Kunzwisisa Mavakirwo Ehurumende yeUnited States

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana, gadziriro yakadzika midzi zvikuru muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweChiedza uye yakashandiswa kupfurikidza neBumbiro reMitemo ra1787. Ichi chivako chakanga chiri kubviswa kwamaune kubva kuchiremera chapakati chehurumende, chakaitirwa kudzivisa munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kuti asave nesimba risingadzorwi. Vagadziri vakabva zvikuru mumifungo yaBaron de Montesquieu, uyo akaitirana nharo mu [[FLT: 0] Mudzimu weMitemo yemitemo kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika rwavagari vemo vanotsamira pakuparadzana kwechinjo, mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye mabasa okutonga. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu matatu anoshanda sei, uye kuti anofambidzana sei, anokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti mitemo itendwe, ipfuure, uye akaturirwa muUnited States.

Kuvaka kukuru kunokamura hurumende yehurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana: Legislative Branch (Conrer), Bazu reUppertive (Mutungamiriri wenyika namasangano), uye Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana, asi rimwe nerimwe rinogonawo kunzvera mamwe, kuumbawo dzikamo ine simba rakaumba kudzora kweAmerica kwamazana maviri amakore. Nyaya ino inogovera kuputsika kune udzame kwebazu rimwe nerimwe, zvikamu zvaro zvikuru, uye gadziriro yechekero neganhuriro izvo zvinochengeta hurumende ichizvidavirira.

Bazu Romutemo: Vaiti Vemitemo

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa masimba ose emitemo muBasa reBasa reBasa reSangano reMitemo, rinoumbwa neDare reSangano neImba yaVamiririri. Magensai eLegislative idare guru rokugadzira mutemo, rinoshanda nokunyora, kukwikwidza, uye kupfuudza mutemo. Kupfuura kuitwa kwomutemo, Congress ine chiremera chinokosha pabhajeti rehurumende, inozivisa hondo, inodzora nyika nekutengeserana kwokumwe, uye inogona kunzvera mabasa ose ari maviri ebazu ebasa nenhau dzevoruzhinji.

Dare

Dare rinoumbwa navasandendi 100, vaviri vanobva munyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Iyi gadziriro yakanga yakagadzirirwa kupa ratidziro yakaenzana kunyika duku. Vamiriri vanobatira mipimo yegore ramakore matanhatu inozunguzika, neinenge chikamu chimwe chetatu cheDare nokuda kwechisarudzo makore maviri. Masimba eDare akasiyana anobatanidza kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (zvakadai savatongi vedare rehurumende, vatongi vehurumende, uye vatongi veDare Rapamusoro) navazhinji, zvibvumirano zvinobvumiranwa naPrezidhente namavhota maviri, uye kutungamirira muedzo wokusapiwa. Dare reUnited States rinoshanda saPrezidhente weDare, rinobatanidza kuvhota apo kuvhota.

Dare rinoshanda negamuchidzanwa rakasimba resimba romutezo mumwe nomumwe, kubatanidza mano okutonga mwana ari mutezo, kunoda kuva nesimba gurusa ramavhoti 60 kuti aparidze kuwiriraniswa nokuguma kurukurirano. Mabasa makuru outungamiriri anobatanidza Genario Monity Guru neDare reMinority Mutungamiriri, uyo akagadza zvirongwa zvemitemo. Mashoko akawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yedare namabasa azvino uno anogona kuwanwa pa Sate.gov

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yavamiriri ine mitezo 435 yokuvhota, inogoverwa pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo sedzinosarudzwa nokuverengwa kwavanhu kwegore negore. Vamiririri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri, vachiaita kuti azvidavirire zvakananga kuvavhoti mumaruwa avo. Imba ine simba rimwe rokuvamba mabhiri emari (mutero nokushandisa mutemo wemari) uye kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi. Kana pasina mutendi anogamuchira voti zhinjisaro yaPrezidhendi, Imba inosarudza Purezidhendi, nenheneridhendi imwe neimwe yehurumende inovhota vhota.

Imba inoshanda nokusvika kwakasanorongwa zvikuru uye kukuru kupfuura Dare. Speaker weImba, akasarudzwa nebato roruzhinji, mukuru mukuru anotungamirira uye ane pesvedzero huru pakarenda yemitemo nemigove yedare. Matare ndeepakati kubasa reImba; mutemo unopfuvura nenzira inozivikanwa nedare, unoiswa pauriri nokuda kwekurukurirano pasi pemiraudzo yakagadzwa neDare remitemo. Muitiro weChibvumirano weHouse unorongedzerwa kufambisa mari nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura Dare. Kudzidza pamusoro pomutemo nemabasa edzimba, shanyo [[FLT:] House.

Gadziriro Yomutemo

Chibvumirano chinova mutemo kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yakarondedzerwa. Chokutanga, mutezo weCongress unosuma mutengi, unogoverwa kudare. Dare ringaita kuti mutongo utongwe, ripedzise mutongo, uye vhoti kuti rizoushuma kunzvimbo yakazara. Kana ratenderwa, gwaro racho rinoendeswa pauriri nokuda kwekurukurirano uye vhoti. MuImba, kurukurirano inoganhurirwa; muDare, inogona kuva huru. Makamuri ose ari maviri anofanira kupfuura shanduro dzakafanana dzepepa. Kana mibatanidzwa yemitezo yedzimba dzose iripo inobvumirana. shanduro yokupedzisira ipapo inotumirwa kuPrezidhente nokuda kwechibvumirano kana kuti kunyora chibvumirano.

Dare reMitemo rinewo simba rechikwama. Hapana mari inogona kupedzwa kubva kuvezvosero pasina kupfuudzwa neCongress. Ikoku kunopa Congress simba guru pamusoro pemitemo yebazu yavakuru vakuru. Mukuwedzera, kupfurikidza nokutongwa nokunzvera, Congress inonzvera kuti mitemo iri kuitwa sei uye kana masangano ari kuita muchiremera chawo. Hurumende Accountability Office (GAO) isangano guru resangano rinoongorora mapurogiramu ehurumende.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Vamanikidzi

Chikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoisa simba ravakuru vakuru muMutungamiriri weUnited States. Bazu reGuru rinopa mutoro wokusimbisa nokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Rinotungamirirwa naPrezidhendi, rinotsigirwa naPurezidhendi Mutongi wePinepa, uye rinobatanidza madhipatimendi 15 eCabittenal, masangano akazvimirira, uye vashandi vasiri varwi vanopfuura mamirioni maviri. Purezidhendi anobatirawo saMutungamiriri wamauto ane zvombo uye anotarisira ukama hwokumwe nyika.

Purezidhendi naMutungamiriri weHurumende

Purezidhendi anosarudzwa makore mana ari ose kupfurikidza neElectoral College. Mitoro yaPrezidhendi inobatanidza kuita mitemo yehurumende, kugadza mirairo yavakuru vakuru nezviziviso, kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi nesimbiso yeDare), kuwiriranisa zvibvumirano, uye kupa ruregerero nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende. Purezidhendi anopawo State of the Union kerse congress, anorumbidza kuti mitemo ive pakutanga. Mutungamiriri wehurumende, akasarudzwa patiki imwe cheteyo, anotora sachigaro kana Purezidhendi akafa, anorega basa, kana kuti anobviswa panzvimbo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotungamirirawo paDare rehurumende uye angabudirira kuHugurusa.

Kabhineti Negadziriro Dzehurumende

Dare rinoumbwa nemisoro yemadhipatimendi 15 makuru makuru (zvakadai seHurumende, Dziviriro, Ruramisiro, uye Dzidzo), avo vanogadzwa naPrezidendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Ava vanyori vanopa zano Purezidhendi pamusoro penhau dzemiitiro ndokutarisira madhipatimendi avo akasiana. Kunze kweKhabhinete, masangano akazvimirira akawanda (seInvironmental Protection Agency, NASA, uye Federal Reserve) anoita mabasa akananga kana kuti basa. Bhavi reBazi rinodzorosa rinomanikidzira mitemo kupfurikidza neBato roRuramisiriso, iro rinobatanidza FBI uye mamwe masangano emitemo. dare reBazi reBazi reBazi reBazi rinodzivirira i Coast Hoomist.

