Kunzwisisa Mutungamiriri Wehurumende: Purezidhendi Nehurumende

Gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica inotsamira panheyo yokuparadzana kwamasimba, nebazu guru richibatira seinjini inoita mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress ndokududzirwa nematare. Pakukura kwebazu rino rinomira Purezidhendi, achitsigirwa nemubatanidzwa mukuru wamasangano anotungamirira. Vagari vemo, vanonzwisisa kuti aya masangano anoshanda sei anokosha kunzwisiswa kuti muitiro wenyika unoitwa sei, kuti miraudzo inotapura sei upenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye kuti hurumende inoita sei kunjodzi. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kune chiremera, kukudzwa kwemabasa aProfesterin namasangano anotungamirira, nheyo dzayo dzebumbiro remitemo, uye kufambidzana kukuru pakati pavo.

Basa reBumbiro reMitemo raPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi weUnited States ndimukuru wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende panguva imwe cheteyo, basa ramativi maviri rinopa simba rinokosha nomutoro. Chikamu II chezvigunwe zveBumbiro reMitemo “simba ravakuru vakuru” muPurezidhendi, achigadza basa somumanikidzi mukuru womutemo wehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza basa roku“ tarisira kuti Mitemo ipetwe nenzira yokutendeka,” chitsama chinopa Purezidhendi simba rokutarisira dare rehurumende uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yeCongregation inoitwa nenzira inobudirira.

Masimba Nemabasa

Masimba ebumbiro remitemo aPurezidhendi akafara uye anowira mumapoka makuru anoverengeka:

  • Kuchengetwa kwomutemo nokutarisirwa: Mutungamiriri wenyika anotungamirira masangano ose anochengeta mutemo wehurumende, kubva kuFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kuenda kuDrug Inforcement Administration (DEA), uye anogadza zvokutanga zvokuchengeta.
  • Muitiro wokumwe nezvibvumirano: Somumiriri mukuru worudzi, Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinozviisa kukuvadziko yeDare), anogadza nhume, uye anoziva hurumende dzokumwe.
  • Commander-mota: Mutungamiriri weHurumende anodzora chose chose Mauto eU.S. Ane Zvombo, kubatanidza simba rokutumira mauto, kurova kwemauto, uye urongwa hwekudzivirira nyika.
  • Tsigiro yomurairo: Kupfurikidza nesimba reveto], Purezidhendi anogona kuramba mabhiri anopfuura neCongress, achida voruzhinji vaviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri kudzora. Kuwedzera, Purezidhendi anogona kukarakadza mutemo, kubudisa mirairo yesangano, uye kupa Hurumende yeUnion kuronga marusaitirwo emitemo.
  • Simba Rokugadza: Nesimbiso yeDare, Purezidhendi anogadza vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro), nhume, uye vakuru vamasangano anozvimirira.
  • Mapardon namareyibheti: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa maruramiro nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, simba rinogona kushandiswa pasina gare gare.

Kusarudza, Miganhu Yemashoko, uye Kuchinja

Mapurezidhendi anosarudzwa makore mana ari ose kupfurikidza neElectoral College, gadziriro inodzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu nemirairo yakakurumbira. Sezvo kunyorwa kwe 22nd Amendment muna 1951, hapana munhu anogona kusarudzwa saPrezidhendi kunopfuura kaviri. Uku kuganhurirwa kunovimbisa kuchinjwa kwenguva dzose kweutungamiriri uye kunodzivisa kuiswa kwesimba revakuru vakuru. Nhambo yokuchinja pakati pezvidzoro /wwwwhosty personal personation Officence (vhiki 11) inotsoropodza chengeteko yenyika uye kupfuurira kudzora, inoitwa neGeneral Services Administration neW House Transoniciodiation Coorniting Cootination Councie).

Nzvero Pasimba Roupurezidhendi

Nepo Purezidhendi ane chiremera chinotyisa, gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inoisa miganhu. Kudzora kwemari kweDare, kunogona kukurira zviremera, uye kuva nesimba rokurayira. Vatongi vanohwirudzura kumira kwemitemo yezviito zvehurumende. Murangariro wavose nezvinobudisa nhau zvinoshandawo senzvero yamasanga. Kunzwisisa aya masimba kunokosha kuti ubudirire mukuva purezidhendi uye kuzvidavirira.

