Chinodikanwa neChiratidzo chaClaus, chinowanwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, Clause 18 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., ndiimwe yegadziriro dzinovapo zvikurusa mumutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo. Inopa Congress simba “rokuita Mitemo yose ichava iri madikanwa uye yakafanira kupfuudzira mukuita masimba achangobva kupfuura, uye mamwe Masimba ose akapiwa neBumbiro remitemo muHurumende yeUnited States, kana kuti muBazi ripi neripi kana kuti mumirimo waro.". Kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore, chitsauko chave chiri pakati pekurukurirano yechiremera chenyika, miganhuro yemasimba anorongwa, uye basa rakafanira rejudiary mushanduro yakajeka. Mitemo yemitemo yemitemo yapakuvamba inopa mashandisipire kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi uye kutsanangura rediro yenhau.

Kunzwisisa Nheyo Dzepakutanga

.Origalist imhuri yenhamba dzinodudzira mitoo iyo inotsigira kuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo runofanira kupiwa revo yarwunayo panguva yarwakagamuchirwa. Nepo kune misiano inokosha mumurangariro wemavambo apakuvamba. Yakadai sevavariro yapakuvamba, revo yapakuvamba, uye rugwaro rwapakuvamba nerevo yenhau kuidzoresa, revo inodzvinyirira. Vana pakuvamba vanoramba murangariro wokuti Bumbiro remitemo i “chinyorwa chakararama” chine revo inovambirana nezvinokosha. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanochengeta kuvimbika kunzwisiso yapakuvamba yavanhu vose inochengeta maruramiro oudzoro yehurumende nomutemo.

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yopakuvamba Yakapindwa Mungozi

Vatangiri vapakuvamba, vakadai saAttorney General Edwin Meese muma 1980, kazhinji kazhinji vakanangidzira ngwariro pavavariro dzenhau dzemaFramers. Nhasi, vatangi vazhinjisa vanotevera revo yavanhu yekare yakavanzika yakatsigirwa naMutongi Antonin Scalia nenyanzvi yemitemo. Muiyi murangariro wakafanira inzi Ry Barnett kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yezvakaizivikanwa, kwete vavariro dzakavanzika dzevagadziri vedrake. Iyi translate inoita kuti donzo rapakuvamba rive rakatonyanya uye risatsamira pazvinyorwa zvenhau zvisina kukwana. Nokuda kwechidiviso naFather Claus, iyi inoratidzika kuva kushandiswa kwavose mukupera kwezana ramakore rechisere, sokuno kwomutemo uye kutonge kwamashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Basa Ramanyuko Enhau

Vezvokuvamba vanotsamira pamanyuko akasiyana- siyana kuti vawane revo yapakuvamba: maduramazwi anobva munguva yokuvamba, kurukurirano dzehurumende, Federalist Papers, zvinyorwa zveConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo, rondedzero dzapakuvamba dzapamutemo, uye tsananguro dzapakuvamba dzedare. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti aya manyuko anogona kuva asina kujeka uye kuti chinyorwa chenhau kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hachina kukwana. Vazivi venhau vanopindura kuti vavariro yacho haisati iri yechokwadi chakakwana asi isimbiso inoturikira miganhuro. Nokuda kwechinodikanwa neChinyorwa chaClauslasse, chinyorwa chenhau chakapfuma chakapfuma zvikuru, chinopa tsinhiro huru kubva kumifananidzo yakadai saJames Maces, Alexander Hamily, naThofferson.

Chiri Nani Nechakafanira chaClaus: Mashoko Nendima

Mashoko chaiwoiwo eChinetso neChitendero chaClaus akanga ari mugumisiro wokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. PaConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo, nhume dzakakakavadzana kuti kupa Congress masimba makuru akarongwa kana kuti kuaganhurira chose chose kudokudoma zvinangwa. Chitsama chacho sezvachakagamuchirwa chakanga chiri basa reDare reMitemo uye chakanga chakaitirwa kudzivisa kudikanwa kwesimba rose renyika. James Madison akatsanangura muFederalist No. 44 kuti “pasina chinhu chesimba iri, Bumbiro remitemo rose raizova tsamba yakafa.” Iye akapikisa kuti chirevo kuti chirevo chamashoko chakanga chiri “chinodikanwa” kubvumira kuti chirongwa chishatiso chishatisike masimba ose anorongwa. Asi akanyeverawo kuti hachina kubvumira masimba matsva api naapi akazvipi zvinozvimiriririkamuranisa.

Murairidzi Wehurumende Nha. 44 ne “Nharo dzeChibvumirano”

“Hapana aroma rakasimbiswa zvakajeka zvikuru mumutemo, kana kuti mumurangariro, kupfuura kuti kupi kana kupi mugumo unodikanwa, mutoo unobvumirwa; kupi kana kupi uko simba guru rokuita chinhu rinopiwa, simba riri rose rinodikanwa nokuda kwokuchiita rinobatanidzwa. — James Madison, Federal A. 44

Mutauro waMadison unokarakadza mutoo wokuregerera: mutoo upi noupi unobatanidzwa nenzira ine mufungo nemugumo unorongwa unobvumirwa nebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, akaomererawo kuti chitsama chamashoko hachina kukudziridza masimba anoverengwa iwo amene. Anti-Federalist, mukupesana, vakatya kuti mutauro “wakafanira newakafanira” waizokwanurwa kumedza miganhu yose pachiremera chehurumende. Mumhinduro, vatsigiri veBumbiro reMitemo vakanongedzera kumashoko okuti“ zvakaisvonaka” seimwe ganhuriro yechinhu chaidikanwa bedzi asi kuti mitemo inofanirawo kuva inowirirana nechimiro cheBumbiro remitemo nekodzero zvinorichengeta.

Kududzira Claus Pakutanga

Vadudziri vanoshandisa zviito zvakajeka zvinoverengeka pakunzvera mufungo wakakurumbira muna “ zviri madikanwa” uye “ zvinorehwa”. Chiratidzo chikuru John Marshall chakakurumbira mu [[FLT:]. Marshall] [4] [madiro] [[FLT] anoreva kuti [[FLT:] [18]] [18]) akagadza mutezo: “zvinokosha” asi hakurevi kutokosha. Marshall anoramba kududzirwa kwapa kwakaganhurirwa naT, uyo akareva kuti“ anoregwa naTswo. Marshall, uyo akareva kuti. [5]

Revo ya “Muprofiti”

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinosimbisawo kuti “” zvinoraira kuti chirevo chakasiana. Mukuvambwa kwegadziriro,“ chakafanira” chinoreva “kukwana, kwakakodzera, kwakakodzera” uye, mumashoko epamutemo,“ kubatana norudzi rwesimba negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.” Chinodikanwa chokuti mitemo ive “yakafanira” inorambidza mipimo inopesana nemitemo yapamutemo yakadai seBill of Rightss, kana kuti inopindirana nenzvimbo. Mutongi Scalia, mumurangariro wake unowirirana mu [[FLT: 0] United States v. Comsstock [20], yakatsanangura kuti “zvakafanira" zvinoda kuratidzwa kwomutemo kuti“ unoumbwa nemasimba akaganhurirwa." uye kudzosaidzo yehurumende. [Idzinoshatsa .]

Kudzidza Nezvetsika Dzevanhu Kunoshandiswa: “Masimba Okufunga” Dzidziso

Chinodikanwa neChitanhamari hachipi Congress simba razvimirira; chinopa simba rokupinza mukuita mamwe masimba. Naizvozvo vazivi vemavambo vanoda kuti mutemo mumwe nomumwe wakaiswa pasi pechitsama uwirirane nesimba rakati. Irori rinozivikanwa sedzidziso ye [ idzidziso yemanzwi. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLD]]] [MCULLLY][[[FFLT]]] [[3], Congressssss yakapa bhangi renyika yose senzira yokuita masimba ayo kubhadhara mutero, kukwereta mari, uye bhizimisi. bhangi raifanira kuita kuti zvisarudzo kupfurikidza nemitemo. [R.5]

Kunetsa Kwezvisarudzo Zvekutonga Zvazvino Uno

Nheyo dzekare dzakaumba dare redare guru rapamberi pevhu mitemo inoverengeka ine revo paChirevo Chamatongerwo aPurein paMaria neFanety Claus mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. Mu United States v. Comstock [2010], Dare rakatsigira mutemo wehurumende unobvumira musengwa wevatano wevasungwa vane ngozi yevatano pashure pokunge mirariro yavo yapera. Voruzhinji, vachishandisa muedzo wakafara wemifungo yetsika, vakawana mutemo “wakafanira newakafanira” kushandisa simba reCongress Congressworlet [Prose] kuti udzorence majeri makuru. Mutongi Kennedy anobvumira mutongo waMakuru echipoka anotanga kurava kwake zvose zviri zviviri.

[[[FUTO:0]NFIB v. Sebelius (202) uye Mandate imwe neimwe

Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, Dare rakarangarira kana murairo weAffordhable Care Act waigona kutsigirwa se “mutoo uri madikanwa newakafanira” wokudzora musika weinishuwarenzi. Mutongi mukuru Roberts anoramba murangariro iwoyo, akabata kuti Claus ashandiswe kugadzira simba idzva, rakasununguka (* serinogombedzera vanhu kutenga chinhu). Chirevo charo, chakarangarira kuti, chakanga chisiri chakafanira nemhaka yokuti chaidzorwa kushata nenzira iyo yaizochinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yoruwa nehurumende. Uku kurangarira kwapakuvamba:

Uchangamire hweHurumende ne “Chiratidzo”

Imwe nzvimbo umo mavambo anodudzira chitsama chamashoko inooneka zvikuru iri muzvinoitika pamusoro pouchangamire hwehurumende. Mu New York v. United States (1992 na[FLT:]]Prentz v. United States [1997], Dare rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende iyo yakadzorwa ne “hurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vamanikidze gadziriro dzehurumende. Voruzhinji mu [[FLT:]] Pripz, inotungamirirwa naSahlulerositi, yairangarira kuti murairo wakadaro wakanga usati uri“ wakafanira nemhaka yokuti udzoresa uchangamire hwehurumende sehwakanzwisiswa. Dare rakaratidzika kuti, Federationsting, Perceptions Coult, uye Departstingstingstingssssssssss kuipt anopfungisa sei mashoko enhau renyika inopfumitenziro.

Mazano Okutanga Akashandiswa Kumufungo Wakafanira uye Wakafanira waClaus

Pasinei zvapo nebatano yayo youngwaru, kududzira kwepakuvamba kweChikwaniriso chaClaus kunotarisana netsoropodzo dzinoverengeka. Chirambidzo chinozivikanwa ndechokuti ufakazi hwenhau hunopesana uye hunogona kurongwa nenzira yakasarudzwa kutsigira zvimwe simba renyika rakafara kana kuti rakamanikana. Somuenzaniso, James Madison(8) anodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji navafundisi sechiremera [_______] akashandura mirangariro yake amene kubva pakududzirwa kwakafara zvikuru mukati mekurukurirano yenharo kuidzo yakamanikana gare gare gare gare. Ndizvipi Madison anofanira kudzora? Uyezve, mienzaniso yapakuvamba yakafanana [[FLT:] MClulloch v. Mary amene akagamuchira kurava kwakapfava kwe “magariro akaitwa kuti agone kudzora.

Chinetso Chokudzora “Chioko Chakafa”

Chimwe chibvumirano ndechekuti kuturikira mavambo kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunzvimbo dzamagumi namasere dzezana ramakore idzo dzisingagoni kukarira zvinhu zvemari naruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvazvino uno. Chinodikanwa neSano Claus, zvakanzwisiswa pakuvamba, zvingasabvumira mapurogiramu akawanda ehurumende ayo maAmerica zvino anotora seyapamutemo, chengeteko yemhoteredzo, kana kuti mitemo yokudzora yehurumende. Vapristard vanopindura kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinogona uye rinofanira kugadziridzwa kutarisana nedenho itsva, uye kuti kudzorwa kwedare kuri nani kukugadzirwa kwomuitiro wedare. Ivo vanocherekedzawo kuti mutauro unochinjika wechikamu chinonzi chenyika zvinonzi Social Security, chengeteko, kana kuti “zvakanaka” zvamaune unoda kubvumira kugadziridzwa kwemitezone mufungo, kwenguva refu sezvo ganhuriro huru yegadziriro yokuvaka inoramba iripo.

Kunyomba Sechinovhiringidza

Pasinei zvapo neiyi tsoropodzo, kuvamba kunoramba kuchikwezva kuvatongi vazhinji uye nyanzvi nemhaka yokuti kunopikira kumanikidzirwa kwenheyo pachisarudzo chokutonga. Mumashoko akapoteredza egadziriro yetsika dzapakuvamba dzinopesvedzera Claus iri madikanwa neNdoda dzapakuvamba dzinotonga kubvunza sei mibvunzo yenhau yakajeka: Vatangi vakanzwisisa sei ukama pakati pamasimba akajairika naanorongwa? Iganhuriroi dzavanoda kuti “zvakafanira” zviise mukuwirirana nomutemo? Kupfurikidza nokunzvera rugwaro nenhau, mavambo anovavarira kudzivisa miedzo inovanzwa yakazaruka iyo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kutsinhirano nemitemo yapamutemo.

mhedziso

Mutevedzeri weChinetso chaClaus naSeaty idict ilnchpine yesimba rehurumende, uye kududzira kwayo kwapakuvamba kunoramba kuri simba rinokosha mumutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nokunangidzira ngwariro parevo yavanhu yapakuvamba ye “masimba akarongwa” uye“ akafanira,” vatongi vapakuvamba vanotsvaka kumanikidzira chiono chehurumende yakaganhurirwa munguva yokuvamba. Iyi mitoo yakaumba chisarudzo chemitengidzo pabhangi rehurumende, tarisiro yezvoutano, uye uchangamire hwehurumende, uye inopfuurira kutungamirira kurukurirano pamusoro perevo yapakuvamba yamasimba akarongwa eCongressborstry. Nepo chitendero chapakuvamba chisina kusava vatsoropo, kushandiswa kwayo kudironzese nyika inopa chitsamiro chakasimba, mutsikanonyorwa nomutemo mukurusanozivikanwa nomutemo wemitemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve paChinyorwa chapakuvamba neChinodikanwa naChikwaniriso chaClaus, bvunza Chibvumirano chokupinda padimikira , Hamilton's dziviriro muFederation No. 33, uye Dare Rapamusoro mu [FLT:][FLT][FLT]][FLT][5]] United States v.[[FLT:][FLT]][FLT][FLT]][FLT]][FLT:][5]