Makore gumi ari ose, pashure peUnited States Census, muitiro wakanyarara asi unovapo unopfuudzira munyika yose: kuyera. Kudhirowa kwemiganhu yevhota kunotema kuti nzanga dzinomiririrwa sei pamitengo yomunzvimbomo, yenyika, uye yehurumende. Kure nebasa renyika rokudzora, kudzokororwa ishongwe huru yehurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuumba uko mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika ane simba, uko nzanga dzine inzwi, uye inhau ipi inova inoiswa mungozi.

Murangariro we "munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe" wakasimbiswa neDare Rapamusorosoro munhau dzechiratidzo dzakadai se Reynolds v. Sims (1964), achisimbisa kuti maruwa emitemo anofanira kuva akaenzana muchiverengero chavagari vemo. Zvisinei, nzira iyo mitsetse iyo inokweviwa nayo yakaramba iri unyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwakatsinhanwa zvikuru. Nyaya inoputsa gadziriro yapamutemo, muitiro wemiitiro yemichina, gakavadzano yakapoteredza gerrymaning, uye vagari vemo vanotsoropodza vanogona kutamba nayo mukugadzira mamirire avo vamene.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo nerepamutemo

Kuderedza hakuzati kuchingovawo zvako muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika; kunosungwa nemubatanidzwa wegadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye mienzaniso yedare.

Kuverengwa Kwevanhu Sechikwata Chinoyera

Hurumende yeU.S. inoraira kuverengwa kwavanhu makore gumi ari ose (Mazita I, Chikamu 2). Kunyorwa kwechiverengero chavagari vemo kunoguma kutema kugoverwa kwezvigaro 435 muImba yaVamiririri pakati penyika. Nyika ipapo dzinoshandisa iyi mikana yemitengo yakakwirira kunyora mashoko ehurumende nenzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa. Kururama nokukwana kwokuverenga vanhu kunotapura zvakananga kuparadzirwa kwesimba rezvematongerw enyika. 2020 Census yakatarisana nedenho dzisingaenzaniswi, kubatanidza hondo yeDare gurusa pamusoro penhau yougari hwemo, kudzokoronga kwezvamatongerwe enyika paBato reCHOuse, uye kunonoka kunoparirwa nedenderedzwa neCHOUVHOD. Uku kudzo dzakabatanidza nguva nokuda kwokuvaradzisa kwadzokororwa kwamashoko uye kwakaparira kusava nechokwadi kwapamutemo kwakapoteredza kubatira.

Nhevedzo Dzakanyanya Dzakaitwa neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Zviteshi zvakawanda zvinoumba danda remitemo inoyera uye zvinorondedzera miganhu inofanira kushandiswa nevagadziri vemapu:

  • Baker v. Carr (1962):[[FL:1] yakazarura suo rokuti matare ehurumende anzwe nhau dzinopeta, achisimbisa kutaura ikoko kwokusashanda zvakanaka kwenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvakaenzana panzvimbo pemibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika bedzi.
  • Wesberry v. Sanders (1964): yakagadza "munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe" nheyo nokuda kwamaruwa emisangano, ichida kuti vave vakaenzana muchiverengero chavagari vemo sezvinobvira munhamba.
  • Reynolds v. Sims (1964): Akatsvaka munhu mumwe, mupimo mumwe" kuruwa rwemitemo, achizivisa kuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzechirongwa chehurumende inofanira kugoverwa pahwaro hwechiverengero chavagari vemo.
  • Ruko v. Chokonzera Chavose (2029): Chisarudzo chinokosha apo Dare Rapamusorosanopfuura rakarangarira kuti vaparadzi vanotaura kuti vanopa mubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika usingasviki matare ehurumende, uchidzorera nhau yacho nenzira inobudirira kumatare ehurumende nemitemo.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero (VRA)

Voting Rights Act ya1956, zvikurukuru Chikamu 2, inorambidza muitiro upi noupi wokuvhota kana kuti muitiro unoguma nokuramba kana kuti kuganhurirwa kwekodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yedzinza kana kuti ruvara. Ichi chishandiso chine simba chinorwisana nerwumwe rudzi , chinoda kuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzine nhau dzorusarura ku "precriorique" chinjo dzipi nedzipi nemitemo yavo yokuvhotera neRuramisiro, dzakaiswazve nenzira inobudirira neDare repamusorosoro mu Shelby County v. Hanger [FLT:] [20] [20] [8] [8]). mhaka yazvino uno unotongedzerwa kurwisana norudzi rwakasiyana. Rudzi runovara pamutemo runova runobatira chinyorwa chakajeka zvikuru pakati porumwe (FLGer] mukurwisana norumwe rudzi.

