Kunzwisisa Masimba Ehurumende Mugadziriro Yehurumende yeU.S.

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende idivi ramagariro eAmerica. Kusafanana negadziriro yesangano umo chiremera chose chinoyerera chichibva kuhurumende iri pakati, United States inoshanda pasi pegadziriro yehurumende inokamuranisa simba pakati pemwero yerudzi nehurumende. Iyi gadziriro haisati yavapo pakati(idzorerwo) kupfurikidza nemitemo yebumbiro remitemo, zvisarudzo zvedare guru renyika, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanodzidza nezvevagari vemo, kunzwisisa mifungo yamasimba enyika kunokosha kunzwisiswa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoshandiswa sei, uye inodenhwa. Nyaya inopa kuputsika kwakakwana kwemasimba enyika, kumirariro chaiyo yenyika, uye kusawirirana kunopfuurira kunorondedzera kwehurumende.

Chii Chiri Masimba Ehurumende?

Masimba ehurumende anonongedzera kuchiremera icho hurumende imwe neimwe yenyika dzine miganhu yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Aya anowanzonzi "masimba anochengetwa" nemhaka yokuti haapiwi zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kuhurumende. Kuchinja kwechigumi kweBill of Rights kunoita kuti nheyo iyi ive yakajeka: "Masimba asingapiwi United States neBumbiro reMitemo remitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti vanhu." Iyi inodzoro inobatira sonheyo yemitemo youchangamire hwehurumende.

Masimba ehurumende akafara uye anofukidza mativi mazhinji oupenyu hwezuva nezuva ayo asinganangiswi zvakananga pamwero wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, anotaura kuti zvinodzora marezenisi eroorano, magorokotera ebasa, kutengeserana kwounyanzvi, mutemo wezvokutengeserana, zvinhu, uye mutemo woutsotsi wakawandasa. Anodzorawo kutarisirwa kwesarudzo(kugadza maawa okuvhota, nzvimbo dzenzvimbo, uye zvinodikanwa zvechivhoti (zvinenge zvava nhau inokakava inokakava yakakwikwidzanwa zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Kuwedzera, masangano ane chiremera chokugadzira mitemo yawo amene, kubvumira zvinyorwa izvozvo kusarwisana neBumbiro remitemo reU.S.

Kushanda kweBumbiro reMitemo: Kwakabva Simba reHurumende

Dare reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa gadziriro youchangamire huviri. Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chinoronga masimba anorongwa eCongress, akadai sokuumba mari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutungamirira kutengeserana kwenyika. Munguva ino, Tenuth Amendment inoshanda sechinhu chose, ichivimbisa kuti simba ripi neripi risingaidzwi (//sbets) kuhurumende. Mutemo unoisawo miganhuro yakajeka pamasimba ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Chikamu I, Chikamu 10 chinorambidza kupinda muzvibvumirano, kuisa mari, kana kuti kupfuudza mitemo inodzosa zvibvumirano. Iyi mitemo inovimbisa kuti haigoni kuita nenzira dzinokanganisa chinzwano chorudzi kana kuti kusimba kwezve.

Nokufamba kwenguva, kutsanangurwa kwehurumende nechiremera chehurumende kwachinja. Chikamu cheChikamu VI chinoita mutemo wehurumende we "mutemo wehurumende wenyika," zvinoreva kuti mitemo yehurumende inotonga inopesana nemitemo yenyika. Pfungwa iyi, inozivikanwa sekusunungurwa kwehurumende, yave iri nhau yenhau dzakawanda dzedare gurusa. Nhau dzakasimbisawo masimba ehurumende muzvisarudzo zvakadai se National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius [202], yakaganhurira mano eHurumende yehurumende pasi peCommercial Claus.

Masimba Akasara Mabvok.

Kunokosha kusiyanisa pakati pamasimba akachengetwa (akabatanidzwa kuhurumende) namasimba enguva imwe (akabatanidzwa nehurumende yomubatanidzwa). Masimba akasarira anobatanidza kutanga hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kuitisa sarudzo, uye kutungamirira kutengeserana kwenyika. Masimba enguva ino anobatanidza mano omutero, kukwereta mari, kutanga matare, uye kudzika mitemo. Mitengo yose iri miviri yehurumende inogona kushandisa masimba akabatana panguva imwe cheteyo, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende ungabvisa mutemo wehurumende muzvinoitika zverwisano.

Zvisinei, kana Congress ikapfuudza mutemo wemitero unorambidza zvakajeka mitero yehurumende munharaunda yakati, hurumende inofanira kupa. Uku kubatanidzwa pakati pamasimba enguva imwe neakachengetedzwa kunoparira nzvimbo yapamutemo yakaoma iyo inoda kutsanangurwa kwenguva dzose.

