Kutongwa kwedare reCongress kunomirira mumwe wemiitiro inooneka zvikurusa uye ine simba iyo bazu remitemo rinotungamirira nayo pabazu guru uye, zvikurukuru, pamusoro pamasangano ehurumende. Iyi nhevedzano, inoitiswa nematare eDare neImba youmende, inoshanda senzvimbo yokunzvera, kuzvidavirira, uye kukura kwemitemo. Nepo vanhu vanowanzoona kuchinjana kukuru pakati pavakuru vemitemo navakuru vakuru vesangano, pesvedzero huru yeidzi tendero pazuva rezuva, kugadzira mitemo, uye kutungamirira kwakarongwa kwamasangano ehurumende kuri kukuru uye kunooneka kwakawanda. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi vokudzora, muitiro wavose, uye mutemo, sezvo kunozivisa kunzvera nokudzikama kukuru, uye kurondedzera uku kurondedzera kwoutongi hwehurumende yeAmerica.

Chitendero Chomutemo uye Chokutonga Kwedare

Chiremera cheCongress chokutonga chinobva mumasimba ayo emitemo neoutarisiri pasi peChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo. Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risina kududza zvakajeka kutonga, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kare simba rinorehwa rokuongorora sorutivi rwebasa remitemo. Simba iri rinorangarirwa kuva rinokosha kuti Dare riunganidze mashoko anodiwa kunyora mitemo yadzidzwa, kuongorora kutemwa kwemitemo iyoyo, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mari inobhadharwa yavose inoshandiswa zvakakodzera.

Simba Rechitoro Nesimba Rekunzvera

Maturusi makuru maviri anopa pesvedzero yawo: simba rechikwama uye simba rokunzvera. Kupfurikidza negadziriro yefundo, Congress inogona kugovera mari pasangano rinowirirana nemiitiro yakati kana kuti chinjo. Kunzwa kwokupinzwa kwemijenya, mukutevedza, anobvumira Congress kumanikidza chipupuriro nezvinyorwa zvavakuru vakuru vesangano uye kunyange mapoka akavanzika akavanzika. Mhaka yenjikanoloji Mcrain v. Daughty[FLT:] [197] [197]) yakasimbisa zvakasimba kuti chiremera cheChesterings chapartives chakakura sechiremera chayo chemitemo, chakagovera kubvunza kudonzo repamutemo. gare gare gare kuzivisa donzo repamutemo repamutemo. [FLT:] WT] v. United States [197]

Iyi mirau inopa kutongwa kwedare simba rakasiana. Apo musoro wesangano unodanwa kupupurira, kuzviisa pasi kunosungirwa kutoti kutaura kweropafadzo yechiremera kuchikwidzwa(uye kunyange uko kunowanzopokanidzwa. iyi gadziriro yapamutemo inovimbisa kuti kunzwa hakusati kuri kwokufananidzira chete asi kunotakura ukoshi hwokushorwa kunobvira, mapoka, uye kunyange miuyo yapamutemo nokuda kwouchapupu hwenhema.

Marudzi Enhau DzeCongressionaliones Nezvadzinokanganisa

Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana - siyana kunoratidza kuti mumwe nomumwe ungachinja sei mitemo yehurumende.

Kungwarira Kunzwa

Kunzwa kwakakomba rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa. Nharidzano yavo huru ndeyokuhwirudzura kushanda kwesangano, kuyera kushanda kwepurogiramu, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, Office yeHurumende yeMasano (GAO) inowanzobudisa mishumo nguva pfupi pamberi pokutongwa, ichigovera hwaro hwechokwadi hwebvunzurudzo. Vanzwi vanopfuudzira masangano kuti aruramise zvikanganiso, kujekesa mirauriro isina kujeka, kana kuti zviwanikwa zvechaivo. Izvo zvinobatirawo sechinyorwa chavose chokuti vadzori venguva yemberi nematare zvinganongedzera apo vashanduri vanonzvera.

