Table of Contents

Gadziriro yedare inoshanda sehwaro hweruramisiro munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, ichivimbisa kuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye kukakavadzana kunopedzwa mukuwirirana nenheyo dzapamutemo dzakatangwa. Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo muupenyu hwomugari wemo, vanonzwisisa kuti matare anoshanda sei haasati achingovawo akadzidza chete here, izivo inokosha inopa vanhu simba rokudzivirira maruramiro avo, kuita mitoro yavo, uye kubetsera kumutemo. Iyi nhungamiro ine revo inonzvera mugadzirirwo, mabasa, uye revo yetsika yedare, kugovera zivo yehwaro yehwaro mugari ari wose ane mutoro anofanira kuva nayo.

Kunzwisisa Tsika Yedare Rokushandisa Zvibharo muUnited States

MuUnited States, mune gadziriro yedare rehurumende pamwe chete nemiitiro yakasiana yedare rehurumende imwe neimwe. Iyi gadziriro yamativi maviri inoratidzira gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, umo simba rinogoverwa pakati pezviremera zvorudzi nehurumende. Sezvo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, Constitution inoumba gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende umo simba rinogoverwa pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Zvose zviri zviviri hurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe yehurumende zvine gadziriro dzayo dzimene.

Kuvapo kwegadziriro dzematare dzinowirirana kunogona kuratidzika kuva pakutanga kunovhiringidza, asi kunobatira madonzo anokosha. matare eFederal anobata inenge mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzoutsotsi 400 000 pagore, nepo matare ehurumende achironga kuisa mhaka dzinenge mamiriyoni 100 pagore, mukuwirirana neNational Center for State Courts (NCSC). Uku kusiyana kunoshamisa mumhaka kunoratidzira idi rokuti nhau zhinjisa dzemitemo dzemotokari kubvumirano kukwikwidza kutsoropotedza mhaka dzoutsotsi zhinjisa hw [kupunziro iri pasi pehurumende, apo matare ehurumende anobata dare rehurumende rakaganhurirwa zvikuru rinobatanidza mutemo wenyika, mibvunzo yapamutemo, uye gakavadzano dzakati pakati pemaruwa anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siyana.

Dare Rehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine mwero mitatu mikuru: matare oruwa (dare rinotongwa), matare edunhu ayo ari mwero wokutanga wekukwirira, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, mwero wokupedzisira wekwirira mugadziriro yehurumende. iri sangano revafundisi rinovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvinogona kuhwirudzurwa uye kuti kududzirwa kunotsinhirana kwomutemo womubatanidzwa kunokura nokufamba kwenguva.

Chikamu III cheBumbiro Remitemo reU.S. chakagadzira Dare Rapamusorosoro uye chakabvumira Dare kugadza mitemo yaisimbisa gadziriro yematare epasi pevhu.hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende hunogadza kuzvimirira kwayo nechiremera, nepo huchirondedzerawo ganhuriro dzesimba raro.

Matare Oruwa eUnited States: Federal Surce Argent

Matare 94 oruwa kana kuti edare rokutonga enyika anonzi matare oruwa eU. matare oruwa anopedza nharo kupfurikidza nokusarudza maidi nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi iwayo. Aya matare anobatira sepfundo rokupinda nokuda kwemhosva zhinjisa dzehurumende, apo ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu zvinopupurira, uye marutongeso okutanga anopiwa.

Dare roruwa rimwe nerimwe rine anenge Mutongi mumwe weRuwa weUnited States, akagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare nokuda kweshoko roupenyu. Uku kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose, kunodzivirirwa neBumbiro reMitemo, kunobetsera kuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga kupfurikidza nokudzivirira vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. matare eruwa anobata matare edare rehurumende – zvose zviri zviviri utsotsi.

Matare Okukwirira eU.S.: Musi Wezvikwiriso weIntermediate Appellate

Kune matare 13 anotungamirira anogara pasi peDare reS.S., uye anonzi matare ezvikumbiro. Basa redare reUnited States nderokusarudza kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rokutonga kana kuti sangano rinodzora rehurumende. Aya matare haaedzizve nhau kana kuti kunzwa ufakazi hutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, anohwirudzura kurangarira kwapamutemo nemiitiro zvinoshandiswa mudare rokutonga kuva nechokwadi chokuti ruramisiro yakashandiswa nenzira yakafanira.

MaDare eZvikumbiro eU.S. akakamurwa kuva matunhu 13: 12 ematunhu oruwa, akaverengwa kutanga kusvikira kuA111; District of Columbia Tturt; uye dunhu rechi13, Federal Ttunhu, rine simba chairo pakukumbira kunobatanidza zvidzidzo zvounyanzvi zvakadai sekodzero nezviratidzo. Iri boka renyika rinovimbisa kuti kuhwirudzurwa kweappeltate kusvikirika munyika yose nepo richibvumira kusiyana kwenharaunda mukududzirwa kwapamutemo.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States

Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States idare rokupedzisira. Sadare rapamusoro zvikurusa mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa, Dare Rapamusorosoro rine shoko rokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo womubatanidzwa nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Idzo dzinowanzonzwa kukwirira kunobva kumatare ezvikumbiro (uye pane dzimwe nguva matare ehurumende), richishanda mukuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga, uko kunoreva kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogona kusarudza kuti imhakanoi yokunzwa, kupfurikidza nokupa mikumbiro nokuda kwezvikwereti zvecero zveceritari. Naizvozvo hakuwanzova nekodzero huru yokukwirira iyo inotambanudzira nenzira yose yokuzvidira kuDare Rapamusorosoro.

Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States idare rapamusoro zvikurusa mugadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica, uye rine simba rokusarudza zvikumbiro pamhaka dzose dzinounzwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti idzo dzinounzwa mudare rehurumende asi dzinobata nomutemo wehurumende.Ichi chiremera chinobvumira Dare kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana mukududzirwa kwomutemo womuhurumende mumativi ose uye kupedza rwisano pakati pematare akasiyana - siyana okukwirira.

Masangano Ematare eHurumende

Mubasa, zvisinei, hurumende iri yose yakagamuchira kukamukana kwemitemo yayo kuva mwero miviri, uye inodokuva nyika iri yose ine mwero mitatu, nenhau dzokutonga dzedare idzo dzingahwirudzurwa nematare makurusa ehurumende. Nepo mazita chaiwo nezvivako zvichisiana muhurumende nehurumende, iyi tsika ine mapoka matatu inoratidzira chimiro chehurumende uye inoshanda madonzo akafanana.

Dare rehurumende rinonzwa inenge 98% yemhosva; matare mazhinjisa ane chiremera chaicho, icho chinowanzobata nharo duku dzakadai sepomero dzemotokari, uye matare ehurumende. Nhau zhinjisa dzemitemo dzinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo (kubva kumhesvo dzechatanuro kusvikira kumhosva dzekuputswa kwemutemo wehurumende kuti dzisarudze magakava) anopedzwa mumatare ehurumende.

Dare rehurumende rinotonga rinowanzobatanidza matare ose ari maviri ehurumende yakaganhurirwa, ayo anobata marudzi akati enhau dzakadai sezvirevo zviduku, kuputswa kwemigwagwa, kana kuti nhau dzemhuri, uye matare ehurumende, anogona kunzwa mhatsa huru dzemhosva dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi. Madare eKota Anetsekano anokamurwa kuva Gwaro, anofukidza mhaka dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi uye anokwirira kunoitwa nemasangano akawanda anodzora; Samalial Relations Divition Division, inofukidza kurambana nokusarurwa kwevana, uye kutsigira kuchengetwa kwavana; Juvenile Division, inofukidza mhosva dzinobatanidza vaduku nezviito zvizhinji zvokubereka; uye Probate Division, inofukidza nyaya dzezvikwata zvehurumende, masangano okukwikwidza, masangano endangariro, uye marezidhiro.

Kunzwisisa Dare Rinopomera Mhosva: Chiremera Chokunzwa Mhaka

Kupomerwa kwematare rutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yokutonga, kunongedzera kuchiremera chedare chokunzwa ndokusarudza nhau. Chinobatanidza marudzi maviri makuru: udzori hwechiremera noudzori hwomunhu oga. Kunzwisisa chiremera chinokosha nemhaka yokuti dare risina chiremera chakafanira harigoni kusarudza nenzira yakarurama nhau, pasinei zvapo nefaniro dzezvibvumikiso zvinopiwa.

Nhau Yemhosva

Hurukuro yenhau ichiremera chedare chokusarudza nhau mugakava rakadai senhau yekodzero dzavanhu. Rudzi urwu rwokutonga runotema kuti marudzii enhau idzo dare rakati rinobvumirwa kunzwa.

Matare ehurumende ane simba rose, kureva kuti anogona kunzwa gakava ripi neripi kunze kweiro rinorambidzwa nomutemo wehurumende.

Matare ehurumende anogona kunzwa marudzi maviri enhau ayo anodzorwa nepanikiro yehurumende: kuputswa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa nenhau dzinomuka muBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Chiremera chenhau chehurumende chinotsanangura chikonzero nei matare ehurumende anogona kusarudza mhaka pamusoro pokuputswa kwomutemo woutsotsi womubatanidzwa pamwe chete nenhau dzinobva kumatare ehurumende umo vakwirirwi vanomutsa nhau dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kuzvipa Mutongo

Kuzvidzora kwomunhu oga, kune rumwe rutivi, kune chokuita nechiremera chedare pavanhu vanobatanidzwa mumhaka, kazhinji kazhinji vachiyera batano dzomukwiridziri kuhurumende uko dare riri. Dare rinofanira kuva nechiremera pamativi pagakava, kwete panhau chete, risati ragona kupa chisarudzo chinosungisa.

Kushurikidzwa Kwechiito uye Kwechiito Chokuvamba

Pakupedzisira, chiremera chenhau chine chokuita nepfungwa dzevhoriyamo yapakuvamba neyapasi. dare rine chiremera chapakuvamba apo rinogona kuchengeta kutonga panhau zvakananga, nepo chiremera cheapellate chichinongedzera kumatare anotonga panhau dzakatosarudzwa namamwe matare. Hurumende dzose dzinotaura matare ane simba rapakuvamba nechiremera.

