Kutanga: Basa Rikuru Revarwi Mumabasa Averevedza

Kushanda nesimba uye kuongorora kwoungwaru zvishandiso zvine simba izvo masangano anochengetedza mutemo anorongwa kuti apinde mumasangano outsotsi, aunganidze uchenjeri hunogona kuitwa, uye kuvaka mhosva dzinotapurwa. Kubva kumichina yokutengesa zvinodhaka kusvika kugadziriro dzemakombiyuta, mabasa aya anowanzoisa vakuru vakuru vakuru munzvimbo dzavanofanira kuita mufambiro unotevedzera mubato usiri wapamutemo. Zvisinei, musiyano pakati pokudzika kwemitemo uye munyengeri webumbiro remitemo wakateteswa. Central inochengeta muganhu wacho ndicho chinodikanwa chemitemo yakarurama.

Pasina maruramiro anowanwa pamutemo, ufakazi hunounganidzwa mukati morubono kana kuti kuvhiya kwapachivande kungadziviswa mumutemo wokuparadza, kuchigona kuvhiringidza kurovererwa kwose. Kunzwisisa misengwa chaiyo yemitemo nokuda kwamarudzi akasiyana - siyana ezviito (netsananguro dzakamanikana dziripo) inokosha nokuda kwavachuchisi, magweta anodzivirira, vashandi vapamutemo, uye munhu upi noupi anofunda muitiro woutsotsi. Iyi nyaya inogovera nhungamiro yakakwana kuzvinodikanwa zvinodzora kumiitiro yokuruma uye kufefeya - pikicha, kuyera panheyo dzapamutemo, mutemo wemitemo, uye mipimo yapamutemo inotungamirira.

Masangano Ebumbiro Remitemo: Kugadziriswa Kwechina uye Chisakiso Chinowirirana

Chibvumirano chechina cheMitemo yeUnited States chinovimbisa kodzero yevanhu yokudzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Chikamu chayo chinotaura kuti hapana maruramiro achabudiswa asi pazvikonzero zvinobvira, kuchitsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti chibvumikiso, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kusechwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Ichi chinodikanwa chenheyo chinoshanda kukuruma uye mabasa oumbozha papi kana papi pazvinenge zvichibatanidza kutsvaka, kubatwa, kana kuti kupinda munzvimbo yakadzivirirwa nemitemo yechivande.

Chisakiso chinorondedzerwa hachisi danda rakakwirira rinoda bviro yemhedziso. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru haagoni kungotaura kuti fungidziro ingave inochengeta zvinhu zvakabiwa mugaraji; inofanira kugovera mazano akavimbika, tsinhiro dzinoongororwa, kana kuti humwe ufakazi hunotsigira kuti kukumbira kuti pave nekodzero dzakati kuti dzibvumirwe, kwete mhedzisowo zvadzo.

Chinodikanwa chaichoicho chinokosha zvakaenzana. Chibvumikiso chokushanda kworubombo chinofanira kurondedzera noururani nzvimbo inoda kunzverwa (mutoo, imba pa 123 Main Street), zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa (mutoo, zvinyorwa zvemirimo), uye mitoo yokunzvera kana kuti kuvhozhokera inobvumirwa. Zvibvumikiso zvokushandisa. Nhengo dzinonzi nevoruzhinji zvibvumikiso /arectal authonion nemhaka yokuti vanopa vakuru vakuru vakuru chiremera chakazarurirwa kuvhozhokera kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvomunhu kana kuti kurukurirano dzapa munhu.

Kuongorora Kwaiita Vaiva Vari Mvumo

Kuongorora zvinhu zvinobata uye kuongorora pachivande kunogona kubatanidza marudzi akasiyana - siyana ezvibvumikiso, chimwe nechimwe chinodzorwa nemitemo yacho. Zvinowanzosanganisira:

  • [ Tsvaka magwaro [ - anoshandiswa kupinda nokutsvaka nzvimbo yakananga youfakazi hwoutsotsi (mutoo, imba yokuviga kana kuti mushandisi wekombiyuta).
  • [[FLT: 0] Arrest rescreates - inoshandiswa kuisa munyu muchitokisi pashure pokunge kuruma kwaguma.
  • [[NHAU]] Kufamba-famba kunoratidza kuti pakanga pane padivi painenge paitika chinhu kana kuti pamagetsi anoshandiswa kuongorora chinhu chataivhirwa (imo, GPS kunyora kana kuti kuongorora vhidhiyo yenzvimbo iri yoga).
  • Title III miraidzo yewaya – inodikanwa kudzivirira zviri mukati mewaya yewaya, yokutaura, kana kuti kurukurirano dzamagetsi (nhetembo dzefoni, maemail, magwaro) pasi pemiitiro yorumano.
  • Pen inonyoresa uye iridzi revara remirayiridzo - inoshandiswa kubata nhamba dzinotapurwa kana kuti metadata kubva pafoni, inowanzoda bedzi mupimo wakaderera webasa panzvimbo pechisakiso chinobvira.

Kutsvaka Mabasa Okurwa

Kuruma kwakakurumbira kunowanzoguma nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kuchiita gwaro rokunzvera panzvimbo inoshandiswa kuchengeta ufakazi kana kuti kubhadharwa. Somuenzaniso, mukutenga mirimo kwakavanzika, vakuru vakuru vangaronga kutenga zvinodhakisa kumutengesi pafurati rakasarudzwa. Pashure pokunge kutengeserana, vanowana rugwaro rwokutsvaka furati nokuda kwemirimo yokuwedzera, mari, uye marekodhi. Chibvumikiso chacho chinofanira kutsigirwa neaffidavit iyo inobatanidza kunzvera kwomuzvipiri, kuvimbika kwevazivi vapi navapi navapi, uye nhevedzano yezvinoitika zvinobvumikisa kuva zvisakiso zvinobvira.

Chiono chimwe chinotsoropodza: kana kuruma kumene kunobatanidza mibatanidzwa inodzokororwa muzvinhu zvapachivande (muchirevo, mukuru mukuru wepachivande anonyepedzera kuva mutengi wemirimo anokokwa kupinda mumusha), mazita iwayo angave ari epamutemo uye nokudaro haadi maruramiro.

Kushanda Kwemagetsi uye Zita Repamusoro Revarwi Vatatu

Nzvero dzapachivande dzinobatanidza kurova, kupamba, kana kuti kuvhara kurukurirano dzamagetsi dzinowira pasi peChiteko cheSangano reSangano rePURP (Title III yeOmnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act ya 1968) nemiraudzo yakafanana. Iyi mitemo inoisa zvinodikanwa zvakadzika mitemo kupfuura chisakisowo zvacho:

  • Muzivi anofanira kuratidza chisakiso chinobvira chokuti utsotsi chaihwo hwave huri, huripo, kana kuti hwava kuda kuitwa.
  • Kushandisa kunofanira kuratidzira kuti miitiro yenguva dzose yenzvero yakaedzwa ndokukundikana, kana kuti nenzira ine mufungo kunoratidzika kuva isingabviri kana kuti ine ngozi zvikuru (iyi ndiyo [ inodikanwa chenyuro.[[FLT: 1]]]
  • Nhevedzano inofanira kududza rudzi rwekurukurirano runofanira kudziviswa, mhaka iri kuongororwa, kuzivikanwa kwechinodheererwa (kana kuchizivikanwa), uye urefu hwekumiswa kwenzvimbo yacho (inowanzoganhurirwa kumazuva 30 nefutunuko inobvira).
  • Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuderedza kusangana kwekurukurirano dzisingapfuuridziri (mutoo, rega kuteerera apo kurukurirano dzinenge dzisina ukama zvakajeka noutsotsi).

Kukundikana kuwirirana neizvi zvinodikanwa kunogona kuguma nokudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi hwose hunodziviswa uye kunyange mutoro wavagari vemo wavakuru vakuru vakabatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, mu Berger v. New York (1967), Dare Gurusa rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende wakanga usina kuenzana kwakakwana netarisiro yapamutemo, uchisimbisa kuti kunzvera kwemagetsi i “nzvero” pasi peWechina Amendment.

Kutsvaka Michina Yemadhiragi Nevanoshandira GPS

Kunzverwa kwomuviri kwemibato yomunhu kupfurikidza nokunzvera GPS kana kuti imwe mitoo yenzvimbo yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunodawo gwaro pasi peGenese Amendment. Mu United States v. Jones (2012]), Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kubatana kwehurumende kwechishandiso cheGPS kumotokari uye kushandiswa kwaicho kuongorora kufamba kwemotokari kunoumba kunzvera mukati merevo yeDemendementation yeChina. Naizvozvo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuwana maruramiro anotsigirwa nechinoitika chinozivikanwa nemhesano chinonzi PGPS murumya kana kuti kupfuuresa kushanda.

Hurumende namasangano omunzvimbomo zvinofanira kuziva kuti chinodikanwa chinodikanwa nokuda kwokunyora GPS chinoshanda kunyange apo motokari iri pamigwagwa yavose. Jones [ chisarudzo chakatendeuka pachinhu chokunamata dhipatika, asi zvinoitika zvapashure (zvakadai se [[FLT] United States v. Carplate , 2018) chakawanawo kuti mashoko enguva refu esero-kamuripo (CSI) anoda maruramiro nemhaka yokuti anozivisa mufananidzo wapedyo woupenyu hwomunhu.

Kunzvera Kwakavanzika Pasina Vasingabvumiri: Basa Rokubvumirana uye Murangariro Wakajeka

Hakusi kunzvera kwose kwokuvanda kunoda chibvumikiso. Mumigariro mizhinji, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunotsamira pa kubvumira kuitisa kunzvera kana kuti kunzvera. Apo mukuru mukuru wepachivande anokokwa mumusha unofungidzirwa, hofisi, kana kuti motokari, tsinhiro dzipi nedzipi dzinoitwa pakati pekukokesa ikoko dzinobvumirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji pasina pamutemo. Iyi nheyo yakaziviswa nenzira yakakurumbira mu Haffa v. United States [196], apo Dare rapamusorosoro rakava nerokuti apo chiziviso chehurumende chinoiswa mukuvapo, mukwidzwa wacho “musungwa anopinza mungozi."

Nenzira yakafanana, chiono chinoparira dzidziso [[[FLT: 1] inobvumira vakuru vakuru kubata ufakazi kana kuti chitsotsi icho chinowanwa netsaona panzvimbo yapamutemo. Kana mumiriri akavanzika aona pfuti patafura mukati mechibvumirano chemirimo, cherechedzo iyoyo haisati ichida maruramiro akaparadzana, uye pfuti ingava isingashatiswi.

Zvisinei, musiyano pakati pecherechedzo isingashandiswi nokunzvera kusina maruramiro unogona kuva usina kujeka. Kana mukuru mukuru wechivande akapindira mumufambiro unopfuura kubvumira kwedanho kwedariro, zvakadai sokuvhura bhegi rakakiyiwa kana kuti kuisa dhiragi rokurekodha rakavigwa rakavanzika. Dare rinonzvera hwerengedzo yemigariro yacho kuti rione kana munhu ane mufungo aizova anodavira kuti akanga achinzverwa.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Nepo magwaro ari mutemo unozivikanwa navose, kuruma pane dzimwe nguva kunopfuurira pasi apa kunozivikanwa.

Migariro Yakaoma

Apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunotarisana nengozi inotyisidzira upenyu, kuparadzwa kwava pedyo kwoufakazi, kana kuti kurondwa kwokukurumidza kwefungidziro inotiza, vangaita kutsvaka kana kuti kugwinha pasina maruramiro. Somuenzaniso, kana mukati mebasa rorubombo mukuru akanzwa mashoko anoratidzira kuti mumwe munhu ari kudenhwa, vangapinda muimba isina mvumo yokupa yamuro kana kuti kudzivisa kuvadziko. Kushatiswa kunofanira kuva kwechokwadi uye kusasikwa nehurumende imene. Matare anonzvera nguva norudzi rwokuvandika kuti adzivise nokungwarira kubata zvisina kufanira.

Kutenda Kwakanaka Kunosiiwa

Kunyange kana rugwaro rukazowanikwa gare gare ruchirema (g., rusina chisakiso chinobvira), ufakazi hungangova husingabviri kana vakuru vakuru vakaita nokutsamira kwakarurama pamaruramiro akapiwa namejasitiriti. Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa ichi chirango mu United States v. Leon [19984]. Kukumbira kutenda kwakanaka, kunofanira kuva kwakatevedzerwa nomutemo mupimo uye mutarisiri wenhau anofanira kuva angave akaziva nenzira yakakwana pachiso.] mukuru mukuru mukuru wacho haagoni kugona kuva akaziva kana kuti akaziva kuti maruramiro acho akanga asina maturo.

Kubvuma

Sezvambotaurwa, kubvuma kwokuzvidira kunobva kumunhu ane simba panzvimbo kana kuti panzvimbo inoitirwa zvinhu kunobvisa kudikanwa kwetsamba. Mumabasa ouviri, kubvumira kunowanzowanwa apo anofungidzirwa anokoka mukuru mukuru wevanda munzvimbo yapachivande. Zvisinei, matare anoda kuti kubvuma kuzivikanwa uye kuzvipira, kwete kumanikidzwa. Vakuru vakuru havagoni kushandisa unyengeri kuti vatendere mufungidziri kuti asazobvumire kuti anenge anyenge anyengerwa kunyengera kunovapo pabasa racho riri pachivanda kunowanzogamuchirwa chero bedzi anonyumwirwa anoramba akasununguka kutsigira basa racho.

Murangariro Wakajeka Nokuwana Kusingadzivisiki

Murangariro wakananga unobvumira nhamo isina pamutemo youfakazi hunooneka nokukurumidza sohunoparira uye hunowanwa mupfundo rokucherekedza rapamutemo.

Kungwarira Kunokosha Kuzvirongwa Zvokufambisa Mashoko Zvakadzivirira Kutaura Kana Kuti Songaniro

Mamwe mabasa okuboora anobatanidza First Amendment — zvakadai sokupinza masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, mapoka orudzidziso, kana kuti paIndaneti , apo mutsetse pakati penzvero yapamutemo neisina kusiana womutauro unova unodenha. Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti hurumende ingasapinda mukunzverwa kwakavanzika kweboka nemhaka bedzi yemirangariro yaro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti yorudzidziso pasina kunyumwira kune mufungo kwomubato woutsotsi. NACP v. Alabama rel. [FLD [58] [1988], Dare rakaziva kuti kuratidzirwa kwezvikamu zvemitezo yavanhu kwaigona kudzivisa. Kunyange zvazvo mhaka iyoyo isina kubatanidza ruzha, gare gare gare gare yakashandisa kurangarira kwakafanana mukuvanzi.

Kana kuruma kukavanda vanhu vanenge vachiongorora kutaura kwakadzivirirwa, somuenzaniso, kuongorora tyisidziro dzisiri dzepamutemo dzinoitwa mudzimba dzepaIndaneti dzinokurukura nemunhu nemunhu nekombiyuta, kumanikidza kunofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vamiririri vavo havazopindiri mumufambiro usiri wapamutemo usati wamboitika. Izvi zvinobatanidza kuzvidzivirira, kunokurukurwa pasi apa. Uyezve, kana kuvhiya kwacho kuchibatanidza kuongorora kurukurirano dzemagetsi, chibvumikiso chacho chinofanira kugadzirirwa kudzivisa kutaura kwakaropafadzwa kana kuti kusina basa.

Kutendeutswa Noukama Hwako Nezvinodikanwa Zvinodzivisa

Nepo usungwa huri dziviriro duku pane nhau inopa chibvumikiso, zviviri zvacho zvakabatana zvikuru mumabasa okuruma. Kugombedzera mutemo kunoitika apo kuparira munhu kuita mhaka iyo vangadai vasina kufanoda kuita.

Zvisinei, kukwanisa kudzora kuongorora kana kuti kuongorora hakungobvumiri kutevedzerwa nevakuru vakuru vepachivande.

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunogona kuderedza ngozi kupfurikidza nokuisa ngwariro pamukana panzvimbo pokunyengetedza anonyumwirwa nomukana wokuita utsotsi hwaakatoda kuita, somuzvinoitika apo anonyumwirwa anotanga mubato usiri wapamutemo kana kuti ane chinyorwa chapamberi pemhaka yakafanana.

Zvinodikanwa Zvemitemo: Kutarisira Kwokutonga

Mutsigiri anotsigira rugwaro rwokuvhima kuvhiya kunofanira kuva kune udzame uye kunojeka pamusoro porudzi rwokuvhiya. Kunofanira kurondedzera:

  • Mhosva chaiyo iri kuongororwa uye nei kuruma kana kuti kuzviita pachivande kuchikosha.
  • Nzvimbo kana kuti chipfuro chinofanira kusechwa kana kuti kupetwa, zvikurukuru.
  • Maidi anosimbisa chisakiso chinobvira, kubatanidza kutaura kubva kuvazivisi, cherechedzo dzakabva kuvakuru vakuru, uye humwe ufakazi hupi nohupi.
  • Nguva yokushanda uye zvimwe zvinhu zvipi nezvipi panzvimbo yebasa rinobvumirwa (chirevo, “tsamba inobvumira kuiswa uye kuongororwa kwechaishandiso cheGPS kwemazuva 60”.
  • Mashoko pamusoro pebasa romushandiri wechivande, kana akafanira kuchisakiso chinobvira (mutoo, “mushandi akakokwa mudzimba pashure pokuronga kutenga mirimo”).

Vamagiteri vanofanira kunzvera nenzira yokuzvimirira affidavit uye vangada gadziridzo kana kuti mashoko okuwedzera vasati vasaina rugwaro. Vanewo basa kuva nechokwadi chokuti rugwaro rwacho haruna kunyanyofara. Mukunzvera kwakaoma, kwakadai sokutengesa mirimo kwenguva refu kana kuti kuruma kwoutsotsi kwakarongwa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungada kutsvaka magwaro akawanda sezvo ufakazi hunokura, chivako chimwe nechimwe pamatanho apamberi penguva yakapfuura.

Kusiyana Kwehurumende Mumutemo Unobhadhara

Nepo mipimo yebumbiro remitemo yehurumende inogovera uriri, bumbiro remitemo remitemo rinogona kuisa dziviriro dzakawedzerwa. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinoda murairo wenzvero yemagetsi inopfuura iyo inopa Titreme III, zvakadai sokuda rugwaro rwemakamera eterevhizheni akavharwa munzvimbo dzavose.

Masangano anodzika mitemo anofanira kuziva nezvomutemo wehurumende unoshanda pakuitisa mabasa ehurumende mukati mesimba rakati. Ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kwomutemo wehurumende hungangoramba huchidzorwa kunyange kana kwaizova kusingabviri muRemendment yeChina, kana mutemo wenyika wokubvisa mutemo wakafara.

Vazivi vanofanira kubvunza mitemo yakananga nomutemo wenhau wenyika yakafanira. Nokuda kwezviboo zvehurumende zvinoitiswa namasangano akadai seFBI kana kuti DEA, mutemo wehurumende ungangoshanda kana kuvhiya kwacho kuchiitwa munyika yehurumende kana kuti kubatanidza pomero dzehurumende. Kushanda kwamativi mazhinji enyika kunoda kusanobatana kuva nechokwadi chokuti miitiro inodzora inoshandiswa inogutsa simba rinoshanda zvikurusa kudzivisa kudzvinyirirwa mupomedzo ipi neipi inotevera.

Zvinetso uye Kuoma Kwakaita Kushanda Mumabasa Akawanda Okukunda

Mibato inodzorwa inoita kuti pave nemhesano dzakawedzerwa. Kana anonyumwirwa achitaura nomukuru mukuru wevhare mumitsetse yenyika, zvirairo zvewaya yetaipa zvingada kuwirirana nemitemo yenyika dzose, pamwe chete nomutemo wehurumende. Zvinoshandawo kuGPS kunzvera kana kuti kunzvera makore. Mu United States v. Verdu-Urquidez [, Dare rapamusoro rakaganhurira kunzvera kweChosetry Confective kunzvera kusiri U.S. Vagari vagari vemo vakafunda kune imwe nyika, asi kurova kunobatanidza zvinofungidzirwa kuvakwa kwamarudzi ose.[1]

Kuti agadzirise zvinetso izvi, masangano anoona nezvokuchengetwa kwemitemo anowanzoita mabasa akabatana anoitwa apo kukumbira magwaro anobvumirwa kunoongororwa nemagweta akawanda anotarisira, izvi zvinoratidza kuti rugwaro rwacho rwakafara zvakakwana kuti rupedze nzvimbo dzose nemitoo zvinofanofungwa, asi ruchiramba rwakarongwa zvakakwana kuti rwugutse Ivhu Rechina Re Amendment.

Mazano Anoshanda Pakumanikidzwa Kwemutemo Nenyanzvi Dzezvemitemo

Nokuda kwavachuchisi namagweta anodzivirira vachinzvera kuva pamutemo kwevhiyi inoruma, mapfundo anotevera akakomba:

  • Dzokorora wirirano maruramiro nokuda kwokukwana nokururama. Kubvumira kana kuti kutaura kusina kururama kwemabumbiro emitemo kana kuti kudzokororwa kwamaune(akuru) kungatungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa pasi pe Franks v. Delaware.
  • Iva nechokwadi chokuti kana pachishandiswa magetsi kuti uone kana zvikanzi zvikada kuitwa kuti zvienderane neTitle III. Teerera zvakarekodhwa kuti uone kana foni dzisati dzanyanya kudzorwa.
  • Kana munyumwiri pakutanga akabvuma kupinda kwomushandi ari pasi pechivande, asi gare gare kubvumira kupi nokupi kunopfuurira kunofanira kumira kutoti kubvumikiswa kana kuti kururamiswa.
  • Ziva dzidziso yepatatu, 1976]: zvidzidzo zvingava nekariro yakaderedzwa yokuva voga mumashoko azvinogoverana nokuzvidira navamwe (g., zvinyorwa zvebhangi pasi pe United States v. Miller, 1976). Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakaganhurira dzidziso iyoyo muzera ramaminuro (e.g. [FLT: 4,] Carpater v. United States[FLT:], 2018, nokuda kwemasero-DS),.
  • Rangarira kana kushanda kworumborera kumene kuchiparira nhau dzebumbiro remitemo kunze kwegwara racho, zvakadai sokuputswa kweGuer Process Clause kana mufambiro wehurumende uri “wakaipa.” Iyi dziviriro haiwanzobudirira asi yakazivikanwa mushurikidzo.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa Kubudirira Nokuperera Kuburikidza neBumbiro Remitemo

Kushanda kwokungwarira uye kuongorora kwoungwaru zvinokosha nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo kwazvino uno, asi zvinofanira kuitwa mukati memiganhu yeFreadment yeChina nemitemo inobvumira. Kushandiswa kwakafanira kwokunzvera, kuongorora, uye kurwisa kwemagetsi kunobetsera kudzivirira kwete bedzi kodzero dzevanonyumwira asiwo kuva nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi hunounganidzwa huchakurira kuongororwa kwedare. Kupfurikidza nokuomerera kunheyo dzechisakiso chinobvira, chakananga, uye kutarisirwa nemitemo, mutemo unogona kupedza nenzira inobudirira utsotsi pasina kuisa musengwaro mipimo yemitemo iyo inorondedzera gadziriro yedu yeruramisiro.

Magweta edziviriro nenyanzvi dzapamutemo vanofanira kupfuurira kunzvera nzvimbo inochinjika yomutemo wekodzero(8) zvikurukuru sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoparira miganhu mitsva yakavanzika. Madare sezvingabvira achapfuurira kuchenesa miganhu yemibato yapachivande, achiraira maruramiro akasimba zvikuru nokutarisira kworumano uko mitoo inopinza inoshandiswa. Nharidzano yokupedzisira inzira umo kurwisana noutsotsi hakusviki pamutengo werusununguko rwainovavarira kudzivirira.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute – Fourterment Incal, [[FLT:] Nhivi dzeChiito cheSangano paProgramuc Surveillance[, uye [FLT]] United States v. Jones Chimiro [202]