Kuongorora Kunzwa

Kunzwa kunoparirwa nemhesano chaidzo dzetsika dzisina kunaka, tsvina, kunyengera, kana kuti kushatiswa. Vanowanzogamuchira kuziviswa kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau uye vanogona kutungamirira kukuchinja kukuru. Kunzwa kunocherechedzwa kunobatanidza Dare rokuviga munjodzi yemari ya2009, iyo yakaratidzira miitiro ine ngozi uye yakapa mubato weDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConsurection Act. Mumwe muenzaniso iDare rePlatest reP] rePromagment ye 1970, iro rakanzvera sangano rinobata zvisina kufanira uye rakatungamirira kusikirwo rweChibvumirano cheMakuru eWerust Surveicence (ISFA). Kunzwa kwakadaro hakungoparira mufambiro bedzi asi kupfurikidza nomutemo unoparirawo, sezvo vakuru vangagona kuziva kuti munguva yemberi.

Nzeve Dzapamutemo

Mitongo yemitemo yakarongedzerwa kuunganidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi pamabhiri anokarakadzwa ayo aizochinja chiremera chesangano, gadziriro, kana kuti mari. Uku kunzwa iko kunzvera kwakakomba mumuitiro wokuita mutemo. Somuenzaniso, kunzwa pamusoro pomutemo wemamiriro okunze kunowanzopa chipupuriro chakabva kuvakuru vakuru veEPA pamusoro pemhosho nendyiko yemiraudzo inokarakadzwa. Vatongi vanoshandisa kunzwa uku kuti vaone tsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika nedzezvounyanzvi, uye masangano anoshandisa reginitsiro kuvandudza zvikarakadzo zvavo vamene zvemitemo. Mune dzimwe zviitiko, kunzwa kwemitemo kunoshanda senyevero: kana sangano richishandisa mutemo uyo Hurumende inoshatiswa, mutemo ungatangwa kuti ushandurwe kupfurikidza neCongrationotional Excement Act.

Kusimbisa Kunzwa

Kunyange zvazvo nguva dzose isingarangarirwi serutivi rwegadziriro yokutungamirira, kusimbiswa kwekuteerera kwevakuru vakuru vemasangano uye vakuru vakuru kune simba guru risina kunanga. Panenge paine kumira kunopesana nemitemo yavo yokutonga, zvavanoisa pakutanga, uye maonero pamitemo iripo. Mhinduro dzemunhu anenge achinzi ndiye adzore, dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuumba nhungamiro yesangano kwemakore. Somuenzaniso, mutevedzeri anomira kumira achirwisa zvakasimba kudzora kwevane masimba. Zvikamu izvi zvingaratidzawo kuti muganhu wePromension unobvumirawo kuti uise mamiriro ezvinhu emitemo akajeka panomine, dzimwe nguva zvipikirwa zvokurega zviito zvakati kana kuti kuronda zvakananga.

Michina Yepesvedzero: Nzira Iyo Nzeve Dzinochinja Nayo Mufambiro Wenzeve

Miitiro inoverengeka inoshandura uchapupu uye ngwariro yavose kuva chinjo dzinooneka dzesangano.

Dzvinyiriro Yavanhu Nekunzvera Kwezvinobudisa Nhau

Nzeve dzinogara dzinounza nhau dzinodzorwa nemitemo kuvagari verudzi. Kana chigaro chedare chikabvunza zvikuru mutarisiri weEPA pamusoro pokunonoka mutevedzeri wemitemo yemvura yakachena, zvinobudisa nhau zvinopfavisa kutsinhana. Uku kungwaririra kunosunda masangano kupindura nokukurumidza, kazhinji kazhinji kubudisa nhungamiro itsva, kukurumidzisa, kana kuti kudzokorora zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi. Vadzorwi vanotapurwa nomukurumbira wavo wavose, uye kunzwa kunopfuudza kunogona kumanikidza kuchinja utungamiriri kana kuti chiteshi chapamutemo.