Michina Yemitsetse

Muitiro wokushandura mashoko okuverenga mumepu dzinosarudzwa unobatanidza vatambi chaivo, mipimo, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kunzwisisa ava vanamakanika kunoderedza kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yehurumende.

Ndiani Anokweva Mitsetse?

Sangano rine mutoro wokuchinja mativi rinosiana zvikuru nehurumende, kuchiparira basa rakaganhurirwa rokuzvidavirira uye kujeka munyika yose:

  • State Legislatures: Munyika zhinjisa, mubatanidzwa wehurumende unodzora muitiro. Ikoku kunoparira rwisano yefariro, sezvo vaiti vemitemo vari kunyora maruwa avo vamene vachapindamo (kana kuti nokuda kwebato ravo). Uyu muenzaniso unotapukira zvikurusa kurukudzo.
  • Commissions dzinozvimirira: Dzimwe nyika (g. California, Arizona, Michigan) dzakabvisa muitiro wacho kubva kuna vezvamatongerwe enyika chose chose, kuisa simba mudare ravagari vemo rakazvimirira kana kuti rapapatitira. Uyu muenzaniso wakakurumbira nenzira inowedzera sechinjo yokurwisa gerrymaning, asi unogona kutarisana nedenho dzawo umene negurodhi kana kuti zvigaro zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Commissions: Muenzaniso wemivhenganiswa umo vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa vanogadza mitezo, kazhinji kazhinji kuchitungamirira kukurwa kwokusarura kunoratidzira chirongwa chomutemo chimene.
  • Advisory Commissions: Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa masangano anodhirowa mepu, asi mepu idzodzo dzinofanira kutenderwa nedare remitemo, dzichipa chirevo chokupedzisira kuvezvematongerwe enyika.

Unogona kuona kuputsika kwakakwana kwomuitiro wakananga wewebsite yehurumende pa National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)[[FL:1].

Mupimo Wetsika Unoderedza

Kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa, nyika zhinjisa dzakashandisa mupimo wegamuchidzanwa wokuchinja uko kunoshanda sezviwirirano zvokurinda nokuda kwemepu:

  • Kudzikamisa Kuenzana: Mupimo mukuru. Maruwa eCongression anofanira kuwana wirirano yakananga yemasvomhu. Maruwa emitemo ehurumende anogona kushivirira kutsauka kuduku kana akaruramiswa nevavariro dzehurumende.
  • [[FT:0] Ungwaru: Mativi ose oruwa anofanira kuva akabatanidzwa mumuviri. Ruwa harugoni kuva nezvitsuwa zviri kure zvendima.
  • Utera: Nzvimbo inofanira kuva iri pedyo zvikuru nechimiro. Bizarre, zvimiro zvakakura kazhinji kazhinji chiratidzo chegerrymanindering. Metrics sePolsby-Ppaper inoyera ikoku.
  • Masangano eChishuvo: Zvichida mupimo mukurusa. Izvozvi zvinovavarira kuchengeta nharaunda dzinowirirana, mapoka etsika, matunhu ezvemari, uye nzvimbo dzomumaguta/maguta pamwe chete kuti vagone kusarudza mumiriri anonzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvavo. Kubatanidza uye kutanga "masangano efariro" ipfundo guru renharo mukati mekutongwa kwavose.
  • chengeta maCores of Ofly District: Nyika zhinji dzinoda vagadziri vemamepu kudzivisa vavhoti vanokamura zvisina kufanira kupinda mumaruwa matsva, anogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti pamusoro pokuvamirira ndokudzongonyedza mabasa akatangwa.

Basa Rezvinyorwa Nezvounyanzvi

Kuwedzera kuwanika kwemashoko ekuvhota, mashoko okuwanikwa kwevatengi kwakaita kuti zvinyatsojeka, zvinoshanda, uye zvakaoma kuongorora pasina kuongorora. Maputers anogona kutevedzera migumisiro yesarudzo nenzira dzakarurama zvikuru pakuvhota.

Gerrymandering: Chinetso Chinopfuurira Chokuva Akarurama

Nepo kunyora mitsetse yoruwa kuri madikanwa, muitiro wokushandisa mifungo iyoyo nokuda kwebetsero yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti yorudzi unozivikanwa segerrymaning. Shoko racho rakatangwa muna 1812 apo Gavhuna weMassachusetts Elbridge Gerry akasaina mepu yoruwa yakafanana nesalamander.

Kugadzira Mavhairasi

Izvi zvinoitika kana boka resimba richikweva maruwa kuti riwedzere zvigaro zvaro nokuderedza zvigaro zvokushora. Mazano maviri okutanga ndeokuti:

  • Kuparadzira: boka rakaganhurirwa ravavhoti vanoshora mumaruwa anoverengeka umo vanova vashoma muimwe neimwe, vachideredza simba ravo rokuvhota.
  • Kuisa mubatanidzwa: Vavhoti vechishoro muruwa rumwe, kuchibvumira boka guru kuwina maruwa akapoteredza zvakanaka.