Dare redare rinoongorora kugutsikana kwemitemo yezvisarudzo zvakaderera, kazhinji kacho richinongedzera kuzviwanwa zvechokwadi kunze kwokunge zvakanganisa zvakajeka.

Kusarudza Nokupedza Kudzidza Kunogutsa

Pfungwa yokubatana panguva imwe chete inobvumira matare ose ari maviri ehurumende neomubatanidzwa kunzwa nhau dzakati, dzakadai seidzo dzinobatanidza mhaka dzomubatanidzwa idzo dzinoputsawo mitemo yehurumende. Apo chiremera chehurumende chapanguva imwe cheteyo chiripo, mapoka kazhinji kazhinji ane zvisarudzo zvokuronga pamusoro pokuti ndepapi pokuronga nhau dzawo.

Masimba akakwana aripo apo gadziriro imwe bedzi yedare inogona kunzwa nhau dzakati. Nhau dzeBanruptic, junion, uye dzinorwisana nedare renyika ihurumende. Chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, uye probate ihurumende yakananga. Idzi zviremera zvadzo dzinoratidzira zvisarudzo zvemitemo pamusoro pemwero yehurumende yakafanirwa zvikurusa nokubata marudzi akati egakava.

Marudzi Emhosva Aitongwa Nematare

Kunzwisisa mapoka akasiyana - siyana emhosva kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kuti idare ripi uye kuti idare rorudzii rakakodzera panyaya dzakati dzepamutemo.

Mhaka Dzeutsotsi

Nyaya dzematsotsi dzinosanganisira kukwidziridzwa kwemhosva nehurumende mumatare ehurumende, uye hurumende inogona kungounza kutongwa kwemhosva mudare rehurumende.

Nhau zhinjisa dzinowira pasi poudzori hukuru hwematare ehurumende nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo reUS rinopa zvakajeka kuti hurumende dzine basa rokudzivirira garikano yose yavanhu. Iri basa rinobatanidza kusarudza zviito zvinofanira kuva utsotsi uye zvirangoidzo zvinofanira kupiwa nokuda kwokuita mhaka dzakati. Matsotsi anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza kuba, kudenha, kupamba, mhaka dzemirimo, uye kuputsa migwagwa.

Nhau dzoutsotsi dzamaperembudzi dzinobatanidza zvikurukuru kuputswa kwemirau yehurumende, zvakadai semitemo yokutengesa mirimo yomubatanidzwa, mhosva dzinoitwa panzvimbo yehurumende, utsotsi hwapakati penyika, ugandanga, uye kuputswa kwemitemo yemitero yehurumende.

Mhaka Dzavagari Vemo

Kusiyana nemhosva dzemhosva, nyaya dzevagari vemo hadzigumiri muchirango, kunyange zvazvo dzingaguma nokukuvadzwa nemari, mirayiro, kana kuti mimwe mirayiro yedare.

Mhosva dzinowanzoitwa muhurumende dzinosanganisira kubvumirana, kutaura kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe akakuvara (nyaya dzinenge dzatongeswa), kunetsana kwezvinhu, kusarurana kwemabasa, uye kutongwa kwebhizimisi.

Kudzorwa kwemarudzi kunobvumira mutevedzeri wenyika imwe kuisa mhaka mudare rehurumende apo mukwirirwi ari munyika yakasiana. Kuunza kutaura kwomutemo wehurumende mudare rehurumende, zvose zvamapoto zvinofanira kuva munzvimbo dzakasiana - siana kupfuura vose vavakwirirwi, uye "kupinda mugakava" kunofanira kuva mari inodarika $75 000. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira matare ehurumende kugovera kusatora rutivi nokuda kwekakavadzano pakati pavagari vemo vehurumende vemaruwa akasiyana - siyana.

Mhaka Dzemitemo Yemhuri

Matare aya aitaura nezvekurambana uye kuparadzana kwepamutemo, kodzero yokuchengeta vana uye yokushanyirana, kutsigira vana, kutsigirana kwemhuri kana kuti kurera vana, kurera vana, kubereka, kubereka, kubereka, uye kudzivirira chisimba chomumba.

Nhau dzemitemo yemhuri dzinodokuva dzinobatwa chose chose nematare ehurumende, sezvo idzi nhau dzichidzorwa nenzira yegamuchidzanwa nomutemo wehurumende uye dzichibatanidza nhau dzeitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo.

Matare Anokosha Nenhau Dzinopomerwa

Dare rokutonga rehurumende rakatangwawo nokuda kwenharaunda shomanene dzakananga. Ruwa rumwe norumwe rwehurumende runewo dare rokubhuroka nokuda kwenhau idzodzo. Mukuwedzera, mamwe matare ane chiremera munyika yose nokuda kwenhau dzakadai semutero (United States Taxial Court of Federal Affaices), anotaura mukurwisana nehurumende yehurumende yeUnited States of United States (Dare reSangano reMarudzi Ose - raTrade).

Masangano akawanda anochengetawo matare chaiwo nokuda kwemhaka dzakati dzenhau, dzakadai sematare eprobate (kutarisira zvivako nezvido), matare epwere (nhau dzinobatanidza vaduku), matare emirimo (kunangidzira ngwariro pakudzorerwazve kwevapashati vemirimo), uye kutaura kuduku kwematare (kutarisira kakavadzano duku dzevagari vemo nemiitiro yakapfava).