Kutyisidzira Kwomutemo Kana Kuti Kugurwa Kwebhangi

Varoorani vanowanzonzwa netyisidziro dzakananga dzemitemo.Mutongo wokunzwa unonyora kupambadza kupambadzwa nesangano rinodzora ungateverwa nomutongo unoderedza kubvumira kwawo kana kuti unoganhurira chiremera chawo chokugadza mitemo. Bvirowo zvayo yechiito chakadaro yakakwana kuita kuti masangano ave akagadzirira zvikuru kufarira nzanga. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunzwa kunonoka kweFDA mukuhwirudzura mirimo yorudzi, sangano rinosungirwa kutenderwa nokukurumidza, murutivi kudzivisa murairo wakadaro uyo ungaganhurira murairo waro.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vatungamiriri Vevashandi

Kunzwa kwepamusoro penzvimbo yedare kunogona kutungamirira kukurega kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwavakuru vakuru vesangano. Apo chipupuriro chavakuru vakuru chinopokanidzwa noufakazi kana kuti chinoratidzika kuva chisingabudiriri, kuraira kwokubvisa kunogona kuva kusingadzivisiki. Uyezve, nguva nepfuma zvinopedzwa nokuda kwokugadzirira kunzwa / kugadziridza, kudzokorora zvapakati, kukurukura nevomukati, kubatana navashandi vesangano rekonziyo /rega mukana unokosha. Nokufamba kwenguva, sangano rinokarira kunzwa kwapanguva dzose ringachinja miitiro yaro yokushanda kusimbisa njodzi nokudzivisa zvinyorwa, kusimudzira tsika yokungwarira kupukunyuka kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Tambo Inopa Migumisiro Nekutonga Kweagency

Masangano anoronga mitemo anonyatsoziva nezvemagariro ezvamatongerwe enyika muCongress. Kunzwa uchapupu kazhinji kazhinji hunoratidzira nzvimbo umo vagadziri vemitemo vakuru vasingabvumirani nemirau iripo kana kuti inokarakadzwa. Masangano angabvisa kana kuti kugadziridza mitemo inokarakadzwa mukukarira kunzwa kwoutsinye. Nenzira yeimwe , kunzwa kunovaka tsigiro yebipartis yedavi resangano rinogona kusimbisa ruoko rwaro mukutaurirana kwekurukurirano nehwirudzura. Uku kutaura kunovimbisa kuti kunzwa hakusi zviitiko zvenguva imwe asi rutivi rwekurukurirano inopfuurira pakati pamapazu.

Nzvero Dzakaitika Dzenhau Dzenhau Dzinokosha

Kuongorora kunzwa chaiko kunopa uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti zvinodzora masangano anotungamirira.

Dare reChechi ra1970 Noungwaru Hwokutarisira

Komiti Yokusarudza Kudzidza Governmental Accountings neSpecience to Intelligence Accountings, inozivikanwa seDare reChechi, yakaita kuti kunzwika kuve kwakasarira muna 1975 na 1976. Yakaratidza kuti CIA, FBI, uye mamwe masangano akangwara akanga aita basa rokuongorora mhuri, kuuraya, nemimwe mibato isati iri yapamutemo. Basa redare rakatungamirira zvakananga kukuumbwa kwe INTING URWERVEILTACE Act (FAC)[FY:1] uye kuumbwa kwematare anotarisira ungwarusa hwerengedzo mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Masangano eFederal akaona miitiro yawo yokungwarira zvikuru, uye DO J anoshandisa nhungamiro itsva mukati masangano anodzora kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kuoma Kwemari Kunoteererwa uye Kuchinja Kwezvinhu

Pashure penjodzi yemari ya2008, Congress yakava nokutongwa kwakawanda kweCEOs yemabhangi makuru uye vadzori vakabva kuSEC, Federal Reserve, uye Dhipatimendi reTreasure. Kunzwa kwakafumurwa mukukundikana mukutarisirazve, kubatanidza kusakwanisa kwaSEC kucherekedza chirongwa chaMalzoff neFoff Reserves reFoff yePonsulat ya 2010. Pakati pekuchinja kukuru kwechiito cheFEderal Reserves yeCerreatection yemarial Bureaution (FB) uye kuisa dzimbahwe rePC. SEC.[FFFFF:0]]

