Kutanga: Chiganhu Chenhambo Yakagadzwa Yapasi

Mutezo we 22 weChinjo kuUnited States Constitution unomirira dziviriro huru muhurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica. Muna 1951, unoganhurira vatungamiriri kumirayiro miviri yakasarudzwa muhofisi, mhinduro yakananga kuna Franklin D. Roosevelt yenhambo isina kumbobvira yavapo yenhambo ina. Iyi gadziridzo yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba rehurumende uye kuva nechokwadi chokuchinja kwenguva dzose kwoutungamiriri, kusimbisa tsika yave iri isina kurongwa kubvira George Washington adzikamisa nokuzvidira pasi maererano nemashoko maviri. Kunzwisisa Kuchinja kwe 22 Repunso yenhau kunoda kuongorora migumisiro yayo yenhau, gadziriro dzayo dzepamutemo dzakananga, kubatana kwadzokorodzateverwa kwematongedzero youtungamiriri mumazuva ano.

Pamavambo payo, kugadziridzwa kunosimbisa kuti utarisiri utariri hwechinguvana, kwete nzvimbo youpenyu hwose. Inoratidzira itiro hanya yoMuvambi muFederalist Papers(apo pakanga pane ngozi yomukuru mukuru ane simba zvikuru. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba risina kuisa ganhuriro, Amendement ye 22th Reformation yaigona kuva yakavhara chisaririra icho chaigona kubvumira purezidhendi akakurumbira kugara munzvimbo inogarwa nokusingaperi. Nyaya ino inogovera kurangarirwa kwakakwana kwekugadziriswa, miuyo yaro, uye zvibvumiro nokuda uye mukupesana nokupfuurira kwayo.

Nhoroondo Yakaitika: Kubva Pakutanga kweWashington Kusvika Pakushandisa Mashoko Mana eFDR

Gamuchidzanwa Renguva Dzose Riviri

Nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa yeAmerica, muganhu wenhambo mbiri wakanga uri mutemo usina kunyorwa, kwete chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo. George Washington akagadza muenzaniso muna 1796 apo akasarudza kusatsvaka shoko rechitatu, achitaura nenzira yakakurumbira muFarewell Address yake kuti kutenderera muhofisi kwakanga kuchikosha kuhurumende yeRepublic. Purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe akatevera akanamatira kuuyu mupimo usinganyorwa, kungofanana bedzi neUlysses S. Grant naTheodore Roosevelt.

Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19 napakuvamba rechi 20, ganhuriro yenhambo mbiri yakabetsera kudzivisa kuvapo kwoumambo hwedisom. Yakasimudzira dzikamo ndokuvimbisa kuti pfungwa itsva noutungamiriri zvaigona kupinda muWhite House nguva dzose. Zvisinei, mutemo usina kunyorwa wakanga usina simba rapamutemo. Purezidhendi akatsunga, zvikurukuru netsigiro yakakurumbira yakakurumbira, aigona kuputsa nomutoo wakatanhamara. Ikoko ndiko chaizvoizvo kwakaitika mukati meKuderera Kukuru kwomugariro wemari neHondo Yenyika II.

Franklin D. Roosevelt uye Bvumbo Nechinotangira

Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) akasarudzwa muna 1932, 1936, 1940, uye 1944, achibatira kubvira muna March 1933 kusvikira parufu rwake muna April 1945. Mazita ake maviri okutanga akadzorwa neNew Deal, yechitatu negadziriro dzehondo, uye yechina nenhambo yokupedzisira yeHondo Yenyika II. MaAmerica mazhinji akaonga nokuda kwoutungamiriri hwake hwakatsiga mukati menjodzi, asi vamwe vakawana kusanzwa zvakanaka. FDR, umo FDR yakatsvaka shoko rechitatu, yakatanga gakava nekurukurirano huru. Vatsigiri vake vakarangarira kuti kupfuurira kwakanga kuri madikanwa munguva yenyongano yamarudzi ose; vashori vake vakanyevera kuti gumi asingaganhurirwi yaigona kutungamirira kuudzori. FDR yakawana jatooti, uye ipapo kechina muna 1944, kunyange zvazvo iye akafa mumwedzi mitatu yokupedzisira.

Republican-led Congress, yavhundutswa nemuenzaniso, yakakurumidza pashure pehondo kugadza muganhu wenhambo mbiri. Muuyo wakanga uri we 22th Amendment, yakakarakadzwa neCongress muna 1947 uye yakasimbiswa nehurumende muna 1951. Yakanga iri tsiuro yakananga kuFDR presideciality uye kutaura kwakajeka kuti hakuna purezidhendi womunguva yemberi anofanira kubatira mashoko anopfuura maviri. Zvikurukuru, kugadziriswa hakuna kutsiva, naizvozvo Harry S. Truman, uyo akanga abatira zvikurusa nguva yechina yeFDR, akanga akakodzera kupfuudzira mashoko maviri okuwedzera.

Gadziriro Huru Dzokugadziridzwa Kwechi 22

Ganhuriro Dzenhambo Mbiri

Chirongwa chikuru chekugadziridza chinenge chajeka: “Hapana munhu achasarudzwa kunzvimbo yaPurezidhendi kanopfuura kaviri.” Izvi zvinoshanda kumunhu upi noupi akambosarudzwa kuva purezidhendi, kunyange kana akabatira bedzi nguva isina kuzara nemhaka yokutevedzana. Kuchinja kwacho kunopawo chiitiko apo mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi kana kuti mumwe mutsivi anotora purezidhendi. Kana munhu wacho achishanda makore anopfuura maviri eshoko risingadzorwi, vanogona kusarudzwa kutonge vabatira rimwe chete. Kana vabatira makore maviri kana kuti ari pasi, vanokwaniriswa nokuda kwemashoko avo akazara ebasa ravo pacharo.

Somuenzaniso, apo Lyndon B. Johnson akatsiva John F Kennedy pashure pokuurawa kwaKennedy muna November 1963, Johnson akanga abatira makore asingasviki maviri eshoko raKennedy. Nokudaro akanga akakodzera kutora mashoko maviri akazara. Iye akawana sarudza ra1946 uye akasarudza kusazoteverazve muna 1968. Nenzira yakafanana, apo Gerald Ford akatsiva Richard Nixon muna 1974, Ford akabatira anenge makore maviri nehafu, achimuita akakodzera nokuda kweshoko rimwe bedzi rakasarudzwa. Iyi gadziriro inodzivisa mutsivi pakusarudzwazve kanopfuura kamwe kana vakatova nechero kubatira mutariri mukuru wegore rimwe.

Mitemo Yokusunungura Neyokuchinja

Truman (8) kubva mugadziriro dzayo. Truman akabvumirwa kumhanya kwechikamu chechitatu kana akasarudza, asi haana. Mukuwedzera, kugadziriswa kwacho hakushandi kumunhu upi noupi angasarudzwa kuti ape nzvimbo muImba yeVamiririri kana kuti Dare, asi hakuganhuriwo nhamba yenguva dzomunhu anogona kusarudzwa kuva mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo kuva purezidhendi kupfurikidza nenhevedzano pashure pokubatira somubatirwi anodzorwa kumiganhu yarondedzerwa pamusoro apa.

Zvinetso, kugadziriswa kwacho hakurambidzi aichimbova purezidhendi wematernet kuti ashande somutevedzeri wapurezidhendi uye ipapo kukwira kudivi rapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokutevedzana. Iri gobvu rengano yepfungwa (pane dzimwe nguva rinonzi “purezidhendi wematerm maviri senhau yeVP” yave ichikurukurwa asi isina kumboedzwa. Nyanzvi zhinji dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodavira kuti mudzimu wegadziridzo waizodzivisa kuguma kwakadaro, asi rugwaro harukudzidzidzidzidzivisi zvakajeka.

Kutapura Zvematongerwe Enyika eAmerica

Kutsigira Kuchinja Kunoita Utungamiriri Hwenguva Dzose

Muuyo uri pachena zvikurusa we 22d Amendment ndewokuti unovimbisa chinjo muupurezidhendi makore masere ari ose. Uku kuchinja kwenguva dzose kunopinza mifungo mitsva uye kunodzivisa munhu upi noupi kudzora nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika kwamakumi amakore. Inomanikidzirawo mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika kusakurira tarendi itsva ndokuvaka zvibvumirano zvakafara kuti vakunde sarudzo, panzvimbo pokutsamira panzvimbo pekutsamira pamutengi akakurumbira kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi. Mapurezidhendi aDwight Eisenhowakener kuBarack Obama akabatira mashoko maviri, ateverwa navatsivi vavo, vachisimbisa muitiro wokuwana kuganhurirwa kwegumi.

Zvisinei, kugadziridzwa kwacho kunoparirawo “danda remarara” chiitiko mushoko rechipiri. Pashure pokuwinazve kusarudzwa, purezidhendi anotarisana nedzvinyiriro yapakarepo inobva kuvashori uye kunyange vasonganiri avo vanotovaona semunhu akaderera. Ikoku kunogona kuderedza mano apurezidhendi okumanikidzira kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvevavariro kana kuti kuita chimwe chinhu nenzira inobudirira. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisa kuti kugadziridzwa kwechipfupiso chechipfupiso chenguva refu chokutonga, kuita kuti vapurezidhendi vangwarire zvikuru panhaka yavo kupfuura pakupedza zvinetso zvingavakurira zvinetso zvavo gumi.

Kukurudzira Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Kunyanya Kufunga Nezvazvino

Miganhu yemitemo yakasununguka nenzira inopesana inogona kuita chiito choushingi pasina kunetseka pamusoro pezviito zvokusarudzazve. Mushoko ravo rokutanga, vapurezidhendi vanofanira kupfuurira kurwira kechipiri, asi pashure paikoko, havasati vazowana dzvinyiriro yevhota. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukuita zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvine nheyo, sezvinoonekwa muna George W. Kuwedzera kwamapurezidhendi muIraq muna 2007 kana kuti Barack Obama zviito zvechiremera pakupinda munyika muna 2015. Kune rumwe rutivi, vatsoropote vanoramba kuti ganhuriro dzinokurudzira purezidhendi kuti vabate zvinetso zvakaoma mumugwagwa, vachiziva kuti havasati vachizozvidavirira navanovhotera pashure pokupedzisira.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kunotapurawo simba resarudzo pakati penhambo. Mushoko rechipiri rapurezidhendi, “majekiseni” anonyangarika, uye vanoda kuronga vasonganiri vanonangidzira ngwariro zvikuru panhau dzomunzvimbomo nokusatenderwa kwemumiririri. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuhurumende yakadzikama zvikuru asiwo kurumano, sezvo purezidhendi anofamba anorasikirwa nokushandisa kwapabonde.

Kubvisa Nzvimbo Yakasvibira

Miganhu yenhambo yaPurezidhendi yazova chinhu chikuru chegadziriro yegadziriro yevota yeAmerica. Somuenzaniso, Sarudzo ya2008 yakanga yazaruka parusarudzo, iyo inowanzoita nzvimbo huru yavakwikwidzani vakabva kumativi makuru ose ari maviri. Marudzi anenge adya mativi anopesana zvikuru uye haanyumwi zvikuru kupfuura sarudzo inodzorwa. Izvi zvinogona kuwedzera kuvhota uye kudzokororwa. Somuenzaniso, kusarudzwa kwa2008 kwakanga kwazarurirwa George W. Muganhu waBush, unotungamirira kudimu guru renhau reDhemocraticism pakati paHillary Clinton naBarbaback Obama, uye pakupedzisira jaratiol yakakurumbira.

Betsero Dzeganhuriro Dzemitemo

Kudzivisa Kuisa Simba Pasi

Betsero huru yeChibvumirano che 22 yeChibvumirano ndeyekuti chinodzivisa munhu upi noupi kuisa ufundisi kwenhambo yakati rebei. Iyi inzvero mukurwisana nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende uye inosimbisa kuti hofisi inoramba iri basa rechinguvana, kwete pfuma yechigarire. Vavambi vanopanikira zvikuru simba rakamanikidzirwa, uye kugadziridzwa kunowirirana nouzivi ihwohwo. Kupfurikidza nokuganhurira, kugadziridzwa kunoderedza ngozi yokuti purezidhendi anogona kushandisa pfuma yehurumende kuisa mubato wacho amene, kudzora kusarudza, kana kuti kutyisidzira vashori. Munyika umo hurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzakaona dzichiparadza mirangariro yedemocracy kupfurikidza namashoko akawanda, U.S. inoramba iri gadziriro inopesana zvikuru.

Kusimudzira Kugadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nepfungwa Dzitsva

Utungamiriri hwenguva dzose hunochinja kuva nesimba idzva nepfungwa mubazi guru. Hapana pfungwa imwe kana unhu hunogona kudzora kwenguva refu, izvo zvinobatsira nyika kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu anochinja. Kutamisirwa kworugare kwesimba pashure pamakore masere chiratidzo chokukura kwedemokrase. Uyezve, ganhuriro dzinokurudzira tsika huru mune zvematongerwe enyika, umo vanhu vanofanira kuramba vachivandudza zvikuva zvavo nevanotora danho. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza kudzongonyedza kukura kwemasangano anotambudza dzimwe nguva pasina ganhuriro, sedziya dziri muRussia kana kuti Venezuela.

Kukurudzira Kudzora Kunobudirira Mukati Mehwindo Rakaganhurirwa

Vachiziva kuti nguva yakaganhurirwa, mapurezidhendi anowanzonangidzira ngwariro pakuwana miuyo chaiyo panzvimbo pokupinda mukutsigira kusingaperi. Mazuva ane zana okutanga eshoko rokutanga ane simba rakakurumbira, asi purezidhendi wenhambo yechipiri anogonawo kuronda chinjo dzine chinzvimbo pasina kudzongonyedzwa kwerimwe sarudza. Somuenzaniso, Ronald Reagan akashandisa shoko rake rechipiri kukurukura zvibvumirano zvokudzora zvombo neSoviet Union, nhano yakakwirira yaigona kuva isingabviri mune zvamatongerwe enyika mukati menhimberi yokurongazve. Miganhuro inogona kusimudzira pfungwa yokukurumidzira iyo inosunda chiito chakashinga.

Kutsoropodza Nenharo

Kuganhurira Chisarudzo Chezvirongwa Zvokufambisa Mari

Kumwe kwokutsoropodza kunozivikanwa zvikurusa kweChibvumirano cheMitemo yeChinetso cha22 ndekwokuti chibvumikiso chinoganhurira kuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kana vazhinji veAmerica vachida kugadzazve purezidhendi akakurumbira nokuda kwechikamu chechitatu, kugadziriswa kwemitemo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti muvhoti (haisi Constitution) anofanira kusarudza kuti purezidhendi anoshanda kwenguva yakareba sei. Chibvumikiso ichi chakawana nguva yokuwana tsigiro yedandero yemadhimonizimu yemazera maviri akakurumbira akadai saRonald Reagan naBill Clinton, uye kunyange mukati medziyo apo vamwe vatsigiriki vakadzivirira pfungwa yokubvisa ganhuriro. Zvisinei, vadziviri vadzo vanotsigira vanopindura vanopindura vanopindura vanopindura kuti dziviriro pamutemo kuri madikanwa chakakurumbira chingagona kutungamirira kukushatisa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga. Kurangarira kumwe kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vazhinji kudzivirira kodzero dzapamutemo.

