Kunzwisisa Kuitwa Kwomutemo weHurumende: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Muitiro uyo hurumende dzehurumende dzinoita nawo mitemo chinhu chinokosha choupenyu hwevagari vemo muUnited States. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye varonzese vagari vemo, kunzwisisa muitiro uyu kunokosha kunzwisiswa kuti muitiro wavanhu vose unoumbwa sei uye kuti kodzero dzevanhu nemabasa zvinorondedzerwa sei. Nepo imwe neimwe yehurumende 50 ine miitiro netsika dzakasiyana - siyana, kunyanyoita mutemo wenyika kunotevera mutoo unowirirana. Nyaya ino inogovera kuputsika kwakadzikama kwerwei kwerwendo kunova mutemo wehurumende, mabasa evatori vezvikamu vakasiyana - siyana, uye masangano emitemo iyo hurumende dzinotonga. Nokuziva muitiro uyu, unowana zvishandiso zvokutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mumugariro wako wehurumende.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Wemajarini: Kubva Mupfungwa Kuenda Kumutemo

Muitiro wemitemo pamwero wenyika irwendo rwamaune, rwamadaro akawanda rwakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inokarakadzwa inosanorongwa, inokakavadzana, uye yakanatswa isati yaitwa. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza kazhinji kazhinji nhano huru dzinoverengeka, kuvambira pakutanga kwegweta kusvikira kutenderwa kwayo kwokupedzisira kana kuti kurambwa nagavhuna. Kunzwisisa nhano imwe neimwe inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka pesvedzero kana kuti kungotevera mashoko ehurumende yavo.

Kuzivisa uye Kutanga Kwebhiri

Nhano yokutanga mukuita mutemo wehurumende chikarakadzo chegweta. Mutemo ichinyorwa chomutemo unokarakadzwa unopiwa kudare remitemo nokuda kwokurangarira. Nepo mutezo bedzi wechibvumirano chehurumende (pamberi peImba yavamiriri, Gungano, kana kuti Dare, kuchitsamira pahurumende (*kusuma nenzira yapamutemo mutemo, kurudziro nokuda kwemutengo iwoyo inogona kubva mumanyuko akawanda. Iwaya anobatanidza:

  • [ Mitemo yeChibvumirano: Muiti wemitemo angakarakadza mutengo wakavakirwa pamifungo yavo vamene yemiitiro, zvipikirwa, kana kuti nhau idzo ivo pachavo vanorwira.
  • Vakonsitituke naVagari vemo: Vagariwo zvavo vemo, mapoka enzanga, kana kuti masangano okudzora vanhu vanogona kukumbira vamiriri vawo vakasarudzwa kuti vatange mutezo pamusoro wakananga, wakadai sedziviriro yemhoteredzo kana kuti mari yedzidzo.
  • Gavhuna: Vatongi vehurumende kazhinji kazhinji vanoonesa zvinhu zvavo zvokutanga zvemitemo muHurumende yegore negore yeHurumende kana kuti kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvakati, izvo vaiti vemitemo vanosuma sezvikwereti.
  • [ Masangano eMamishinari nevokuzvinyima: Sangano rounyanzvi, masangano, uye masangano asingabetseri purofiti nguva dzose zvinoronga mutemo womuenzaniso kana kuti kutsigira zvikwereti zvinowirirana nefariro dzawo.
  • Chikamu:[ Mapazu anotungamirira angaziva kudikanwa kwemitemo mitsva kana kuti chinjo dzokutungamirira nokukumbira kuti muiti wemitemo atsive bhiridha.

Kana muiti wemitemo angosarudza kubhadhara mari yepamutemo, vanoshanda nezano repamutemo rokunyora mutauro wakananga. Chibvumirano chinobva chapiwa nhamba (mutoo, H.B. 123 kana kuti S.B. 456) uye chinoziviswa nenzira yapamutemo mukamuri rakakodzera. Iyi sumo inoratidzira kutanga kwapamutemo kwomuitiro wemitemo. Nokuda kwemifungo yakawanda pamusoro pokuti zvikwereti zvinorongwa sei, [[FLT]] [FLT] Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)[FL:2] inogovera zviwiro zvikuru pamusoro pemiitiro yemitemo mumativi ose.