Nharaunda Dzechiremera Chehurumende: Mienzaniso Yakajeka

Masimba ehurumende anoratidzirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemiitiro. Pasi apa pane nharaunda huru dzine mienzaniso yakakudzwa yenyika chaiyoiyo iyo inoratidzira kuti hurumende dzinoshandisa sei chiremera chadzo.

Muitiro Wedzidzo

Dzidzo ibasa gurusa rehurumende neromunzvimbomo. Nyika imwe neimwe ine dhipatimendi redzidzo rayo imene rinogadza mipimo yedzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvomudzidzisi, uye nzira dzokushandisa mari. Maruwa ezvikoro omunzvimbomo anopfuudzirazve tsika iyi kuti asvitse zvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Somuenzaniso, Massachusetts ave ari mutungamiriri wedzidzo itsva, kubatanidza kugamuchirwa kwapakuvamba kwetsika dzehurumende kupfurikidza neMassachusetts Comprehensivement Assesment System (MAS). Mukupesana, California inoshandisa California Assesment of Studicificial Trans eProment and Progressss (CAAAS) uye yakafambisa chiBomutence Fund Funding Forula kuti irura zvikoro zvezvokugararidzo zvemari yakakwirira. Uku kuratidzira misiyano yehurumende.

Mumwe muenzaniso pamusoro pechisarudzo chechikoro. Arizona Quenian Education Savings akhawuntis, achibvumira vabereki kushandisa mari yavose nokuda kwendyiko dzechikoro chenyika kana kuti dzechikoro chapamusha. Florida ine gadziriro huru yemishumo, nepo dzimwe nyika dzakafanana neVermont neMaine dzine gadziriro dzemaruwa asina zvikoro zvapamusoro. Iri basa remitemo rinosimbisa kuti nyika dzinobatira sei samaretari edemokrati, kuedza kusvika kwakasiana kudzidzo.

Kurapa Kunotanga

Nyika dzine chiremera chikuru pamusoro poutano hwavanhu nokutarisirwa kwoutano. Dzinodzora purogiramu dzeMedicaid mubatira pamwe nehurumende yehurumende, asi mukati menhungamiro huru dzehurumende, masangano anogona kugadzira mipimo yawo amene yokusagona kuoneka, betsero, uye gadziriro dzokuripira. Affordible Care Act (ACA) yakakurudzira kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo yehurumende kupfurikidza nokubvumidza vapangi nokuda kwemifanikiso inopfuudzwa. Arkansas, somuenzaniso, akashandisa Medicaid revo revo kushandisa `chisarudzo chapachivandaro" inoshandisa mari yomubatanidzwa kutenga inishuwarenzi yapato yezvisaririra zvakaderera vagari vakaderera.

Massachusetts anoonekwazve sepiyona. Mutemo wayo wezvoutano wa2006, wakasainwa naGovernor Mitt Romney, waida kuti vanenge vagari vose vave neinishuwarenzi youtano, vatange kutsinhana inishuwarenzi youtano, uye waigovera mari dzinobatsira vanhu vanenge vabhadharwa. Uyu mutemo wenzvimbo yakaderera wakabatira sepurani yeACA. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, California, Colorado, neWashington vakaongorora zvirongwa zvavose zvokugovera inishuwarenzi yehurumende, ichiratidza kuti hurumende inogona sei kudzosa purogiramu yezvoutano munhungamiro itsva.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvifambiso

Nyika dzine uye dzinochengeta migwagwa mizhinjisa yavose, kunze kweInterstate Highway System, iyo inotsigirwa zvikurukuru nehurumende yehurumende asi inoshandiswa nehurumende. Bazi rimwe nerimwe regadziriro dzezvifambiso, zvirongwa, kuvaka, uye kuchengeta chikwata chayo chezvirongwa. Somuenzaniso, Texas, yakaisa zvakasimba mukukura kwemugwagwa kuti itsigire chiverengero chayo chavagari vemo chinokura, kubatanidza chirongwa chenhau cheTrans-Texas Corridor (zvino yapera) nokubudirira kwemigwagwa. Mukupesana, Oregon neWashington zvakanangidzira ngwariro pazvokufambisa zvinhu zvakawanda, mitsetse yemagetsi, mitsetse yezvitima, migwagwagwa, uye michina yemigwagwa.

California ine chiremera chechienzi pasi peCelean Air Act chokugadza mipimo yayo imene yemotokari inobudisa motokari, iyo iri yorumano zvikuru kupfuura mitemo yehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kugamuchira mipimo yeCalifornia kana kuti kutevera iyo yehurumende. Ikoku kwakaparira paradzano huru mumitemo yemotokari uye kwakaparira hondo dzapamutemo pakati peCalifornia neEPA mumakore achangobva kupfuura.