Kuongorora Kunoita Nzeve Dzakanaka

Mukati medenda reCHOVAD, kunzwika kwedare kwakananga paCDC, FDA, uye HHS Vagadziri vemitemo vakabvunza kumhanya kwetendero dzemishonga, kujeka kwenhungamiro youtano hwavanhu vose, uye kuvimbika kwekuedza. Uku kunzwa kwakabetsera kuchinja paCDC, kubatanidza kurongwazve kwekurukurirano yayo uye kuparadzirwa kwemashoko. FDA yakatarisana nedzvinyiriro yokuita kuti hwirudzuro yezvirongwa zvokurapa nemishonga nepo yakanga ichiri kuchengeta mipimo yokuchengeteka. Kunyange zvazvo zvisati zviri zvibvumirano zvose zvokuedza kunzvera zvakatsiginyikira, kunzwa kwakawedzera kusagamuchira nokujekasha mukati moutano hwapachena. Muenzaniso wokutarisira kwakawedzerwa kwegadziriro yegadziriro yezvoutano hwenguva yemberi.

Kuchinja Kwemhoteredzo: EPA Nekunzwa Kwomugariro Wekunze

Mitongo pamusoro penhau dzemhoteredzo yakaumba yachinjazve zviito zveEPA. Muma1990, kutonga pamusoro pokuitwa kweEPA Act yeEPA kwakatungamirira kumipimo yemhepo yakasimba zvikuru yorudzi nokuda kweozone nepakati penhau. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kunzwa pamusoro peEPA's "Vatambi veUnited States" kwakasunda sangano kuhwirudzura rondedzero yadzo kakawanda, sezvo dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inobva kuCongress nevanoisa njodzi. Chityisidziro cheRegional the Congresscratic for Cenduit, kazhinji kazhinji inoratidzwa mumite, inochengeta EPA yakangwarira pamusoro pokukura kwayo pasina kutsigira kwapa.

Miganhu Nokutsoropodza Kutongwa Nematare

Pasinei nesimba rawo, kunzwa hakusi chishandiso chakakwana chokutarisira nacho.

Kuzvimiririra uye Kumira Zvikuru

Kunzwa kunogona kuva nzvimbo dzokumira dzakaisvonaka dzezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo penzvero yapachokwadi. Apo mitezo inoshandisa nguva yakagoverwa nokuda kwehurukuro dzinodzivisa kana kuti kudenha zvapupu panzvimbo pokubvunza mibvunzo yapashure, ukoshi hwokunzwa sechinhu chinowana chokwadi. Ikoku kunogona kuderedza chivimbo chavanhu uye kuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuti masangano arambe kutsoropodza sechinosundwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau kwakakudziridza iyi kombamiro, sezvo vazivi vegudzanzwi kazhinji kazhinji vanodzivisa kunzvera kwakajekeswa.

Mashoko Asingakwani uye Manyuko

Matare eCongress kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa unyanzvi hukuru hwounyanzvi hune masangano anotarisira. Nepo vachigona kupinza basa vashandi vane unyanzvi, kuoma kwakawanda kwenzvimbo dzinodzorwa nemitemo − zvakadai sezvinhu zvemari, mishonga, kana kuti gadziriro dzezvombo dzakakwirira (zvinoreva izvo kubvunza kungapotsa nhau dzakakomba. Zvirongwa zvinogonawo kuva zvinosarudza muzvinyorwa nezvapupu zvavanogovera, zvichishandisa kunonotsa kwapamutemo uye maruramiro okuganhurira mwero wekunzwa. Kunyange zvazvo supenas anogona kusunda kubudiswa, muitiro wacho inguva inopfuudzira uye inogona kugadzirwa kwamakore.