Kuongorora kweDare: Bhetri Rinoshanda Paurongwa Hwemitemo

Pashure pokunge dare ratangwa, rinogoverwa kudare rinoona nezvenhau yemari, rakadai seDare reDzidzo, Dare reDzidzo, kana kuti Dare reUtano neDzidzo dzavanhu. Iyi dare kazhinji kazhinji inzvimbo apo basa rine udzame zvikurusa uye duku papepa rinoitika. Matare anobatira savatengi, achibvumira mutemi wedare kutarisira mazana kana kuti zviuru zvezvikwereti zvinosundwa. Gadziriro yedare rinobatanidza nenzira yakananga:

  • Munfestry:[[[FT:1] mitezo yeDare navashandi vanokamuranisa zviri mukati mechikamu, tapuro dzemari, uye revo dzinobvira dzebumbiro remitemo. Vangakumbira mishumo kubva kumasangano ehurumende kana kuti vanzveri vakazvimirira.
  • Komiti dzePublic Heagers: dzinova nemhesano dzokuunganidza mashoko kubva kuvachengeti vazhinji vemitengo. Iri ipfundo guru rokuwana vanhu vose mumuitiro wemitemo. Vagari, nyanzvi, vagamuchiri, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vamasangano vanopupurira kutsigira kana kuti kupesana nomutemo, kugovera mashoko anokosha nemirangariro.
  • Mitemo nemhesano: Yakavakirwa pauchapupu nekurukurirano yemitezo, dare rinogona kugadzirisa mutezo. Iyi "markpu" rusando runogona kuchinja zvikuru mutauro wepepa, muganhu, kana kuti simba. Mutengo ungakamurwa kuva zvikwereti zvizhinji, zvakabatanidzwa nezvimwe, kana kuti kunyorwazve.
  • [[FLT: 0] ` Pashure pokurangarira, dare rivhota kana mari yacho ichitumira kunzvimbo yakazara. Zvisarudzo ndezvinowanzoitwa: do inopfuura[ (kutendera), [[FLT:]] [FLT]] rega kupfuura[ [[FOLT]] kupfuudza [[[FONT:]] . Kana dare "ibhorowa" rikasaidzosa , [

Gadziriro yedare inowedzera unyanzvi nokunzvera zvinobetsera kuchenesa mutemo usati wasvika pauriri hwakazara hwekamuri.

3. Nharo Dzakajeka Nokuvaka

Kana bhoti rikashumwa nenzira inobudirira richibva mudare, rinotamira kuuriri hwekamuri rinobva (kunyange Imba kana kuti Dare) nokuda kwokurangarirwa nemitezo yaro yose.Ipa ndipo apo mutungamiriri wekamuri, akadai soMutauri weImba kana kuti Mutungamiriri weDare, anoronga mutezo nokuda kwekurukurirano. Muitiro wouriri unobatanidza:

  • READING and Third Reads:[[FLT: 1] Mumaruwa mazhinjisa, bhoti inofanira kuva "verenga" pamazuva matatu akaparadzana. Kurava kwokutanga kunowanzova apo inotangwa ndokugoverwa kudare. Kurava kwechipiri kunoitika kurukurirano youriri, apo mutengo unodhindwa ndokuitwa kuti iwanike kumitezo yose. Kurava kwechitatu ndiko kunofanira kuva vhoti yokupedzisira.
  • : Mitemo inokurukura zvisakiso nemhindu. Mitemo yekurukurirano inosiana nehurumende, nemimwe ichibvumira nguva isina kuganhurirwa yokutaura uye mimwe kuisa ganhuriro dzorumano. Vatsigiri navashori vanopa nharo, kazhinji kazhinji vachishandisa uriri kutsigira kana kuti kupesana negadziriro dzakananga.
  • [[FOL:0] Kuchinja kunobva muFloor: Mukati mekurukurirano, mitezo ingakarakadza kugadziridzwa kwokuwedzera. Uku kugadziridzwa kunogona kuva nzira inokurumidza yokuchinja nayo chikwereti, asi kazhinji kazhinji vanonzverwa zvishoma kupfuura kugadziriswa kwedare.
  • Kupasa: Pashure pokunge kurukurirano yaguma, vhoti dzepamutengi papepa. Muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, voruzhinji vaavo varipo navanovhota vanodikanirwa kuti mutezo upfuure. Zvimwe zviidzo zvemitemo zvingada kupfuudzwa kukurusa (g., maviri-tatu). Miuyo inonyorwa mumagazini yekamuri.

Kana bhiri racho rangopfuura rimwe chete, rinotumirwa kune rimwe kamuri (zvikurukuru, kana rakatanga muImba, rinoenda kuDare) kwarinoongororawo dare, kukurukura pamusoro peimba, uye kuvhota.

4. Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana Nenzvimbo Yemitoro Yegavhuna

Kunozivikanwa navose kuti makamuri maviri apfuure shanduro dzakasiana dzemitemo imwe. Kuti apedze iyi misiyano. Kubatana mudare rimwe kungavhota kubvumirana nebvumirano. Kana vasingagoni kubvumirana, dare rokubatira pamwe rinoumbwa. Dare iri rinoumbwa nemitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri anobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Rura runofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro charo chokupedzisira risati ratumirwa kuna gavhuna.

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angopfuura rugwaro rwakafanana, runenge rwanyorwa, ruchitumirwa kumubati; zvinoti, zviitwe nomubati, kuti aite basa, zviitwe:

  • Chiratidzo Bill muMutemo: Uyu ndiwo muuyo unozivikanwa zvikurusa. Mutemo unova mutemo wehurumende pamusi wakatarwa, zvikurukuru pari pari pari zvino kana kuti pamusi womunguva yemberi unobudirira.
  • ` Gavhuna anodzosera mutemo kuimba yomutemo neshoko revhato rinotsanangura kuramba kwavo. Chigaro chemitemo chinogona kudzora nhindi mbiri (kana kuti mune dzimwe nyika, ruzhinji rwezvikamu zvitatu) mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Rega Bill kuva Mutemo Usina Chisaini: Muzvinhu zvakawanda, kana gavhuna asingaiti chiito mukati menhambo yakatarwa (mutoo, mazuva 10, kwete kuverenga maSvondo) apo dare remitemo rinenge riri murusando, mutengo wacho unova mutemo.
  • Munyika zhinjisa, gavhuna ane simba rokubudisa zvinhu zvakati kana kuti zvikamu zvemitemo yeappropries (mutengo unopedzerwa) achitendera zvasara.
  • [[FOL:0] Pocket Veto:[[FL:1] Kana chigaro chikamisa mubati asati agona kusaina kana kuti kuisa chiratidzo, bhiriti rinofa. Iri ivhato yomuhomwe, kunyange zvazvo risinganyanyi kuzivikanwa pamwero wenyika kupfuura pamwero womubatanidzwa.

Kunzwisisa basa ragavhuna kunokosha. Mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro chaiyo yehurumende anogona kuwanwa pamawebsite ehurumende, akadai se California Legislative Information[ , anonyora muitiro wose.

Kuumbwa uye Basa Remitemo yeHurumende

Hurumende ndiyo inoita mitumbi mikuru yemitemo muhurumende yehurumende. Iwo inzwi ravanhu, vane mutoro wokushandura kuda kwavanhu uye kudikanwa mumutemo wakabatana. Chirongwa chemitemo yehurumende chinosiana, asi vose vanogoverana mabasa makuru.

Mitemo Isingabvumirwi Nemitemo

Hurumende zhinjisa (49 kubva mu50) dzine dare remitemo yezvibvumirano , kureva kuti zvinokamurwa kuva dzimba mbiri: imba yapamusoro (inowanzonzi Dare) uye imba yakaderera (inowanzonzi Imba yeVamiriri, Gungano, kana kuti Imba yeVamiri vaMakoro). Nebraska inyika bedzi ine [FLT:] imba inotenderwa neyakasiyana - siyana, kamuri rimwe, inozivikanwa seNebraska Legaslature. Bhameral yakagadzirirwa kugovera zvimwe zvikwanedzo nechiyero mukati mebazi remitemo pachayo, inoda chibvumirano kuti itenderwe nemiviri yakasiana nemitemo yakasiana.

Zvirongwa Zvemitemo uye Utungamiriri

Hurumende dzinoita marusando enguva dzose, zvikurukuru pahwaro hwegore negore, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika (seTexas neMontana) dzichisangana bedzi mumakore ane nhamba dzakasiyana- siyana. Zvirongwa zvingaganhurirwa munguva inosvika nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Utungamiriri hwekamuri rimwe nerimwe hunoita basa rinokosha mukuumba magariro emitemo. [[FLT:]] Mutungamiriri weImba [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [mutebhenekeri] [pambe] [FLT]] [mute] [pamberi] [pa] napapo kudzosera mutemo. Varonge varonge varonge varonge matare, uye vane simba rokuuraya kupfurikidza nokuvhotera. [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] Mutungamiriri wemite] [FL:5] (mutenzi] (mutenzi]

Utariri Hunotonga

Pashure pokuita mitemo, matare ehurumende ane basa rokutsoropodza . Vanonzvera kuitwa kwemitemo kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende, kuhwirudzura bhajeti yehurumende, uye kunzvera nharaunda dzeitiro hanya yavose. Uku kutarisira kunoshandiswa kupfurikidza nokunzwa, mapiclations, uye simba rokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadza kwegubernerator. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti bazu rehurumende riri kushandisa mitemo semadonzo echirongwa chemitemo.

Marudzi Emitemo Yakagadzirwa Nehurumende Dzehurumende

Hurumende dzine masimba makuru amapurisa, ayo anovabvumira kuronga nhau dzinotapura utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vemo vadzo.

Mitemo Yematsotsi

Mitemo inorondedzera ndokushandisa ruzhinjisa rwemitemo yamatsotsi. Iyi mitemo inorambidza mufambiro wakananga(kuvambira patsoropodzo duku dzakadai sekuputswa kwemitongo yomumugwagwa kusvikira kuzvirango zvakakomba zvakadai sokuponda nokuba(*) uye kuraira zvirango, zvinogona kubatanidza faindi, kusungwa, uye mune dzimwe nyika, chirango chorufu. Mitemo yehurumende inosiyaniswa nomutemo wehurumende weutsotsi, unoshanda bedzi kuutsotsi hwehurumende hwakafanana nokunyepedzera kana kuti kutengesa mirimo kwechimushongo.

2. Mitemo yevagari vemo

Mitemo yevagari vemo inodzora kukakavadzana pakati pemasangano avanhu vamwe navamwe, zvakadai savanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano. iyi mitemo inogovera gadziriro yokupedza rwisano pasina kutendeukira kuzvirango zvoutsotsi. Nharaudzo huru dzomutemo wehurumende dzinobatanidza:

  • [[[Nto:0] Mutemo weKontra: unodzora zvibvumirano pakati pamativi.
  • [[[FRAT:0] Mutemo: unoreva zvakaipa zvomuvagari vemo zvakadai seregeredzo, kuvadziko yomunhu oga, uye kuzvidza.
  • [ Mutemo wakafanira:[ unodzora kuva muridzi, kutengeswa, uye kushandiswa kwenzvimbo nenhumbi zvomunhu oga.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Mutemo Wemhuri:[[[FLT: 1] unofukidza roorano, chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, uye kurera mwana.

Matare ehurumende ndiwo nzvimbo huru inoitirwa nharo dzevagari vemo, uye mitemo yehurumende inodzora nzira iyo iyi mhaka inobatwa nayo.

3. Mitemo Inodzora

Mitemo inodzora mitemo inoumbwa namasangano ehurumende, zvakadai seDhipatimendi reNzvimbo dzaNzvimbo dzinochengeteka, Department of Motor Vehicles, kana kuti State Board of Education. Masangano aya anowana chiremera chawo mukugonesa mirau inopiwa nedare. Mutemo unodzora mashandire anoita masangano, kutungamirira, kuva nenzwi, uye kumanikidza miraudzo. yapamutemo inoita chiito (A) munyika imwe neimwe inosimbisa muitiro wokuita mitemo, kuvimbisa chiziviso chavose uye mukana wetsinhiro.

4. Mitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene remitemo, iro riri mutemo mukurusa wehurumende, pasi bedzi peBumbiro reMitemo reU. Mutemo webumbiro remitemo weHurumende unobatanidza kududzirwa kweaya magwaro. Mitemo yeHurumende inowanzogovera dziviriro huru nokuda kwekodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe kupfuura zvinoita Bumbiro reMitemo reHurumende. Somuenzaniso, mabumbiro enyika akawanda anovimbisa kodzero yedzidzo kana kuti kuva woga. matare makurusa ehurumende ndiwo mabhishopi okupedzisira omutemo wehurumende, uye zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kuparira mipimo mitsva yemitemo yemitemo inotapura kuti mitemo yenyika ishande sei.