Kumanikidza Mutemo Neruramisiro Youtsotsi

Mitezo ine mutoro mukuru wokusimbisa mutemo woutsotsi. Zvinochengeta masangano azvo amene amapurisa (kufamba kwemugwagwa mukuru, mabhiriji ehurumende okunzvera), masangano edare, uye matorongo. Ikoku kunoparira mhatsa huru mumitemo yemitemo yemitemo youtsotsi. Somuenzaniso, New York ine mitemo yokudzora pfuti yakakomba zvikuru, kubatanidza chinodikanwa chepfuti dzemaoko, nepo Texas ine mitemo inobvumira kutakura pfuti pasina rezinesi (sokusvikira muna 2021). Nenzira yakafanana, mitemo yembavaira inosi inosiana zvikuru: Coloradorado neWashington stage somstation is muna 2012, asi muIdaho neSouth Dakota, kuva nemhosva ichiri utsotsi.

Mitemo yokutongerana inosiyanawo zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neLouisiana, dzakava nenhau dzine mwero yakakwirira yokusungwa nemitsetse miduku inosungirwa, nepo dzimwe, kufanana neOregon, dzakaedza kubvisa zvitsama zviduku zvemirimo uye kuderedza mitongo nokuda kwemhosva dzisina masimba masimba. Iyi misiano inoratidzira basa rehurumende senzvimbo yokuedza ruramisiro youtsotsi.

Makakatanwa Enyika Chaiwoiwo Ari Pakati Pesimba Renyika Nehurumende

Kusawirirana pakati pechiremera chehurumende nechehurumende hakungorevi kungoita sechinhu chiri kutaurwa chete kuti ndicho chinonyanya kuitirwa mumatare uye mumatare munyika yose.

Kuedzerwa Mumuitiro

Apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nomutemo wehurumende, chitsama chinoda kuti mutemo wehurumende upedze nepo mutemo wehurumende usati uri wemitemo. Muenzaniso mumwe mukuru idzoro remhoteredzo. Ceather Air Act inobvumira EPA kugadza mipimo yorudzi yemhepo yakanaka, asi hurumende dzine mutoro mukuru wokushandisa mipimo iyoyo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, rwisano dzakamuka pamusoro pemitemo yeturp yemeth, iyo California nedzimwe nyika dzinodenhwa mudare. matare anosimbisa kuti matare anogona kuisa mipimo yorumano kupfuura yemubatanidzwa wehurumende muzvinoitika zvakawanda.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Kutora nzvimbo yerwisano huru yehurumende. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chakakwana pamusoro pokuvakwa kwomuzvarirwo nechengeteko yomuganhu, nyika dzakaedza kupindira. Mu Arizona v. United States (20202), Dare Rapamusoro rakarova gadziriro huru dzeArizona's S.B. 1070, iyo yaida mapurisa kunzvera mugariro wokupinda munyika mukati mokumira kwapamutemo. Dare rakatonga kuti mitemo yakadaro yakabviswa nomutemo womubatanidzwa wehurumende wokupinda munyika. Zvisinei, Dare rakabvumira "shoorera mapepa ako" gadziriro yokumira, kusimbisa mira pakati pebatira nehurumende.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikuru, Texas neFlorida dzakatumira vatami kunyika dzokuchamhembe mukuramba mitemo yehurumende yemuganhu, kunyandura kukwirira mhaka nehondo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kubvisa Pamuviri Namaruramiro Okuberekazve

Pamberi pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa 2022 mu Dobts v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization, iyo yakatendeuka Roe v. Wade, hurumende dzakanga dzakaganhurirwa mukukwanisa kwavo kubvisa mimba. Pashure pa [[FLT:]] Dobs[[FLT]] , dzinotaura kuti zvino dzine chiremera chakafara chokudzora kana kuti kurambidza kubvisa mimba. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seTexas, dzakaita zvinorambidzwa zvinoganhurirwa, nepo vamwe, kufanana neCalifornia naNew York, dzakapfuura mitemo inodzivirira kubvisa kubvisa mimba nokushandisa mari kubva munyika dzinoganhurirwa. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa anogona kuratidzira sei kana kuti dzishande pakutsanangura nokudzorwa kwemitemo.