Kuumbwa Kwegadziriro Dzine Simba

Masangano anotungamirira ndiwo masangano chaiwo anoumba sangano rehurumende. Anoshanda pasi pechiremera chaPurezidhendi uye ane mutoro wokushandisa mitemo, kutungamirira mapurogiramu, uye kutungamirira maindasitiri. Gurukota rehurumende harisi sangano rimwe asi isangano rakaoma remadhipatimendi, masangano akazvimirira, masangano ehurumende, uye masangano okurongazve.

Mahofisi Ebhabhiti

Madhipatimendi 15 eCabinet anoumba musimboti webazu ravakuru vakuru. Rimwe nerimwe rinotungamirirwa noMunyori (kunze kweBato roRuramisiro, rinotungamirirwa neAttorney General) uyo anoshanda somutezo weKibinet yaPurezidhendi. Madhipatimendi aya anobata mativi makuru emitemo:

  • [ Kubuda Mudziviriro[ – chengeteko yehondo neyenyika
  • [ Kutora nzvimbo kweVhizinesi [ – muitiro weFiscal, mari, uye kuunganidzwa kwemitero
  • [ Nzvimbo yeHurumende[[[FLT] - Nhau dzokunze uye kukurukurirana kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende
  • [[[FUNDO:0] Kumira kweChiratidzo – kuchengetwa kwoMutemo nenhau dzapamutemo
  • [ Nzvimbo yeMabasa oUtano neMari yaVanhu – utano hwavanhu vose, Medicare, uye Medicaid
  • Urongwa hweDzidzo – zvirongwa zvedzidzo yeFederal nemitemo
  • Nzvimbo yeHomeland Security[[FLT]-1] – chengeteko yomuganhu, kutama, uye davidzo yengwavaira

Bazi rimwe nerimwe rine zvirongwa zviduku zvakawanda, mabhisitorendi, uye mahofisi. Somuenzaniso, Department of Homeland Security inobatanidza Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Customs and Borders Protection (CBP), uye Transportation Security Administration (TSA).

Kurayira Kwemasangano Nokutungamirira

Haasati ari masangano ose ehurumende anowira pasi pedhipatimendi reKhabhineti. Masangano eekusarudza, akadai se Entron Protection Agency (] ne [[FLT]]C]Chentence Agency (CIII), anoshanda nedeti reIconst. Anotungamirira adzokere kumukuru wehurumende mumwe kana kuti mutungamiriri akagadzwa naPrezidhendi. Masangano akafanana ne [[FLT:]] Saucialtictic and Exchange Comment Applice Agement (CC)[FLT] [FF]], , , , dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inobatira bedzi.[FLT][FT]

Masangano Ehurumende

Chikamu chiduku zvikuru masangano ehurumende, ayo anogovera mabasa emisika. Mienzaniso inobatanidza U.S. Service Postal (USPS) ne[FLT]] Tennesse Valley Authority [VA)[FLT]. Masangano aya anowana mari kupfurikidza nemitengo uye anokarirwa kushanda zvakanaka, kunyange zvazvo achiramba ari pasi poutariri hwehurumende.

Kutungamirira Kunoita Purezidhendi Zvirongwa Zvehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo Purezidhendi achironga zvokuita, vashandi vemakambani vanowanzova nounyanzvi hwakadzama uye kuyeuka zvinhu zvinotarisirwa. Kudzora kunobudirira kunoda kuti pave nezvinonyanya kukosha mune zvematongerwe enyika uye kukwanisa kuzviita.

Kugadzwa uye Vashandi

Purezidhendi anogadza zvinzvimbo zvamatongerwe enyika zvinenge 4 000 muhurumende yose, kubatanidza vanyori vehurumende, mutevedzeri wovanyori, mutevedzeri, vanyori vemasangano. ava vakuru vakuru vanogadza nhungamiro yemitemo uye vanofanira kutarisira vashandi vehurumende vanoshanda. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa vazhinji veava vakagadzwa, richigovera cheki yepesvedzero yapurezidhendi. Masangano anopinzawo mazana ezviuru evashandi vebasa vanobhadharwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yamakwikwi avagari vemo, yakadzivirirwa pakudzingwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika nePendleton Act.

Kushandisa Mari Nokushandisa

Kudzorwa kwemari inoshandiswa zvikuru kuumba zvinhu zvinokosha zvesangano. Purezidhendi anopa chikarakadzo chemari yemari yegore negore kuCongress, icho chinobatanidza zvikumbiro zvine udzame zvokupedzerwa kwesangano rimwe nerimwe. Nepo pakupedzisira Congress ichifanira mari, Office of Management and Drug (OMB) inoita basa guru mukudzokorora zvikumbiro zvemari yesangano, kuongorora mari inoshandiswa, uye kuvimbisa kurongwa kwemitengo yetsika. OMB inohwirudzurawo mirayiro yose yakakarakadzwa nemiraniso yehurumende isati yatanga kuva yezvirongwa.

Mirayiridzo Yakananga uye metranda

Mapurezidhendi anowanzoshandisa zvirevo zvavakuru vakuru napurezidhendi kuti vatungamirire masangano pasina mutemo mutsva. Iyi mirairidzo ine simba romutemo nokuda kwebazu guru asi inofanira kudzikamiswa muchiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti Bugnist. Mienzaniso inobatanidza murairo waPrezidhendi Biden woukuru pakufambira mberi kwemirayiro yedzinza neyaPrezidhendi Trump pakuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika. Madare anogona kuputsa zviratidzo zvehurumende zvinopfuura chiremera chapurezidhendi.

Chiremera Chokutungamirira Nokutonga

Masangano akawanda anoshandisa simba romutemo rinogoverwa kuti aite mirau inoita mirau. Muitiro wokugadza mitemo, unodzorwa ne Administrative Procedure Act [APA], anoda masangano kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa, kukoka tsinhiro dzavose, uye kubudisa mitemo yokupedzisira neruramiso dzinofungwa. Purezidhendi anopesvedzera uyu muitiro kupfurikidza nokuhwirudzura OMB uye kupfurikidza nokugadza vakuru vesangano vanogadza zvinhu zvinokosha. Somuenzaniso, EPA pasi pezvirongwa zvakasiyana - siyana zvikuru nhevedzano yemitemo yemhoteredzo.

Mienzaniso Yakatanhamara Yezvirongwa Zvikuru Zvikuru Zviri Kushanda

Kuti tinzwisise kukanganisa kunoita masangano evakuru vakuru, zvinobatsira kuongorora kuti masangano akati anoshanda sei achitungamirirwa napurezidhendi.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA, yakatangwa muna 1970, ine mutoro wokudzivirira utano hwavanhu nemhoteredzo kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo yakadai seCheather Air Act neClean Water Act. Purezidhendi anogadza EPA chigaro, uye purogiramu yesangano racho inowanzoratidzira zvinhu zvokutanga zvehurumende. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yeObama Econ Power Plan inovavarira kuderedza kubudisa carbon kubva kunzvimbo yesimba, nepo Hurumende yeTrump inoitsiva nomutemo weAffordble Ener Ener Ener E. Kutonga kweEPA kunoratidza zvikuru kunzvera kwesayenzi nezvemari.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

CIA inounganidza, inonzvera, uye inoparadzira uchenjeri hwokumwe kuzivisa zvisarudzo zvechengeteko yenyika. Sesangano rakazvimirira, rinoshuma kuMutungamiriri weNational Intelligence uye pakupedzisira kuPurezidhendi. Mibato yeCIA inobatanidza chiito chakavanzika, icho chinoda kuwana purezidhendi nechiziviso chesangano. Basa resangano racho ikoshesa resimba rechiremera mune dzimwe nyika, uye kubudirira kwaro kunotsamira pakubatana zvikuru neWhite House.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

FBI, chikamu cheDhipatimendi reRuramisiro, rinobatira sesangano guru rehurumende rokudzika mutemo uye rezvemari yemhuri. Purezidhendi anogadza Mutungamiriri weFBI kushoko remakore 10 kuti adzivirire nzvimbo padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. FBI inonzvera mhaka dzehurumende, kubatanidza ugandanga, ugandanga, uye uori hwavanhu. Zviito zvahwo zvinotarisirwa neCongress, Department of Justice, uye matare ehurumende.

Department of dzidzo

Department of Education inogovera yamuro yavadzidzi yehurumende, inounganidza mashoko pazvikoro, uye inodzikamisa mitemo yamaruramiro avagari vemo mudzidzo. Yakaitwa muna 1979, basa rayo rakakurukurwa; vamwe vanopikisana purogiramu yedzidzo inofanira kuramba iri yomunzvimbomo. Nhevedzo yedzidzo yaPrezidhendi yakavakirwa pachisarudzo chechikoro, Tit IX jogistry, kana kuti kuchinja kwavadzidzi chikwereti chebasa rebato. Munyori weDzidzidzo ndiye mutezo mukuru weCamplicate anoshanda neCongress navakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Mhindumupindu Yenhau yeBazu Rakatungamirira

Bazu ravakuru vakuru razvino uno rakakura zvikuru uye rakaoma zvikuru kupfuura iro rakarangarirwa naVavambi. Hurumende yokutanga yehurumende yakashandisa bedzi mazana mashomanene avanhu mumadhipatimendi eHurumende, Treasury, War, uye Ruramisiro. Kukura kwechiremera chehurumende mukati meNew Deal, Great Society, uye pashure penhambo ye9/11 kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa ukuru noukuru hwemasangano anotungamirira.

Mapurezidhendi akakudzawo vashandi vavo vamene kupfurikidza neHofisi yeUniversity yeProfesi yaPurezidhendi (EOP), yakaitwa muna 1939. EOP inobatanidza Office yeImba yeVhite, National Security Council, Office of Management and Drug, uye Council of Economic Adviers. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira Purezidhendi kutsinhiranisa dare rinodzorwa nokukurumidza ndokupindura zvinetso zvemhuri nedzenyika dzakawanda.

Nenzira inokosha, ukama pakati peCongress nedare rapamberi penguva yakati. Kunyange zvazvo Congress yapa chiremera chinokosha kumasangano anotungamirira, inochengeta utariri kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye simba rechikwama. Dare Rapamusoro, muzviitiko zvakafanana S v. Chadha [19983] na[FLT]] NIB v. Sebelius [202], akajekesa miganhuro yesangano namasimba apurezidhendi.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Nhau dzinoverengeka dzinopfuurira dzinosimbisa kusagadzikana nokuoma kwekudzora kwevakuru vakuru.

Chidzidzo Choutungamiriri Nechirongwa Chesangano

Vamwe vatungamiriri nenyanzvi dzemitemo vanotaura kuti “mutungamiriri wehurumende” anenge achidzidzisa kuti Purezidhendi ane simba rakakwana pabazi guru uye anogona kudzinga chero mukuru mukuru wesangano chero upi zvake asingadi.

Kuchinja Nokurambidza Kutungamirirwa

Hurumende imwe neimwe inoongorora nokugadziridza mitemo iripo. Conregional Review Act (CRA) inobvumira Congress kushandura mitemo mitsva yesangano nevoruzhinji, chishandiso chinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji mumwedzi yokutanga yeTrump. Vadzoreri veBiden vakanangidzira ngwariro pakuwedzera miraudzo munzvimbo dzakafanana nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze nedziviriro. Kudzikamisa mufambiro nedziviriro yavose inoramba iri denho huru.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kuziva Mari, uye Kushanda Kwemazuva Ano

Masangano anotungamirira ari kuvimba zvikuru noruzivo rwemitero, kubva kugadziriro dzeIRS dzinogadzira mitero kusvikira kupurogiramu dzeIntagon yeIntagenon yeICM. General Service Administration (GSA) uye [[FLT] Office of Management and Drust inotungamirira nhamburiko dzazvino uno kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvakafanana neCURC Scientificiation Fund. Zvisinei, gadziriro dzenhaka nechaunga chamanyumwiro zvinoramba zviri mungozi huru.

Kuzvimirira Kweagency Nedzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nzvero mudzongonyedzo dzinobvira dzezvamatongerwe enyika kumasangano akadai seDhipatimendi reRuramisiro neEPA dzakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuparadzwa kwemipimo yenyanzvi.Hatch Act inoganhurira mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika wavashandi vehurumende, asi dzvinyiriro yapurezidhendi pazvisarudzo zvesangano inogona kuva yamanomano.

Chikonzero Nei Vagari Vachifanira Kunzwisisa Masangano Aya

Purezidhendi nemasangano anotungamirira anotapura anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica: mhepo yatinofema, zvokudya zvatinodya, chengeteko yenzvimbo dzedu dzebasa, chengeteko yenyika yedu, uye dzidzo yavana vedu. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti aya masangano anoshanda sei, vanogona kupinda zviri nani mumiitiro yavose, kutsigira chinjo, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru varongerwe. Kutora rutivi mumuitiro wokutonga kupfurikidza nokuteerera tsinhiro dzavose, vhoti, uye vamiriri vanokurukura navo inzira dzakajeka dzokupesvedzera mabasa ebazi.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka mamwe mashoko, pfuma inotevera ine simba;

Kunzwisisa mabasa aPurezidhendi nemasangano anotungamirira hakusi kungodzidza chete, asi kutoda hurumende yeAmerica kuti irambe iripo kunobva pamunhu akadzidza anogona kuongorora mabasa ehurumende uye kuita kuti hurumende ive nechokwadi chokuti zvose zvayakaita zvakafanana.