Aigona Kunyanyova nesimba Kana Kuti Kupesvedzera Zvisiri Kumbodiwa

Chidzongonyedzo cheCongress muzvirongwa zvesangano chinogona kupfuura tarisiro yapamutemo kuti ipinde muudzori huduku. Apo mitezo yedare imwe neimwe inomanikidzira dzvinyiriro pavakuru vesangano kuti itsigire basa rakati kana kuti kunonotsa mutemo unokuvadza indasitiri yomunzvimbomo, fariro yavose ingaparadzwa. Musiyano pakati poutariri nepesvedzero isina kufanira kazhinji kazhinji hauna kujeka, uye masangano angazviwana amene achipinda mumigodhi yezvikumbiro zvemasangano anorwisana.

Kuchinja Kunoita Vanhu

Kunzwa kwakawanda hakuiti mutemo wapakarepo, mirau, kana kuti chiito chokudzika mutemo. Pesvedzero yavo ingava zvikurukuru yokufananidzira kana kuti kumanikidza nhau mundangariro yavanhu. Nepo kufananidzira kunogona pakupedzisira kutungamirira kuchinjo, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunzwa kunogona kuva chinotsiva chiito, kupa vaiti vemitemo mukana wokuratidzika kuva vakaoma panhau pasina kupfuudza chaizvoizvo. Nokufamba kwenguva, masangano angadzidza kungova angori akadai sedutu rokunzwa, ane chivimbo chokuti ngwariro yezvamatongerwe enyika ichachinja kune imwe nzvimbo.

Basa Rezvirongwa Zvokuzvitonga Nokuzvidavirira Kwazvo

Masangano anodzorwa nehurumende akadai seSEC, FTC, neFCC anowanzoumbwa semasangano anozvimirira, kureva kuti vatungamiriri vawo vanobatira mashoko akatsaurwa uye vanogona kubviswa bedzi nokuda kwechisakiso. Uku kuzvimirira kunoitirwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yenhambo pfupi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, kunoparira kusawirirana nebasa rokutungamirira. Pakunzwa kunodenha zvisarudzo zvazvimiririri zvesangano, sangano racho ringataura kuti Congress iri kuedza kusekesa kuzvimirira kwaro.

Madare akatsigira kazhinji kazhinji kuva pamutemo kwokutarisira kwesangano kunyange pamasangano akazvimirira, asi simba rakaoma. Somuenzaniso, FTC yave ichitongwa zvakakomba nenhau nemativi ose ari maviri. Nepo vakuru vakuru vesangano racho vangaramba mirairo yakananga, vachiri vakatapurwa neganhuriro dzemari, kuderedza kwemitemo, uye kunyadziswa kwavanhu. Uku kuzvidavirira kwapaviri nedare .[1] Kuzvidavirira uku kuviri kunoitwa namasangano anozvimirira anozvimirira kwakati kuti kumwe kwefundo dzinofadza zvikurusa dzepesvedzero yokutonga. Chinokosha ndechokuti kunzwa kunoshanda sechekero yakakomba, kuvimbisa kuti kuzvimirira hakurevi kuzivikanwa.

mhedziso

Kubva pakuzivisa kweCongregation Congregation kunorongazve kutarisirwa kwechinetso chemari apo CFB inoberekwa, kunzwa kwakabvumikisa nguva dzose simba razvo rokushandura kuchinjwa kwemitemo mutsika. Panguva imwe cheteyo, ganhuriro dzavo, miganhu yepfuma, uye ngozi yezviito zvemari zvokunzesa izvo zvinonzwa isu tiri chishandiso chimwe pakati pezvishandiso zvizhinji zvokutarisira. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanonzwisisa mutemo uyu zvinonzwisiswa sei.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvero Congregational Research Service inoshuma pamusoro pe Kutonga kweIndependent Actives, Office yeKuzvidavirira [ nokuda kwenzvero dzakafanira, uye [[FLT:] zvinyorwa zveMaribhodhi eMitemo yeNyika paDare reChechi [ kuona mapepa makuru okuwana.