Muitiro Wakarongwa: Kuhwirudzura Zvisarudzo zveDare Rakaderera

Kodzero yokukwirira rutivi runokosha rwegadziriro yedare reAmerica, ichigovera gadziriro yokururamisa zvikanganiso nokuva nechokwadi chokuti nheyo dzapamutemo dzinoshandiswa nguva dzose.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vanhu

Dare rinoongorora zvisarudzo zvematare anotonga. Dzinoitira hanya zvikurukuru nhau dzomutemo. Matare anotonga anoruramisa zvikanganiso zvemitemo zvinoitwa nematare okutonga ndokutanga mitemo apo mibvunzo mitsva yapamutemo inomuka. matare apamutemo haapiwi mhaka umo ufakazi hunotangwa, asi panzvimbo pezvo anongohwirudzura bedzi chinyorwa, kana kuti "manyoro," chedare rinotonga.

Apo mubato unokwidza chisarudzo, ivo vanonyora mashoko mapfupi enhau achitaura kuti dare rinotonga rakaita zvikanganiso zvapamutemo izvo zvakatapura muuyo wenhau yacho. Dare rinoongorora idzi nharo, kunzvera chinyorwa chedare rokutonga, uye vanganzwa zvibvumikiso zvokutaura zvinobva kumagweta vasati vanyora chisarudzo.

Kana dare reruwa rangosarudza nyaya, nhau yacho inogona kukwidzwa kudare rekukwirira reUnited States. Kukwirira kumatare edunhu kunotanga kunzwiwa neboka, rinoumbwa navatongi vatatu vedare redunhu. Paries dzinonyorwa "Briefs" kudare, dzichipa chikonzero nei chisarudzo chedare rokutonga chinofanira kuva "chinosimbiswa" kana kuti chakaregwa. Pashure pokunge dare raiswa, dare richaronga kuti "mugadziro wenhau" umo magweta munouya magweta mudare kuzoita nharo dzavo nokupindura mibvunzo yavatongi.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura Nekutanga

Nheyo yokutarira kumatare inosimbisa kuti matare "anofanira kutevera zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba apo mativi mamwe chetewo anomuka zvakare mukutaura. Iyi dzidziso yapashure inovimbisa kusachinjana uye kufanodeya kutaurwa mumutemo, sezvo matare kazhinji kazhinji anosungirwa kutevera zvisarudzo zvematare akakwirira ari mukati mesimba rawo.

Kazhinji kazhinji, matare akaderera (matare amatare apamusoro) anosunga matare anobatanidzwa asi hapana mamwe matare edare uye pasina matare makuru. Matare anotonga anotevera nzvimbo yawo amene yokutanga (kupfurikidza nenheyo yokutarira kwamativi ose) uye matare akaderera mukati moudzori hwavo asi haasungi mamwe matare edare pamwero mumwe chetewo kana kuti wakakwirira. Iyi tsika yemienzaniso yemienzaniso inoparira kuvamba nekuchinja apo inochengeta dzikamo.

Kodzero Yokukwirira

Hurumende 47 nehurumende inobvumira chinenge chikumbiro chimwe chekodzero kubva pachisarudzo chokupedzisira pazvakafanira, kureva kuti dare rinogamuchira kukwirira rinofanira kusarudza kukwirira pashure pokunge kwaitwa pfupi uye kwakurukurwa zvakarurama.

Nepo mapoka mazhinji ane maruramiro kunenge kukwirira kumwe, kumwe kukwirira kumatare makuru kazhinji kazhinji kunopiwa mhaka. Kusafanana nedare retunhu, zvisinei, Dare Gurusa harisati richiwanzodikanwa kunzwa mhesvo. Mapati angaisa mudare "kukosha kwecertiorari" kudare, achikumbira kuti inzwe mhaka yacho. Dare rapamusoro rinowana zviuru zvemikumbiro gore rimwe nerimwe asi rinopa hwirudzuro muchiverengero chiduku bedzi chenhau, zvikurukuru avo vanobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akasiana- siyana.

Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nokuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Aya mapazu matatu — anotonga, anotonga, anotonga — anoshanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo ye "checks nedzinodzikama". Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange zvazvo bazu rimwe nerimwe rakaparadzana nenzira yapamutemo namamwe maviri, Bumbiro reMitemo rinowanzoda batira pamwe pakati pamapazu. Uzvimiriri hwedare redare hunobva kune mamwe mapazu ehurumende ibwe rekona retsika yemitemo yeAmerica.

Dziviriro Dzomutemo Dzokuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Article III inotaura kuti vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa napurezidhendi nemvumo yeDare rokubatira kutozosvikira varega, vanopinzwa mumutemo ndokuwanwa vane mhaka, kana kuti kufa.

Chikamu III chedare chakavimbisa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo kuzvimirira kwomutemo (kuzvimirira kwoupenyu, dziviriro yomubhadharo). Chikamu I chinoumbwa neCongress pasi pemasimba ayo emitemo uye chingava navatongi vane mipimo yakatsiga.Musiyano uyu unoratidzira mwero yakasiana - siana yokuzvimirira yakakodzera nokuda kwamarudzi akasiana - siana emibato yokutonga.