Kunyoresa Pamutemo Nerwisano YeFederal

Pasinei zvapo nokurambidzwa kwehurumende kwembanje pasi peGuefed Substances Act, nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa pamutemo kurapa kana kuti nhandaro. Ikoku kunoparira rwisano yakananga pakati pehurumende nomutemo wehurumende. Department yeSahlulero yakaramba zvikuru kutongera mibato yehurumende pasi peCole Melle Bernrandum (yakadzorwa muna 2018 asi yateverwa senhau inoshanda). Zvisinei, mabhizimisi echikabhis anotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakadai sokubhanga nokuwana nokuranga mitero zvakaganhurirwa pasi peInternvotion Revolution Secode Revolution Revolurection 2809. Uku kuoma kunopfuurira kuratidzira ganhuriro dzinoshanda dzehurumende apo muitiro woumbirwe rwehurumende inoramba ine utsinye.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikuru Mukuwana Simba Rehurumende

Dare rapamusoro rinoshanda somuvambi wokupedzisira wekakavadzano dzehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvakaumba dzikamo yesimba pamazana maviri amakore apfuura. Mu Mcloch v. Maryland[ [1819], Dare rakasimbisa kuti hurumende hadzigoni kubhadhara mitero yehurumende uye kuti mashoko ari madikanwa neakafanira anopa masimba anorehwa kuDare. Mu [ Gibbons v. Ogden[FLT:] [18]] [18], Dare rakawedzera simba rezvokutengeserana rehurumende pakutengwa kwemitemo yezvemari.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakakudza uye raita masimba ehurumende. Mu Shelby County v. Hoder (2017), Dare rakakunda gadziriro huru yeVoting Rights Act yaida kuti dzimwe nyika dziwane mvumo dzehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yehurumende. Iyi chisarudzo chakadzorera mamiriro ezvinhu okuvhota, kuchitungamirira kumitemo mitsva yokuvhota munyika yose. Njosaka, mu Obergeb v. Hodges[FLT:] [20], Dare rakatonga kuti roorano imwe cheteyo yeteveidzo iri chinhu chinokosha pasi pechine chipfupitititichichichichichichichichi, chirevo mitemo inorondedzerwa semitemo yeroorano pakati pomukadzi. Zviitisoichino zvinoratidzwa nedare chedare.

Chikonzero Nei Kunzwisisa Simba Rehurumende Kuchikosha

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kufunda masimba ehurumende hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo(icho ine miuyo chaiyoiyo nokuda kwougari hwemo, uziviso, uye kugadzirwa kwemiitiro. Zivo yedziyo yehurumende inodzora nhau yakati inobetsera vagari vemo kuita zvinobudirira zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, munhu anoitira hanya mari yechikoro anofanira kunyorerana nedare ravo rehurumende, kwete Congress. Nenzira yakafanana, muridzi webhizimisi anodzora mitemo anofanira kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri zvinodikanwa zvehurumende nehurumende.

Uyezve, masimba ehurumende ndiwo nzvimbo umo mitemo mizhinjisa inotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva inoitwa. Mutemo weutsotsi, mutemo wemhuri, mutemo wezvinhu, uye mutemo webvumirano zvose inzvimbo hurusa dzehurumende. Kunyange miitiro yehurumende inowanzotsamira pakuitwa kwehurumende, sezvinoonwa nokuchinjana kwoutano, inishuwarenzi yokushaya basa, uye mvumo yemhoteredzo. Kunzwisiswa kwakasimba kwehurumende yehurumende kunobvumira vanhu kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo mumiitiro yedemocracy pamwero yose iri miviri.

Mugumisiro: Kusimba Kunoita Hurumende

Nyika hadzina kuchinja. Dzinochinja nokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo, mitemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye kuchinja kwetsika dzezvematongerwe enyika.Tenth Amendment inoramba iri chivako chemari, asi zvainoreva zvinoedzwa nguva dzose. Dzidzo, kutarisirwa kwoutano, kuchengetwa kwemitemo, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinoratidza kukura kwechiremera chehurumende uye kukosha kwekuchinja kwehurumende. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvinetso zvakadai sokusunungurwa kwehurumende uye kupesana kwemitemo zvinotiyeuchidza kuti simba rehurumende rinogara richiongororwa nouchangamire hworudzi.

Kunzwisisa iyi dzikamo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anodzidza hurumende yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika kuMassachusetts yezvokudzorwa kwezvoutano kusvikira kumabasa okufambisa eTexas, kubva kumitemo yokutama kuArizona kusvikira kuColorado mbanje kunyoreswa pamutemo (8) tinoona kuti masimba ehurumende ose ari maviri manyuko emhatsa yehurumende nenzvimbo inotangira rwisano yebumbiro remitemo. Sezvo nyika inotarisana nedenho itsva munharaunda dzakadai sechinjo yemamiriro okunze enzvimbo, mashoko ezvokuchengetedza, uye maruramiro okuvhota, kurukurirano pamusoro penoguma nechiremera chehurumende ichavamba bedzi. Vadzidzi navadzidzi zvakafanana, kugona ikoku kubetsera kuva mutsigiri munzveri anozivikanwa mukuedza kwedemo yedemocracy.