLT:] .Bartentic Servity Servity Services

mhedziso

Muitiro wakafanira unoramba uri mutevedzeri wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uchivimbisa kuti vagari vose vanobatwa zvakanaka uye nenzira yakarurama pasi pomutemo. Idzo dzose dziri mbiri igadziriro yemitemo yetsika nevimbiso yapamberi yekodzero dzinokosha. Kubva paMagna Carta kusvikira kumirano yeDare Gurusa remisi ino, nheyo yachinja kuti vasarudze zvinetso zvitsva, bva chinangwa chayo chikuru chinotsungirira: kudzivirira vanhu pasimba rehurumende rinosasarura. Munhambo inoratidzirwa nokuchinja kwemitengo yezvokugadzirwa kwenyika, uye kuraira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika ruve, nzira yokunzwisisa inokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Inopa vagari vemo simba rokuva nemhosva, kuraira kuoneka, uye kutsvaka ruramisiro apo kodzero dzinotyisidzirwa. Kuchengeta muitiro unoda kungwarira, vanhu, uye kuzvipira kumutemo womutemo. Sezvazvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti vazvikwenetsere rusununguko; vanotsamira pakureva chiteverwa kweChitendero cheChitendero. [F]