5. Kutevedzana uye Mitemo Yokutungamirira

Nepo isina kuitwa zvakananga nedare rehurumende, hurumende dzehurumende dzinobvumira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo /magariro, mataundi, uye mataundi(*kufambisa mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Iyi mitemo panhau dzakafanana nokugara, kudzora ruzha, mabumbiro emitemo, uye kuronga kwebhizimisi kwomunzvimbomo. Hurumende dzinogadzawo gadziriro yemitemo yakafara yemitemo inofukidza magorokotera ezvokugadzira (vatambi, magweta), dziviriro yemhoteredzo, utano hwavanhu vose (zvinodikanwa zvokushandisa, kunzvera kwezvitoro), uye zvinoiswa mumugwagwa wevoresipo.

Kupesvedzera Muitiro Wokuita Mitemo yeHurumende

Kuchinja kwakawanda kunoita zvikwereti zvinokarakadzwa, kugadziridzwa kwazvinoitwa, uye kana zvichizova mutemo. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

  • Public Opinion and Grasroots Movements: kuitira hanya vanhu kwakapararira, kazhinji kazhinji kunowedzerwa namasangano enhau namagariro, kunogona kusunda gweta kumusoro kwepurogiramu yemitemo.
  • [ Masangano akanyatsotenderwa anoshanda nesimba kupesvedzera mutemo, kugovera kunzvera, kunyora mutauro, uye kusangana navagadziri vemitemo.
  • Paritical:[ Utungamiriri hweboka kazhinji kazhinji hunodzora urongwa hwemitemo, uye chirango chebato chinogona kupesvedzera kuvhota uko mitezo mizhinjisa panhau huru.
  • [ Gavhuna: Kupfuura kusaina kana kuti kubvisa mari, gavhuna anoshandisa dzimbahwe ravo rezvamatongerwe enyika nechikuva chavose kutsigira kana kuti kushora mutemo.
  • [[ITSORO] Nheyo dzemitemo nezvisarudzo zveDare: mirau yedare inogona kumanikidza chibvumirano kugadziridza mitemo iripo kuti isvitse mipimo yebumbiro remitemo.

Nokuda kwokunyudza zvikuru musimba ramapoka edzvinyiriro mukuita mutemo, .gov peji pamusoro penzira iyo mitemo inoitwa nayo inopa enzanisa yehurumende yakajeka uye inosimbisa basa rokutora rutivi.

Nei Tichifanira Kunzwisisa Kudzika Mitemo yeHurumende

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzinoita sei mitemo inopfuura kungoshandisa dzidzo chete; iko chinhu chinokosha chokuva mugari wemo anobudirira.Mitemo yehurumende ine simba rakananga uye rapakarepo paupenyu hwako, kubva pakunaka kwemvura yaunonwa kusvikira kumuganhu wekumhanya kwepandege yako uye wezvidzidzo zvechikoro chemwana wako.

  • Advocate Effective: Achiziva kuti uchapupurira rini uye sei padare ringatongwa, onana nomuiti wemitemo wako, kana kuti kuvaka mubatanidzwa unowedzera bviro yenzwi rako rinzwiwa.
  • Vamba Vakuru vakuru Vanozvidavirira:[[FLT: 1] Nzwisiso yakaziviswa yokuti mutemo unova mutemo sei inokubvumira kuronda mavhoti omumiriri wako nezviito, kusimudzira kuzvidavirira.
  • Kunzwisisa muCivic Life: Kunzwisisa tsika kunoderedza kutsoropodza uye kunokupa simba rokutora rutivi muhoro dzetaundi, nhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose, uye sarudzo.

mhedziso

Rwendo rwechibvumirano chemitemo kupfurikidza nedare rehurumende (kubva kupfungwa iri nyore kuenda kumutemo unosunga(ichi chitendi choune uye chinoshanda pamwe chete chokutonga kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji. Nepo muitiro wacho unogona kuva wakaoma uye pane dzimwe nguva kunonoka, kubvira panhanho yedare kusvikira kudhesiki yedare, yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokunyatsofunga nezvezvinodiwa nomutemo. Hurumende imarabhoritari edemo yehurumende, uye mabasa adzo dzomutemo anoratidza zvinodiwa netsika zvakasiana - siana negadziriro iyi inokosha. Nokuzvirovedza umene negadziriro iyi inokosha, unozvishongedzera umene kuva mutsigiriki mukuru mubasa rinopfuurira rokuumba nguva yemberi yenyika yako. Kana uri mudzidzi, mudzidzisi, kana kuti mugariwo zvake anoitira hanya, kuvimbisa kwako kuutano hwehurumende yedu yenyika yedu.