Muenzaniso wakajeka unobva kuOhio neNorth Carolina muma 2010, umo masangano eRepublica akanyora mepu dzakapa nguva dzose mubato wavo 75-80% yezvigaro zvesangano pasinei zvapo nokuwina 50-55% bedzi vhoti yenyika yose. Sezvakacherechedzwa, Dare Gurusa redare rakapinda mu RUURO v. Chisarudzo chaMarudzi [[[FL:1] [2010] [209]) bvisa madare ehurumende kubva payaingarati irrymanring. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende akapinda mudate, achirova pasi pemapuregina muO, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, uye Mexico. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave noruware rwakakwirira nokusarudza rusarusaru rweruwa. Bren Centerern Concenter (5)

Kuparadzana Kwedzinza

Voting Rights Act inoshanda pano. Kudzorwa kwedzinza kunoitika apo jaho riri "pamberisa" mukunyora mitsetse yoruwa, uye hakugoni kururamiswa nefariro inogombedzera. Ikoku kwakasiana nokusika "kuzvinyima kupfuvura" maruwa apo aidikanwa pasi peChikamu 2 kudzivisa kushatisa. Chisarudzo cheDare reChikuru reDare mu [FOLD] Allen v. Milligan (2023) rwakanga rwuri rukundo rwetsika rwekodzero dzokuvhotera, kudzosa mepu yedare reAlabamass yakaputsa sezvingabvira nechikamu 2 kubvisa simba rokuvhotera reBlack conting. Dare rakaraira mugariro wokudhinda kuti ugovezve purodzire bhiri repiri apo muruwa rwamabhiri ringagona kuratidzira nhauro ino ino.[Ftrutrykn argrometry trains arder, inotongeri mudare rinoshati.

Nzira Yokuwana Nayo Majemusi

Vatsigiri uye nyanzvi vakakudziridza mwero wakaenzana newakarurama wokuti mepu ive yakanaka here:

  • Mukaha wokushanda zvakanaka:[[FLT: 1]] Mavhoti (mavhoti omubhadhari anorasikirwa kana kuti mavhoti omubhadhari anowana kupfuura aidikanwa kuwina). Mukaha mukuru wokubudirira unoratidzira kuti mumwe munhu ari kupambadza nenzira yakarongwa mavhoti akawanda kupfuura mumwe.
  • Parisan Bias: Kuenzanisa kunoita mapoka muhurumende yakapiwa kuvhota kwakaenzana. Inoyera kana mepu ichitaura zvikamu.
  • Musiyano weMean-Median: Musiyano pakati pevhoti yeruwa yeavhareji nevhoti yoruwa rwezvinobudisa nhau kugoverana. Musiyano mukuru unoreva kufarira mubato nezvinobudisa nhau zvakaderera.

Kodzero Dzako Nemikana Yokutaura

Kudzosera kunenge kusiri muitiro wakavharwa wezvirongwa zvematongerwe enyika. Vagari vemo vane kodzero dzine simba uye nzira dzokuda kuratidzwa zvakanaka. Mwero wokuona nokubudisa pachena zvinosiyana nehurumende, asi muitiro wacho unoita kuti zvive pachena zvikuru.

Kutora Rutivi Ruzhinji Mumuitiro Wokunyora Mapu

Hurumende zhinjisa dzinodikanirwa kuva nokunzwa kwavose uko vagari vemo vanogona kupupurira pamusoro penzira iyo mepu dzinokarakadzwa dzinotapura nayo nzanga dzavo. Nzira inotova huru zvikuru yokuita nayo ndeyokuisa mepu yako umene. Mitengo yakawanda zvino inobvumira vagari vemo kuisa mepu dzavo vamene dzakakwana vachishandisa mapepa anowanika pachena. Platforms se Driquetorr inoita kuti zvive nyore kuti munhu upi noupi akweve nokuisa mepu yoruwa yapamutemo kuhurumende yake kana kuti purogiramu.

Pakubatanidzwa, kunobetsera kujekesa chinoumba `kubatana kwako kwefariro'. Iko ruwa rwechikoro here? Koriji yemari here? Nhaka yetsika kana kuti yedzinza yakawiriranwa? Vagari vemo vanogona kurondedzera nzanga idzi zvakajeka zvikuru, kuri kuoma zvikuru kuti vagadziri vemapu vadziparadzane pasina pembedzo. Kugovera tsinhiro dzakanyorwa noufakazi hwemashoko mukati menhambo yetsinhiro yavose inzira inobudirira zvikurusa yokupesvedzera nayo mepu yokupedzisira.