Nhevedzo Nesimba Zvinotungamirira

Miraidzo yavakuru vakuru inhungamiro dzinopiwa naPurezidhendi anotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Vane simba romutemo asi vanofanira kudzika midzi muchiremera chaPurezidhendi chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti muchiremera chedare chinogoverwa neDare. Mirairo ine chiremera chinodzora inogona kuchinjwa napurezidhendi anotevera kana kuti kurohwa nematare kana akapfuudza miganhu yebumbiro remitemo remitemo renyika. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoshandisa masimba makuru makuru ehurumende okumwe nyika, kubatanidza mano okuziva hurumende dzokumwe, kuita zvibvumirano zvehurumende (zvisati zvichida kutenderwa neDare reHurumende), uye kuendesa mauto ehondo nokuda kwamazuva 60 pasi pechibvumirano cheHondo yeHondo yeHondo yeHondo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Vari Kuwana

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa Bazu reDare Rinotonga, kuisa simba rokutonga muDare Rapamusorosoro neDare rapanhate ripi neripi rinoumbwa. Basa reBazu Rokutonga nderokududzira mutemo, kusarudza huvanu hwemitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru, uye kupedza gakava rinomuka mumutemo wehurumende. Gadziro redare rehurumende rinoshanda risingamiriri maererano nebazu emitemo neanotungamirira, navatongi vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu hunodzorwa kumufambiro wakanaka.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa idare rapamusoro zvikurusa muUnited States. Rinoumbwa neMutongi Mukuru neMitemo Misere inowirirana. Iri simba rakagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Vatongi vanoshanda kugadza kwenduramo, vachivimbisa kuti vanogona kuita zvisarudzo pasina dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rinopa mhaka yokutonga. (jere rokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti mabasa ebasa. Simba rakatangwa mumhaka yenhau Marbury v. Madison]. Dare rinoteerera kukwirira kubva kumatare akaderera ehurumende uye matare makuru apo nhau yehurumende inobatanidzwa. Inosarudza mhaka iyo inoda kunzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wewritio, inodikanwa zvikuru pa “kutonga [FLT] kupfurikidza neMitemo ine mitongo mina] pamusoro penhau inovapo. [Fotourse]

Matare Echibharo

Dare rakatanga mwero miviri yokutanga yematare ehurumende akaderera: Matare eruwa neDare reZvipinduriro. Matare 94 eDhindiko imatare edare ehurumende, umo nhau dzinovamba(zvose zviri zviviri matare ehurumende neutsotsi. Aya matare anobata nhau dzakadai semhosva dzehurumende, nharo dzebumbiro remitemo, uye nyaya dzinobatanidza mhatsa dzevagari vemo. Dare re 13 rezvikwidzo rinoongorora zvisarudzo zveDare reruwa uye mamwe masangano ehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvakagadza muenzaniso wematare eruwa mukati mematunhunhu awo. Dare rapamusorosoro ringasarudza kuhwirudzurawo zvisarudzo zveDare rezvikwidzo. Kunewo matare ehurumende anokosha akadai seDare reMitengo, Dare reFederal Leacences, uye Dare reInternational Tracrates.

Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nokusasarura

Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa kuti vazvidzivirire padzvinyiriro dzinoparadzana. Vanogona bedzi kubviswa kupfurikidza nokutevedzerwa neImba nokupwiswa neDare, chinoitika chisingawanzowaniki. Uku kuzvimirira kunokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti vatongi vanogona kutonga panhau dzinomutsa nharo pasina rutyo rwokutsiva. Bazu reRecuagement rinoshandisawo bhajeti raro rimene uye rinotarisira kushanda kwedare kupfurikidza neHofisi yeHofisi yeU.S., kusimbisa udzori hwaro.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira noune masimba anopfuudza kuitira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rigogona kudzora mamwe. Gadziriro inodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kubatira pamwe namasimba. Zvinotevera ichekedzo huru bazi rimwe nerimwe rinova namamwe.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

Dare rinogona kunzvera Purezidhendi munzira dzakawanda dzine simba. Rinogona kukurira vhoti yapurezidhendi nembiri nedziviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi ndokuita kuti zvibvumirano zvive zvapamutemo. Dare rinodzorawo bhajeti yehurumende uye rinogona kuramba kutsigira zvirongwa zvehurumende. Rinogona kubvisa Purezidhendi, Purezidhendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe “chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru.” Horo inovamba kuisa kudzosa pamutemo uye inogona kuramba kutsigira zvirongwa zvehurumende.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Pakutonga

Congress inosarudza marongedzero noukuru hwematare ehurumende akaderera. Inogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo uko kungaputsa zvinobudirira zvisarudzo zvedare. Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba vatongi. Dare rinewo simba rokugadza nhamba yemitemo paDare Rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo yakamiswa pa 9 kubva muna 1869. Kudzorwa kwemitemo kunoshandawo kuvatongi vomubatanidzwa.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopiwa neCongress, achimanikidza kuushandisa pakuramba kwake. Purezidhendi anogonawo kudana kuti Congress ive purogiramu chaiyo apo nhau dzokukurumidzira dzinomuka.

Mukuru Mukuru Anonzvera Ruramisiro

Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare repamusorosoro, avo vanopa mukuru mukuru basa rakananga mukuumba chinyorwa chamatare edare. Purezidhendiwo ane simba rokupazve kukanganwirwa uye kukanganwirwa kwemhaka dzehurumende, idzo dzinogona kukurira mitongo yekutonga. Department of Justice, rutivi rwomukuru mukuru, rinomanikidzira mirairo yedare nezvisarudzo.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

Gadziriro yeBazu reSarudzo inonzvera kutonga, kuzivisa mitemo inopiwa neDare kana kuti zviito zvakaitwa naPurezidhendi pasina utongi uye naizvozvo zvisina maturo. Matare anodudzira mirau yehurumende, uye dudziro dzawo dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri Congress nemukuru mukuru. Kupfurikidza nesimba rokuhwirudzura, vatongi vanovimbisa kuti mamwe mapazu agare mumiganhu yawo yebumbiro remitemo. Kuwedzerazve, Chiratiso chikuru cheDare rapamusoro chinodzora kutongwa nedare rapurezidhendi muDare.

Zvimwe Zvikamu: Kushanda Nehurumende Dzehurumende

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba pamwero wehurumende kunoratidzirwa muhurumende dzezvikamu 50. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro remitemo rayo imene, bazu remitemo (kazhinji kazhinji bidaral kunze kweNebraska), bazu ravakuru vakuru rinotungamirirwa nagavhuna, uye bazi rokutonga. Simba reTenth Amendment reSimendement reSimba reSimba reHurumende risina kupiwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Ikoku kunoumba gadziriro yehurumende umo hurumende nehurumende dzinogoverana chiremera. Somuenzaniso, dzidzo, polishi, uye kushandiswa kwenyika inhau zvikurukuru, apo kudzivirira kwerudzi, kubuda, uye kutengeserana zviteshishishi yezvo kuva mitoro yehurumende iri mitoro yehurumende. Kunzwisisa mamiriro ehurumende anokosha nokuda kwemufananidzo wakakwana wehurumende muUnited States. Nokuda kwamashoko pamusoro pamapazuro matatu nebumbiro remitemo remitemo, [FFFF]

Nei Kuziva Izvi Kuchikosha

Zivo inoshanda yamapazu matatu ehurumende ndeyehwaro hwekuva mugari wemo unobudirira. Inogonesa vanhu kunzwisisa mashoko pamusoro pezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro, zviito zvoupurezidhendi, uye kurukurirano dzedare. Inobetsera vavhoti kunzvera vatendi vakavakirwa pamashandisire avaizoshandisa masimba avo. Inoitawo kuti kuongwa kwokusimba kwegadziriro yakagadzirirwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yesangano panzvimbo pesimba.

Kurava nokunyora hakusi bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi; chinodikanwa choupenyu hwose. Sezvo hurumende inokurukura denho dzakaoma dzemari kuvambira kumipimo yavagari vemo kusvikira kumaruramiro orudzi nejeko-rokunangana naro negadziriro yebumbiro-mitemo inogona kutora rutivi zviri nani muhurukuro yavose uye kuita kuti vamiriri vavo vazvidavirire. USA.gov inopa ruwaro rwakakwana rwamashoko pamusoro pamapazu ose matatu uye nzira yokuita nayo mabasa ehurumende.

Chivako chehurumende yeUnited States, nemapazu ayo akasiyana - siyana uye macheki anofambiswa, hazvisi nyore nguva dzose, asi hazvina kumboitirwa kuti zvive zvakadaro.