Basa Rorusununguko Rwokutonga Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kuzvimirira mukutonga kunobatira mabasa anoverengeka akakomba munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunodzivirira maruramiro avanhu pahudzvinyiriri kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti matare anogona kumanikidza dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo kunyange apo kuita kudaro kusingafarirwi. Kunochengeta mutemo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chenheyo dzapamutemo idzodzo, panzvimbo perangariro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kunotungamirira zvisarudzo. Kunopa chenjero pamamwe mapazu ehurumende, kuchidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyisa.

Kuvagari vemo, kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunoreva kuti matare anogona kupedza kusasarura kukakavadzana uye kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kodzero Dzovagari Vomunyika Nemabasa Mudare

Kunzwisisa gadziriro yedare hakusati kuchingovawo zvako muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo, kune revo dzinoshanda pamusoro pokuti vagari vemo vanoshandira sei gadziriro yapamutemo ndokushandisa maruramiro avo.

Kodzero Yokutongwa Kwakarurama

Bumbiro reMitemo rinovimbisa maruramiro anoverengeka ane chokuita nokubatwa zvakanaka mugadziriro yedare. Aya anobatanidza maruramiro kumuitiro wakafanira womutemo, uyo unovimbisa kuti nhau dzapamutemo dzinotevera mitemo yakagadzwa uye kuti vanhu vanogamuchira ziviso nebanza rokunzwa vasati vanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vane maruramiro okutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwavose, kodzero kudare risingasaruri, maruramiro okutarisana nezvapupu, uye maruramiro okumanikidza zvapupu kupupurira nokuda kwavo.

Kodzero Yokumirira Mutemo

Munhau umo kuiswa mutorongo chirango chinobvira, vakwirirwi vane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okumirira negweta. Kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kubhadhara gweta, dare rinofanira kugadza rimwe pandyiko yavose. Uku kodzero, kwakasimbiswa neDare Rapamusorosoro, kunovimbisa kuti kunyange vakwirirwi vane unyanzvi hwapamutemo pakutarisana nemhosva.

Munhau dzehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji hamuna maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okugadza zano, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichigovera magweta nokuda kwamapoka akasiana mumarudzi akati enhau dzehurumende, zvikurukuru ayo anobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvakadai sedzimba kana kuti maruramiro omubereki. Pasinei zvapo nokuti kumirira kunovimbiswa, mapoka enhau dzapamutemo ane maruramiro okupinza magweta kuti amiririre fariro dzavo.

Basa reJury Somutoro Webasa

Basa reJury rinomirira imwe yenzira dzakananga zvikurusa vagari vemo vanotora rutivi nadzo mugadziriro yokutonga.

Kushanda mudare rinobetsera vatongi kunopa nzwisiso yokuti gadziriro yepamutemo inoshanda sei uye kunobvumira vagari vemo kupa mipiro zvakananga kukutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Vanhu vakawanda vanowana basa redare redare kuva chinoitika chedzidzo uye chine revo chenzanga.

Kukwanisa Kutongwa Nematare uye Kuitwa Kwevanhu Vose

Vagari vemo vane kodzero yokupinda mumitongo uye dzimwe nyaya dzinotongwa, uye nyaya dzine chokuita nenyaya dzinobata pfungwa dzakaita senyaya dzevechiduku kana kuti nyaya dzinoitwa nevanhu dzingakanganisa kodzero dzavo dzokutonga.

Zvinyorwa zvematare zvinowanzozivikanwa nevanhu vose, zvichibvumira vagari vemo kuongorora mitemo, kuongorora zvinoitwa nedare, uye kukwanisa kuwana mashoko pamusoro penyaya dzingavakanganisa.

Kufamba Kunoita Nhau Mudare

Kunzwisisa kufambira mberi kwenyaya yacho mudare kunobatsira vagari vemo kuti vashandise mitemo uye kunzwisisa matanho akasiyana - siyana angagadziriswa nawo nyaya yacho.

Kufema uye Kufambira Mberi Kwokutanga

Nyaya dzinotanga apo panenge panyorwa nyaya dzebato dzinoda kutemwa kana kuti, mumhaka dzeutsotsi, apo hurumende inoisa mhaka. Mumhosva dzevagari vemo, mupurisa anonyora nyunyuto anotaura hwaro hwapamutemo hwezvirevo zvacho neyamuro itsvakwa. Mukwirirwi ipapo ane banza rokupindura, zvimwe kubvuma kana kuti zvimwe kuramba pomero uye zvimwe kusimudzira dziviriro kana kuti kutsigira.

Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vaporerwi vane kodzero yokuoneka kwokutanga pamberi pomutongi, uko vanoziviswa nezvepomero nekodzero dzavo. Bail angatangwa, uye kutonga kwokutanga kungaitwa kuti kuone kana pane ufakazi hwakakwana hwokupfuurira.

Kuwana uye Kufambira Mberi Kusati Kwaitika

Kuvhura kungabatanidza mibvunzo yakanyorwa (varevi), zvikumbiro zvemagwaro, uye zvipupuriro apo zvapupu zvinopa ufakazi hwakapikirwa.

Matare anobatawo zviito zvakasiyana - siyana zvedare risati ratongwa, apo vapari vedare vanokumbira kuti vaite chisarudzo panhau dzepamutemo kana kuti dzemitemo. Uku kuita kungataura kana ufakazi hwakati huchifanira kubvumwa, kana kutaura kuchifanira kurambwa, kana kuti kana mhaka yacho ichifanira kutongwa pasina kutongwa kwakavakirwa pamaidi asingapokanirwi.

Kutongwa

Kana nhau isingagadziriswi kupfurikidza nokugadzikisa, chibvumirano, kana kuti kupfuudzira kwokutonga kusati kwaitwa, kunopfuurira kutongwa. Miedzo ingaitwa pamberi pomutongi oga (kutongwa) kana kuti pamberi pedare rinobetsera vatongi. Muitiro wokutonga unobatanidza kazhinji kazhinji kutaura kwokuzarura, kupiwa kwoufakazi kupfurikidza nechipupuriro nezvinyorwa, kunzvera zvapupu, uye nharo dzokupfiga.

Mukutonga kwemhosva, muchuchisi wacho anofanira kuratidza kuti ane mhosva, sezvinonyatsooneka, mupimo wakakwirira unoratidza migumisiro yakakomba yokutendwa nemhosva.

Kuchema Nokukwirira Nepashure

Pashure pechisarudzo chokutonga kana kuti rutongeso, mutevedzeri anorasikirwa anganyora misikanzwa yapashure pokutonga achikumbira dare rokutonga kurangarirazve chisarudzo charo. Kana iyi mhindu isingabudiriri, mubato ungakwirira kudare rapamusoro. Sezvakurukurwa pakuvamba, zvikumbiro ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo panzvimbo penharo dzechokwadi, uye matare anona simba rokusimbisa, kudzokera shure, kana kuti kugadziridza zvisarudzo zvedare rinotonga.

Kusarudza Chimwe Chisarudzo uye Kubudirira Kwedare

Hadzisi nharo dzose dzapamutemo dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nokutonga kwegamuchidzanwa. chisarudzo chegakava remitemo renyika (ADR) chazova chinokosha nenzira inowedzera mukutarisira mhaka dzedare nokugovera mapato nzira dzinochinjika zvikuru, dzinoshanda, uye dzinobetsera kupedza nharo.

Kushanda

Kutaurirana kunobatanidza rutivi rwechitatu rusingatori rutivi urwo runobetsera vanhu vanoitirana nharo kusvika chibvumirano chokuzvidira. Murevereri haaisi mutongo asi panzvimbo pezvo anorerutsira kurukurirano nekurukurirano. Kutaurirwa kunowanzoshandiswa mumhaka dzemitemo yemhuri, gakava romutemo, uye mhaka dzoutsotsi (zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhosva dzepwere). matare mazhinji anoda kuti mapoka aedze kutaurirwa pamberi pokutongwa.

Kubvisa Muropa

Kutora chinhu chinonzi ADR muitiro wakarongwa zvikuru umo mutongi anonzwa ufakazi nenharo zvinobva kumativi ose ari maviri ndokupa chisarudzo. Kutora kungava kunosungisa (papatipatidzi panofanira kugamuchira chisarudzo chomumiriri) kana kuti kusaisa mumanikidzi (chisarudzo idzodzo). Zvibvumirano zvizhinji zvinobatanidza mashoko okubatanidza anoda kuti nharo dzipedzwe kupfurikidza nokutora mhaka panzvimbo pedare.

Misangano Yokugara Nokuwana Zvokudya Zvakawanda

Matare anowanzokurudzira kugadzikiswa kupfurikidza nemisangano yapamutemo yokugarisa umo vatongi kana kuti vatongi vanobetsera vatongi kukurukura zvisarudzo.Munhau dzoutsotsi, kukumbira kubvumira vakwirirwi kupomera mhaka kuderedza mhaka kana kuti kugamuchira mitongo mirefu mukutsinhana nokuda kwokudzivisa kutongwa. Nepo kukwikwidzana, kukumbira kuwirirana chiverengero chikurusa chemhosva dzoutsotsi uye kunobetsera kutarisira mitongo yedare.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Kugadziridzwa Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Mudare

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa simba uye kusava nesimba kwemamiriro ezvinhu azvino uno.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Kurangarira kuti vagari vose vanogona kupinda mudare vanoramba vari denho inopfuurira. Kumirira pamutemo kunogona kuva kunodhura, uye vanhu vazhinji havagoni kubhadhara magweta nokuda kwenhau dzehurumende. Masangano eyamuro yapamutemo anogovera mabasa apamutemo apachena kana kuti akaderera kuvanhu vanoripirwa mari shoma, asi aya masangano kazhinji kazhinji ane pfuma yakaganhurirwa uye haagoni kubatira munhu ari wose anoda betsero.

Masangano anoshandisa zvirongwa zvokuzviyamura, nzira dzedare dzakapfaviswa nokuda kwemhaka dzakati dzemhosva, uye zvinhu zvepaIndaneti kuti zvibatsire vanhu vasingamirirwi kushandisa mitemo.

Ruzivo Mumatare

Madare ava kushandisa ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuti ruvandudze kufambika zvakanaka nokuwanikwa. Gadziriro dzemakombiyuta dzinobvumira vanhu kuti vabudise magwaro paIndaneti panzvimbo pemunhu.

SAYA reCOVID-19 rakawedzera kushandiswa kwenhau dziri kure, matare akawanda achitonga uye kunyange kutongwa kupfurikidza nemusangano wevhidhiyo. Nepo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchipa betsero dzakawanda, runomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pokuva nechokwadi chezvinoitika zvakanaka, kudzivirira kuva woga, uye kuchengeta kuzvipira nokushandiswa kwedare.

Matare Anopedza Zvinetso Chaizvo

Hurumende dzakawanda dzakatanga matare chaiwo akagadzirirwa kupedza nhau dzenhau dzinoparira zvinetso zvepamutemo. Matare emirimo anonangidzira ngwariro pakurapwa nokugadziridzwa kwevatadzi vokushandisa zvinodhaka panzvimbo pezviito zvokuranga. matare outano hwendangariro anobatanidza vakwiridziridziri nezviri mumibato youtano hwendangariro. matare anotaura nezvezvinodikanwa zvakasiana zveyaichimbova mitezo yebasa rehondo. Aya matare anotonga chinetso anonangidzira mitoo mitsva yokupedza nayo zvinetso zvenzanga kupfurikidza negadziriro inotonga.

Kutarisira Kukwirira Mhosva Nedare Zvinononoka

Matare mumativi akawanda anotarisana nedzvinyiriro huru, kuchitungamirira kukunonotsa mukupedza mhaka. Uku kunonozeka kunogona kusekesa maruramiro kukutonga kwokukurumidza, kuwedzera ndyiko nokuda kwemapati, uye kuderedza chivimbo chavanhu mugadziriro yeruramisiro. Matare anoshandisa unyanzvi hwakasiana - siana hwokutarisira nhau kupedza denho idzi, kubatanidza kutarisirwa kwenhau kunosiana (panongedzerwa mhaka pahwaro hwakaoma), kunzvera mhaka, uye kusimudzirwa kwoutsinye.

Kukosha Kwedzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Pamusoro Pematare

Kunzwisisa gadziriro yedare kunokosha nokuda kwokuva mugari wemo anobudirira. Dare rinoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga, kupedza gakava, kuturikira mitemo, uye kunzvera simba ramamwe mapazu ehurumende.

Matare Nokuzvidavirira Kune Zvehurumende

Kuzvidavirira uku kunoshanda kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana - siana, kubatanidza kugadzwa uye kusarudzwa kwavatongi (zvinosiana nehurumende), kuwanwa pachena nenhau dzedare namarekodhi, kuziviswa kwenhau dzinokosha kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye mano ezviremera zvemitemo okuchinja miitiro yedare uye chiremera mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Vagari vemo vane ruzivo vanogona kuongorora zviri nani kutongwa kwedare, kupindira munharo dzokuchinjwa kwematare, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vazvidavirire nokuda kwemabasa avo mukusarudza vatongi uye pakutsigira nemari.

Kudzivirira Kutonga kwoMutemo

Kutonga kwomutemo — nheyo yokuti vanhu vose namasangano vanozviisa pasi pomutemo uye vanozvidavirira mumutemo — inotsamira pagadziriro yedare inoshanda, yakazvimirira, uye inoremekedzwa. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa ndokutsigira gadziriro yedare, vanobetsera kuchengeta iyi nheyo inokosha yokudzora kwoutongi hwehurumende yehurumende.

Kuremekedza zvisarudzo zvedare, kunyange apo munhu anenge asingabvumirani nazvo, kunokosha mukuchengeta mutemo. Nepo vagari vemo vane maruramiro okutsoropodza zvisarudzo zvedare uye kutsigira chinjo yapamutemo, kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro yokutonga kunotsamira pakugamuchirwa kwose kuti matare ane chiremera chokududzira ndokushandisa mutemo.

Matanho Anoshanda Okuita Basa Nedare

Vagari vemo vanogona kuita matanho anobatsira anoverengeka kuti vanzwisise uye vabatane nedare, vachiwedzera ruzivo rwavo uye zvavanoita kuti upenyu huve hwehurumende.

Kuramba Kutongwa Kwematare

Kuongorora nyaya dzematare kunobatsira vanhu vakawanda, uye kuongorora nyaya, kunzwa, kana kuti kutaura kunogona kudzidzisa uye kujekesa.

Kushumira Pamajuri

Apo vanokumbirwa nokuda kwebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi, vagari vemo vanofanira kurirangarira somukana panzvimbo pomutoro. Basa raJury rinogovera kutora rutivi kwakananga mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro uye rinopa murangariro wechienzi pamusoro penzira iyo matare anoshanda nayo. Chinoitika chokunzvera ufakazi, kuzivisa navagari vemo biyavo, uye kusvika chisarudzo chinopa kuonga kukuru nokuda kwomuitiro wakaoma nokukosha wedare.

Kuramba Uchiziva Nezvezvisarudzo Zvakaitwa Nedare

Pashure pokunge nhau dzataurwa pamusoro penhau dzedare dzinokosha dzinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti nheyo dzemitemo dzinochinja sei uye kuti matare anobata sei nhau dzenzanga dzinokosha. Kurava matare, ayo anowanzowanika paIndaneti, kunopa nzwisiso mukurangarira kwepamutemo nokushandiswa kwenheyo dzemitemo. Masangano akafanana ne U.S. Dare repawebsite inogovera mipiro yedzidzo pamusoro pejaji rehurumende.

Kutsigira Kuwana Kururamisiro

Vagari vemo vanogona kutsigira kururamisira nokuzvipira nemasangano epamutemo anopa rubatsiro, vachitsigira mari nokuda kwemahofisi anodzivirira vanhu uye mapurogiramu epamutemo, uye vachitsigira mitemo inoita kuti gadziriro yepamutemo ive nyore kusvika uye ive yakanaka.

Kudzidzisa Vamwe

Kukurukura nyaya dzedare, kutsanangura mitemo, uye kugadzirisa maonero asina kunaka anoitwa matare, zvose zvinobatsira kuti vanhu vazive kuti matare anoshanda sei.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kukudza nzwisiso yavo yegadziriro yedare. matare edzidzo anopa mashoko akakwana pamusoro pedare rehurumende. Mawebsite edare rehurumende anopa mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro yedare rehurumende, kubatanidza zvirongwa zvedare, miitiro, uye kusvikwa kuzvinyorwa zvedare.

Masangano edzidzo yepamutemo, makiriniki ezvikoro zvemitemo, uye masangano ebhawa zvinowanzogovera mapurogiramu edzidzo yavose pamusoro pegadziriro yemitemo. Maraibhurari anowanzova nezviwanikwa pamusoro pemisoro yepamutemo inowanikwa kuvasiri vatengi. Zvikuva zveUniversal zvinopa kosi nezvishandiso zvemitemo, miitiro yehurumende, uye mimwe misoro yepamutemo.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira nhau dzemitemo dzakananga, masangano akafanana ne American Bar Association anogovera pfuma yavose nezvinhu zvedzidzo. Masangano eAcademic uye masangano anofunga anobudisa nzvero nenzvero pamasangano edare, chinjo yedare, uye kusvika kururamisiro.

Mugumisiro: Dare uye Kugara Munzvimbo Dzine Mutoro

Gadziriro yedare inomirira rimwe ramasangano makuru okutonga kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, achibatira somuchengeti wekodzero dzapamutemo, mupedzi wekakavadzano, uye nzvero pasimba rehurumende.

Kubva pagadziriro mbiri dzematare ehurumende nehurumende kusvikira kugadziriro yedare redare redare rehurumende nerehurumende, kubva pamarudzi akasiyana - siyana okutonga kusvikira kumapoka akasiyana - siyana enhau, gadziriro yedare inobatanidza nheyo dzakaoma asi dzinonzwisisika dzakarongedzerwa kuvimbisa ruramisiro neruramisiro. Kuzvimirira kwedare, kwakadzivirirwa negadziriro dzemitemo uye kwakatsigirwa noruremekedzo rwavose, kunobvumira matare kubatira savatongi vasina rusaruro kunyange mumhaka dzenharo.

Vagari vanoshanda negadziriro yedare munzira dzakasiana - siana — savapindi venhau dzapamutemo, savatongi, savacherekedzi vemitongo yavose, uye savavhoti vanopesvedzera chisarudzo chedare nokutsigira mari yedare. Rimwe nerimwe raaya mabasa rinotakura mitoro uye rinopa mikana yokupa kutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa miitiro yedare, pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvedare, vachibatira pamatare apo anodanwa, uye vachitsigira kusvika kururamisiro nokuda kwavose, vagari vemo vanobetsera kuchengeta gadziriro yapamutemo inobatira nzanga yose.

Zvinetso zvinotarisana nematare epanguva ino — kubatanidza kuganhurirwa kwemanyuko, kusvika kuzvinhu zvinoda kugadzirirwa, kuchinja kwezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye kuwanda kwemhosva — kuvimbisana kwevoruzhinji uye kutsigira. Vagari vanonzwisisa zvinetso izvi vanokwanisa zviri nani kutsigira kuti zvinhu zvishande zvakanaka uye kuti vatsigire mari yakakwana yokutsigira masangano edare.

Nokushandisa nguva mukunzwisisa mashandiro anoita matare, nokubatanidzwa mudare apo mikana inomuka, uye nokuremekedza mutemo kunyange apo zvisarudzo zvakati zvinoodza mwoyo, vagari vemo vanoita mabasa avo uye vanobatsirwa kuti dare rirambe richiita mabasa aro anokosha munzanga inosarudzwa nevanhu vanosarudzwa nevanhu.

Gadziriro yedare inopiwa muiyi nhungamiro inopa hwaro hwenzwisiso, asi kudzidza pamusoro pematare muitiro unopfuurira. Sezvo mitemo inochinja, sezvo matare anotarisira denho itsva, uye sezvo nzanga inochinja, gadziriro yokutonga inochinja ichichengeta musengwa wayo mukuru kururamisiro pasi pomutemo. Kuva mugari wemo ane mutoro kunoda kwete bedzi nzwisiso yokutanga asi kupfuurira kuvimbisana netsigiro nokuda kwamasangano anodzivirira maruramiro edu nokupedza gakavarano mukuwirirana nenheyo dzakagadzwa dzemitemo.