Kujeka uye Kudzorwa Kwepamutemo

Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvine "Mitemo Yakasimba" inoda kuti mepu dzose dzemamepu, kurukurirano, uye mepu dzinonyorwa zvive chinyorwa chavose. Kana ukanyumwira gerrymanidering (yavarwi kana kuti yakabatana mumatare ehurumende), denho dzapamutemo dzinogona kukwidzwa. Mapoka akafanana neCampaign Legal Center, ACLU, uye NAACP Legal Defense Fund inowanzounza idzi nhau. Vagari vemo vanogonawo kutsiva masangano avo okuzvimirira kuti vagamuchire masangano anozvimirira echiuto anobatira nokuda kwenhambo ye 2030. Kunzwisisa nguva chaiyo yehurumende inoyera nguva nemiraudzo yemitemo kunokosha nokuda kwekubudirira.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuchinja: Kuchinja uye Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Kurwisana kwemaruwa akanaka kuri kuramba kuchiitika makore gumi adarika, uye kwachinja chaizvo magadzirirwo anoitwa zvinhu izvi, zvichiratidza kuti kutenderera kwema2030 kuchatanga.

Kumuka Kwemasangano Okuzvimirira

Mumhinduro kunjodzi inodzorwa, vavhoti munyika dzinoverengeka vakatenderwa zvirongwa zvokugadzira masangano especial committee. Michigan (Profical 2, 2018), Colorado (Amend Y/Z, 2018), uye Ohio (Issue 1, 2015) ose akasundwa kumiedzo inobvisa vezvamatongerwe enyika pamuitiro wokukweva muganhu. Masangano aya kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ane mitemo yorumano pamusoro pebipartarishanishi, kunzwa kwapachena, uye kujeka. Tarira iri sangano kuti uwane kupinza mukutenderera kwebasa kukuru mu2030, zvikurukuru munyika umo rimwe boka rinodzora muitiro wose wekura.

Kugadzira Ruwa rwemitemo uye Uchenjeri Hwokugadzira

Kune fariro iri kukura mukushandisa maatomu kuti zvive namaremikirabhu kunyora "maruwa akasariranwa" kupfurikidza nokuita mafashoni nokuda kwemipimo yakati (sekubatana kana kuti makwikwi) apo kufuratira mitaro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, mipimo yokugadzira mepu inofanira kuva yemafaro ndeyemuzvarirwo: inofanira kuva makwikwi okuwedzera rati, kana kuti kuva nechokwadi chokuti nzanga dzenzvimbo dzinochengetedzwa here? Ungwaru hwemitengo hungagona kushandiswa kugadzira mazana ezviuru zvemepu mumasekondi, kubvumira vagadziri vemapu kuronda kuronda akanakisisa nokuda kwebato ravo. Nenzira yakapesana, matururo angabatsira vazivi vehurumende kuti vasarukidze unyanzvi hwakanaka, kuderedza unyanzvi hwezvokugadzirwa kwangove kwakachengeterwa nokuda kwevezvematongerw enyika mukati ezvematongerw enyika.

Kugadzirira 2030

Vashandi, vatori venhau, uye vagari vemo vanovimbisana vava kutoisa hwaro nokuda kwekutenderera kunotevera. Kurwira kuverenga vanhu kwakazara uye kwakarurama kunopfuurira. Mapoka ezvikoro ari kuvavarira mitemo inodzorwa nenzvimbo inopesana nehurumende uye mitemo yakasimba zvikuru. Kunzwisisa mitemo yomutambo zvino ndiko kugadzirira kwakanakisisa kupesvedzera kuti mepu inozonyorwa sei makore gumi kubva zvino. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuronga kuverenga vanhu, kugadziridza kwomutemo, uye kugadziridza nzvimbo yemitemo yezvokudzora kodzero dzemitemo kupota nyika kupoteredza Voting Rights Act.

Kudzosera kusingaonekwi iko kugadzirwa kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica. Inosarudza kuti manzwi ani akawedzerwa uye anonyaradzwa. Nepo muitiro wacho wakaoma uye kazhinji kazhinji wakamonereka murwisano inopesana, hausati uri chinhu chisingasviki vagariwo zvavo. Nokunzwisisa nheyo dzapamutemo, mipimo younyanzvi, uye nzira dzokuita nadzo kuti vanhu vagowana, unogona kuita kuti hurumende yako izvidavirire nokuda kwokudhirowa mepu dzakaisvonaka.

Kubatanidzwa kunokosha. Kurwira kuratidzwa kururamisira hakugumiri nemhosva yedare kana kuti kusarudzwa kumwe. Kuda kungwarira kwenguva refu. Gara uchiziva nezvezvakaedza kuitwa munyika yako nokutevera nhau dzomunzvimbomo, kupinda dare rinoteererwa navanhu vose, uye masangano anotsigira akazvitsaurira kukuona zvakanaka uye kururamisira. Inzwi rako nevhoti yako ndiyo nheyo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda.