Table of Contents

Kutanga: Nei Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzako Dzomunyika Imwe Cheteshi Zvine Basa Nhasi

Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinoumba mavambo eupenyu hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuchivimbisa munhu ari wose rusununguko rwokutora rutivi zvizere munzanga pasina kutya rusaruro kana kuti kukunda hurumende. Bva kodzero dzinoshanda bedzi apo vagari vemo vanoziva zvavari uye nzira yokuvadzivirira nayo. Munhambo yemitemo inochinja, kudzikamisa kupfuurira kwemitemo, uye denho itsva dzakadai sokunzvera kwemichina yehurumende uye kuita zvisarudzo zvemotokari, kudikanwa kwezivo yakajeka, inoshanda hakuna kutongova huru zvikuru. Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa inopfuudzwa munhau, mutemo mukuru, tyisidziro dzazvino uno uno unovapo, uye nhano itsva dzinobvira ugona kuita kuti ufambire nokudzivirira maruramiro ako avagari vemo.

Kurwisana Kwenguva Refu: Nhau Yakadzama Zvikuru Yekodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika muUnited States

Kurwira kodzero dzevanhu hakuna kutanga muma1950 kana kuguma ne1946 Civil Rights Act. Ibasa rakareba mazana emakore rakaratidzwa nefambiro mberi nemhirizhonga. Kunzwisisa ichi chinobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kuti kodzero hadzifaniri kungoerekana dzavapo chete.

Mavambo: Kugadziridzwa kweMitemo Yevhu

Pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo, Iprimendment yechi 13 yechi65 (1865) yakabvisa uranda, Pramende yechi 14 (1868) yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana nomuitiro wakafanira, uye Pendement yechi15 (1870) yakarambidza kusarura dzinza muvhota. Murondedzero, idzi gadziridzo dzakapiwa kuva mugari wemo wakakwana kuvanhu vaichimbova varanda. Kureva, dzakabviswa nezvisarudzo zveDare rePurgn , zvakadai se [FLT: 0] Prefy v. Ferguson [1896], (1866), iyo yakatsigira “akaenzana asi,” uye nechisimba chakarongwa nemutemo zvenguva yaJim Crow, izvo zvakabviswa parand Blatech America yezana ramakore anodokanenge.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nezviratidzo Zvaro Zvenyika

Kuvambira muma 1940 kusvikira kuma 1960, vashingairi vemitsetse yezvikepe (jenas) vakaitwa nenhamba dzakafanana naRosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr., uye John Lewis (vakashandisa kutsutsumwa kusina masimba masimba, denho dzapamutemo, uye kuunganidzwa kweboka kuti vaparadze muganhu wapamutemo. Nhambo huru dzinobatanidza:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Dare Gurusa rakasarudza nokubvumirana kuti kusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakaputsa Amendment yechi 14, kuputsa [[FLT:]] Pasina mashoko[.
  • Chibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha 1964: Mutemo wokubvisa wairambidza rusaruro mubasa, pokugara, uye zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende. Wakarambidzawo kushandiswa kusina kuenzana kwezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota.
  • Mutemo weVoting Rights wa 1965: Wakafamba pashure pokufora kwaSelma-to-Montgomery, uyu mutemo wakabvisa kuedza kurava nokunyora nemimwe mhinganidzo yokusasarura, uye waida kutarisirwa kwehurumende kwemitemo yesarudzo mumiitiro yehurumende nenhau yorusaruro.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chiratidzo cheFair House Act cha 1968:[[FLT: 1] Mazuva akapfuura pashure pokuurawa kwaMambo, chakarambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kubhadharwa, uye kupiwa mari kwedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, uye (pashure) vatano, urema, uye mugariro wemhuri.

Kuwedzera Dare Repamusoro: Kodzero Dzevakadzi, Vanhu Vane Urema, uye LGBTQ+ America

Kurongwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakatambanudzirwa kumamwe mapoka akasarira:

  • Umutwe IX of the Education Amendments (1972): Rusaruro runoparirwa nevatano mupurogiramu ipi neipi yedzidzo kana kuti mubato wokugamuchira mari yehurumende, kuzarurira vakadzi misuo mumitambo nedzidzo.
  • VaAmerica vane Rurema Act (ADA) ya 1990: Yakaratidzirwa pashure peChitemo cheChibvumirano cheChivil Rights, ADA inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mubasa, mabasa avose, pokugara, uye kukurukurirana nekombiyuta.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Dare rapamusoro rakaziva roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano sekodzero huru pasi pePramende ye 14. Bostock v. Clayton County [2020]] dziviriro dzamabasa dzakatambanudzwa kuLBTQ+ pasi peTitle VII yeChikodzero cheChivi.

Mutemo Mukuru Wokudzivirira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Zvinotaurwa Nemitemo Chaizvoizvo

Kuziva zvinodzivirira mutemo mumwe nomumwe zvinokosha paunoda kusimbisa kodzero dzako.Pazasi pane mitemo mikuru yehurumende, ine udzame hwezvainofukidza uye painoshanda.

Chibvumirano Chekodzero Dzevanhu cha1946 (Title II, Umutwe VI, musoro VII)

  • Title II:[ Kurambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose (mahotera, maresitorendi, mahoro emitambo, zvichingodaro) zvakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo orudzi.
  • Umutwe VI: Throst kupfurikidza nepurogiramu ipi neipi inowana mari yehurumende, kubatanidza zvikoro, zvipatara, uye madhipatimendi emapurisa anoshandisa mari yomubatanidzwa.
  • Title VII: Forbidbs rhration yebasa yakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. Inofukidza kubhadharwa, kukwidzirwa, muripo, uye kunetswa kubasa. Muna 2020, Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti “tex” inobatanidza mirangariro yevatano nezivikanwo yavanhukadzi.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Murayiro wa 1965 & Zvinetso Zvawo Zvazvino Uno

Voting Rights Act (VRA) pakuvamba yaida kuti izivise nhau yetsarudzo kuti iwane mvumo yehurumende (“kuvhura”) isati yachinja mitemo yokuvhota. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re 2013 mu Shelby County v. Hamer[ akabvisa nzira yakashandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoidzo dzinodikanwa kare, dzinobvisa nenzira inobudirira chishandiso chikuru chokuvhotera. Kubvira ipapo, nyika dzakawanda dzakaisa mitemo yevhoti yezvivhoti, yaderedza kuvhota, uye yabvisa miraudzo. [[FLT:] John anotsigira Gasment Activect [[FLD]], asi akakarakadza, kudzorera dziviriro iyoyo. Vagari vagari vanoramba kuziviswa pamusoro pemitemo yavo yemitemo yepamutemo.

Muitiro Wakanaka Wokuvaka Mumba wa 1968

Mutemo uyu unorambidza rusaruro mukutengesa dzimba, kubhadharwa, mari, uye kushambadzira kwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, zvitendero, mavambo orudzi, urema, kana kuti nzvimbo yokugara ine mwero nokuda kwavanhu vakaremara.

VaAmerica Vane Chirango Chourema (ADA) cha 1990

ADA inofukidza basa (navashandirwi vane 15+ vanhu), mabasa ehurumende nomunzvimbomo, pokugara pavose (mashopu, maresitorendi, mamiziyamu). Kunoda chinjo ine mufungo kumitemo nemhinganidzo dzomuviri. Somuenzaniso, chivako chavose chinofanira kuva newiricheya yemavhiri; mushandirwi anofanira kugovera muturikiri womutauro wezviratidzo kana kusati kuchiparira nhamo isina kufanira. ADA inodzivirirawo pakutsiva nokuda kwokusimbisa maruramiro ako.

Mimwe Mitemo Inokosha

  • [ Rusaruraganda muChirevo cheProm Act ya 1967: runodzivirira vashandi vane makore 40 navakuru kubva mukusarura kwakavakirwa pazera mukurovha, muripo, uye betsero.
  • [[FRANT:0] Pregnancy Discrimination Act ya 1978:[ Amend Thetter VII kudzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa pakuva napamuviri, kusununguka, kana kuti migariro yezvokurapa ine chokuita narwo.
  • Genetic Information Nondicrinication Act ya2008 (GINA):[ inopa vashandirwi uye vapinyi vemishuwarenzi veutano kubva pakushandisa mashoko emavara okugara nhaka muzvisarudzo.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzako Dzevagari Vemo: Tsananguro, Miganhu, uye Kushandiswa Kwenyika Chaiyoiyo

Kodzero hadzina kuzara; dzakadzikamiswa mukurwisana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakadai sekotsekano yavose, kuva woga, uye zvinodikanwa zvesangano.

Kodzero Yokutaura Norusununguko

First Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yako yokutaura, kunyora, kuunganidza, uye kukumbira hurumende, pasina kuganhurirwa kwakadai sokuzvidza, kunyandurira masimba masimba, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, uye zvinonyangadza. Hurumende haigoni kukunzvera pachivande pamurangariro, asi zvikuva zvako (semakambani enzanga) hazvisungirwi neFirst Amendment. Munzvimbo dzavose, kutaura kungadzorwa ku “nguva, nzvimbo, uye tsika” ganhuriro dzinogutswa. Somuenzaniso, haugoni kuva netsutsutsumo pakati pomugwagwa mukuru, asi unogona kudzora nzira inobvumirwa nemvumo nemvumo.

Kodzero Yokuungana Norugare

Une maruramiro okuungana navamwe kuti vataure pfungwa dzakagoveranwa. Iyi maruramiro anoshanda kumigwagwa, mapaka, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzavose. Vane chiremera vangada mvumo nokuda kwokuungana kukuru asi havagoni kuramba kumwe nemhaka yeshoko. Vanogona kuraira boka kupararira kana kune tyisidziro yapamhene yemasimba masimba, asi vanofanira kubvumira nguva yokuteerera. Nhaka: kunyumwira kune mufungo [ kunodikanwa nokuda kwokunzvera mukati mekuramba; nzvero dzechiito dzechisimba dzinodavirwa kazhinji kazhinji hadziri pamutemo.

Kodzero Yokushandisa Rudzidziso Rwako (kana Kuti Hapana)

Izvi hazvirevi kuti unofanira kunyengetera muzvikoro zvevoruzhinji, asi zvinorevawo kuti unogona kupfeka zviratidzo zvechitendero kana kuti kutora nguva yokuchengeta mhemberero dzechitendero, chero bedzi isingakonzeri nhamo dzisina kufanira kuvashandirwi (paChikamu cheViI).

Kodzero Yokudzivirirwa Zvakaenzana Mumutemo

Geza re14 Demendement rinovimbisa kuti hakuna hurumende icha “nyanya kudzorwa nomunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi ndiyo fandesheni inodenha rusaruro mumapurisa, dzidzo, kuvhota, uye mamwe mabasa ehurumende. Mwero wokuongorora kunoitwa nematare unobva parudzi: rudzi nemavambo zvichanyatsoongororwa (zvinooma kururamisa), kuva murume kana mukadzi anoongororwa zvishoma, uye zera rinowana hwaro hwakarurama. [FLT: 0] Kutora rutivi [[ nhau: rusaruro rungatapura mumwe munhu nemhaka yomubatanidzwa wavo (g., vakadzi vechitema vanotarisana nechenjero rwakasiana navakadzi vechichena kana kuti vechitema).

Kodzero Yokutamba

Kodzero yokuvhota inodzivirirwa ne 15 (race), 19 (ex), 24th (hausati uri mutero wokuvhota), uye yechi 26 (zera) Amendment, pamwe chete neVoting Rights Act. Zvisinei, mitemo yokuvhota inosiana nehurumende. Une maruramiro echivhoti kana zita rako risingaonekwi pamarobhuro. Kana uri munhu ane urema, nzvimbo yako yokuvhotera inofanira kuva inowanika kana kuti unogona kukumbira murongi asisipo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti ireve; kana usina, mapoka okusashanda kwehurumende anogona kukubetsera kui nokuda kwapachena.

Kodzero Yokudzivisa Kunzvera Nokunyengedza Zvisina Ungwaru

Gadziriro yeChina inokudzivirira pakunzvera mapurisa pasina pamutemo kana kuti chisakiso chinobvira. Mumigariro mizhinjisa, haudikanirwi kupinda mumusha wako pasina maruramiro, kunze kwemigariro yekurumidziro. Mutungamiriri angakumbira raisensi uye kunyoresa, asi unogona kuramba kutsvakwa kwemotokari yako kutoti pane chisakiso chingabvira (g., ufakazi hunooneka hweutsotsi). Nenzira yakafanana, mapurisa haagoni kupinda mumusha wako pasina maruramiro, kunze kwemigariro yekurumidziro. Kuziva kuti “ndinobvumirana sei namaruramiro aya (kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti“ Handibvumiri kunzvera” kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kuva kwako kwakavanzika uye ufakazi hwokusasarura mhaka yako.

Nzira Yokutsigira Nayo Kodzero Dzako Dzevagari Vemo: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Hezvino zvirongwa zvinotevera nokuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu anozivikanwa navose.

Kana Wakamiswa Namapurisa

  • Gara wakadzikama uye wakadzikama. Usamhanya, kupopotedzana, kana kuti kuramba, kunyange kana uchidavira kuti kodzero dzako dziri kupunzwa. Kurwa kunogona kuwedzera kupomero yapamutemo.
  • Ziva kodzero yako yokunyarara. Munyika zhinjisa, haudikanirwi kupindura mibvunzo kunze kwokupa zita rako neimo.
  • Usabvuma kunzvera. taura zvakajeka kuti, “Handibvumi kunzvera.” Asi kana mapurisa akatsvaka, usaidzongonyedza; cherekedza uye denha gare gare.
  • [[[FT:0] Yakarondedzera chiitiko chacho. Une maruramiro okuratidza mapurisa muruvara chero bedzi usingadzoreki.

Kana Uine Tsarudzo Paunenge Uchishanda

  • [[[FT:0] Chinyorwa chechinhu chiri chose. Chengeta rugwaro rwegore nenhambo rwezvinoitika, kubatanidza misi, nguva, zvapupu, uye kurukurirano ipi neipi yakanyorwa. Chengeta maemail namashoko orugwaro.
  • Mushumo mukati. Tevera mutoo wokunyunyuta womushandirwi wako (kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza neHR). Kana kambani isingaiti chinhu, une chinoitika chakasimba zvikuru gare gare.
  • Fire pomero neEEOC. Unowanzova namazuva 180 kubva ku rusaruro kuenda kufaira (mazuva 300 mune dzimwe nyika). EEOC ichanzvera uye ingapa “maruramiro okukwidza bhii, ichikubvumira kuendesa nhau yacho kudare rehurumende.
  • [[FOLT:0] Mutongi. Magweta mazhinji ebasa anopa kubvunza kwokutanga kwapachena. Tsvakai chimwe chine revo mukodzero dzavagari vemo kana kuti rusaruro rwebasa.

Kana Usingashandi

  • Kukumbira chikonzero chakanyorwa. Varangendi vanofanira kupa chikonzero chapamutemo, chisiri chounyengeri chokuramba (mutoo, chikwereti chakaipa, mari isina kukwana). Kana vakaramba kana kupa chikonzero chisina kujeka se “chisarudzo chamambo,” chingava chinonyumwira.
  • [ . Unogona kunyora nyunyuto paIndaneti kana kuti norunhare. HUD ichanzvera ndokuedza kuyananisa. Kana pasina bvumirano isvitswe, nhau ingaenda kudare rehurumende.
  • [ Basa nesangano redzimba rakarurama. Zvisingabudiriri seNational Fair House Alliance inogona kugovera kuedza (kuedza kuviri kunotevedzana kwavakwidziri vamadzinza akasiana kuona kana vachibatwa nenzira yakasiana) nebetsero yapamutemo.

Kana Uine Rusaruro Rwaungasagona Kuitwa

  • Kumbira nzvimbo ine mufungo. Kumbira waunoshandira kana kuti mushandiri muchinyorwa. Somuenzaniso, kumbira muturiki wemasaini, kana kuti rudungwe rwebasa rwakachinjwa. Chikumbiro chinofanira kuva chakananga uye chakabatanidzwa nourema hwako.
  • Fire yokunyunyuta neDOJ kana kuti EEOC. Kutsamira pakuti kupunza kwacho kuri mumabasa kana kuti kuwanikwa navanhu, sangano rakakodzera richanzvera. ADA rinobvumirawo kurovererwa mhaka kwapachivande.
  • Mapoka ekodzero dzokusakwanisa kuvhara utachiona. Mapoka akafanana neDisability Rights Education & Defense Fund (DEDREDF) anogona kugovera nhungamiro.

Denho Dzomunguva Ino kuMaruramiro Avanhu

Kunyange zvazvo paine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodzivirira, pakava nezvimwewo zvinhu zvinotyisidzira zvinoita kuti vanhu vagare vakasvinurira.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwemashoko Nemitemo Yokutendeka Yechisarudzo

Chifo cha 2020, nyika dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo inopfupikisa kuvhota kwapakuvamba, kuisa zvinodikanwa zvechivhota zvorumano, kuganhurira posigina, uye kubvisa marobhoti anovhota. Iyi mipimo inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vavhoti veruvara, vanhu vakaremara, uye nzanga dzinowanwa dzakaderera. Brennan Center yeChirevoratiso [[[FLT: 1]] inoita izvi zvinoitika uye inopa mipiro nokuda kwevavhotera.

Kuchinja Kwetsika Neruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Zviitiko zvikuru zvekusazvibata kwamapurisa zvakamutsa gakava pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa (ipo vakuru vakuru vanodzivirira pamhosva), kudikanwa kwokutarisira kwokuzvimirira, uye basa remakamera omuviri. Dziviriro dzeFrene Amendment dziri mudzvinyiriro nokukwira kwe “nophraknock” maruramiro nokumira kwepasati pasvika. Mapoka okusagona kudzora akafanirwa ne ACLU ari kusundwa nokuda kwomutemo uyo ungarambidza mibato inovhara, anoda kuunganidzwa kwemitengo yenhau panzvimbo, uye kuvandudza kuzvidavirira.

Kuziva Madhigirii Nezvinhu Zvinovaka

Kudzivirira kweFommergate panzvimbo dzisina mufungo kwakagadzirwa nokuda kwenzvimbo dzinooneka. Nhasi, hurumende dzinogona kuwana mashoko akawanda kubva kurunhare, zvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga, uye zvishandiso zvakangwara. Dare Gurusa redare rakati mapurisa anoda maruramiro okuwana mamiriro emo emaserofoni (] Carcenter v. United States, 2018). Zvisinei, mashoko anochengetwa namapoka echitatu (semushandisi webasa wako weInternet) angava nedziviriro shoma. Vagari vanofanira kuziva kodzero dzavo apo vanomiswa pamuganhu kana kuti vakumbirwa mafoni, uye varangarire kushandisa zvishandiso zvokunyora mashoko okunyora mashoko.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwakaita Rusaruraganda, Rusaruraganda, uye Rudzi

Kuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo hakuwanzoitiki munzvimbo isina chinhu. Mukadzi Mutema angatarisana nerusaruro rusingabatwa zvizere nedzinza rake kana kuti chirume. Matare ari kubvuma nenzira inowedzera “kutora rutivi” kutaura pasi peTitle VII, kunyange zvazvo mutemo uchiri kutapura. Kunzwisisa kuti maruramiro ako anodzivirira mativi ose okuzivikanwa kwako kunogona kukubetsera kuwedzera nhau yakasimba zvikuru apo fungidziro inoiswa.

Zvinyorwa Zvemamwe Mashoko Nebetsero Yapamutemo

Pasi apa pane masangano makuru ehurumende anopa mashoko, rubatsiro rwepamutemo, uye kudzora kodzero dzevanhu.

  • American Liberties Union (ACLU): aclu.org – Deresa anoziva 76 mirayiridzo yako inorurama, michina, uye hurumende jira rezviwiro pamusoro pekutaura kwakasununguka, miitiro yamapurisa, vhota, uye yakawanda.
  • .Equal Emplotution Commission (EOC): [[FT:2]'eoc.gov – Fire pomero yorusaruro, dzidza pamusoro pekodzero dzebasa, uye nhamba dzokupinda padzinosungisa.
  • U.S. Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro – Chiviko chekodzero dzavagari vemo Chikamu: [[FT:2] kururamisira.gov/crt - Emplicess rekodzero dzevagari vemo, kubatanidza ADA, Fair House Act, uye mitemo yemapurisa isati yafamba zvakanaka. Unogona kuisa nyunyuto paIndaneti.
  • National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (NAACP): acp.org--Anarisinganangiri neruramisiro yedzinza, dziviriro yapamutemo, uye nzanga. Inopa zviwanikwa zvedzidzo nebatanidzwa yechinzwano.
  • Southern Popution Law Center (SPLC): [[FT:2]spcenter.org - Kurwisa mapoka anovenga uye kugovera yamuro yapamutemo kupfurikidza neProject yayo yeFizire and Impact Litigation Practice.
  • Disability Rights Education & Super Fund (DREDF): df.org[[FLT]-Kupa tsigiro chaiyo nokuda kwavanhu vane urema hunofamba muADA, IDEA, uye mimwe mitemo.
  • Magweta erudzi Guild (NLG): lg.org – Mubatanidzwa wamagweta anofambira mberi anogovera vacherekedzi vapamutemo nokuda kwokuramba uye anogona kukubatanidza namagweta ekodzero dzevagari vemo.
  • Hurumende yako Bar Association: Nyika zhinjisa dzine gweta rinopa mhesva regweta rinogona kukuwirirana negweta rekodzero dzavagari vemo nokuda kwokubvunza kwokutanga kwakaderera.

Kupedzisa: Kodzero Somuitiro Upenyu

Kodzero dzavagari vemo hadzisi ndaza yakatsiga yamazita ebumbiro remitemo, hupenyu uhwo chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kudzidza, kudzivirira, uye kufutunuka. Nokunzwisisa kurwisana kwenhau kusiri murusununguko rwako, kuziva mitemo yakananga inokudzivirira, uye kuva negadziriro yakajeka yeapo kodzero idzodzo dzinodenhwa, uchava mugamuchiri wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vakawandisa. Iva muchengeti anobatira pamwe weruramisiro nokuda kwako umene navamwe. Gara uchiziva, uchitaura apo unoona kusaruramisira, uye usatongorerutsa simba romunhu mumwe rinoita kuti kodzero yakanga iri yakaoma zvikuru nevakawanda.