Kurasikirwa Noutungamiriri Hune Unyanzvi

Imwe tsoropodzo ndeyokuti ganhuriro dzinomanikidzira kubvisa vatungamiriri vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira chaizvoizvo apo unyanzvi hwavo hunokosha zvikurusa. Purezidhendi uyo akabatira makore masere ane zivo huru yemibato yehurumende, gadziriro yokumwe, uye kutarisirwa kwenjodzi. Purezidhendi wenhambo yechipiri anowanzova anobudirira zvikuru panhambo yenyika yose, achivaka ukama navatungamiriri vokumwe. Mitemo inoparira kubuda kwapamutemo uko kunogona kutorera nyika unyanzvi ihwohwo, zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi inotambanukira kutomwe. Somuenzaniso, vatsoropoteri vanocherekedza kuti mukati meHondo yevagari vemo, Abraham Lincoln angadai akawana kuva akaganhurirwa panzvimbo yebasa muna 18644, kunyange zvazvo utungamiriri hwake hwaiva hunotsoropodza kuchengetedza Union.

Kurumidzwa uye Kuderedzwa Kuzvidavirira

Sezvambotaurwa, ganhuriro dzenhambo inoparira nhambo yamadhadha akaremara munhambo yechipiri, mukati mayo purezidhendi angava nesundo duku yokuteerera murangariro wavose kana kuti kudzora nenzira inobudirira. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvine ngozi kana kuti kusakendenga. Kuwedzera, ganhuriro dzenguva yechipiri hadzigoni kurangwa pabhokisi rezviito zvisingadaviriki, izvo zvinobvisa nzvero huru yedemokratiki. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kugadziriswa kwacho kunotowedzera zvomenemenemene ngozi yokuva mukuru mukuru mukuru mumakore okupedzisira, sezvo purezidhendi asina mudzori womunguva yemberi angaita zviito zvaangadai akadzivisa kana akatarisana nebvunzurudzo. Iraq (g. g.)

Murangariro Wokuenzanisa: Miganhu Yakaganhurirwa Munyika Yose

United States haisati iri yoga mumashoko anoyera miganhu pamusoro pehurumende yayo, asi mutoo wayo wakaoma zvikuru. Mademocracy akawanda, akadai seFrance, Brazil, Argentina, uye South Korea, anewo ganhuriro dzenhambo mbiri, kunyange zvazvo rondedzero dzawo dzeshoko dzingasiana. Mexico, somuenzaniso, ine ganhuriro yechipiri yakatsiga yapanhambo imwe yapurezidhendi wayo((* kusarudzwazve kwemitemo) kwose kwakavapo kubva munhau yayo yokuchinja. Nyika dzinoverengeka hadzina ganhuriro dzenguva yakarongwa, kubatanidza United Kingdom, Germany, uye Canada (papo musoro wenyika uri mambo, asi gurusa rinoganhurirwa bedzi nechivimbo cheparamende).

Zvichida enzanisa yakakodzera zvikurusa ndeyenyika dzakabvisa miganhu yenhambo kana kuti kuifuratira, kazhinji kazhinji nemiuyo yakaipa nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Bumbiro remitemo reRussia rakagadziridzwa muna 2020 kubvumira Vladimir Putin kumhanyazve pashure pokunge anzi, achigonesa nenzira inobudirira kurambira musimba nokusingaperi. Nenzira yakafanana, Hugo Chávez naXi Jining yeChina yakabvisa kana kuti kudzosa ganhuriro, kudzora kwakakomba udzvinyiriri. Mienzaniso iyi inosimbisa ukoshi hweChiteshipiki ye 22 sechidziro chinorwisana nedemocracyhecracy. Nepo U.S. kutrutsiridza kungava kusina kukwana, kwakadzivisa nenzira inobudirira purezidhendi upi noupi kubatira kupfuura mashoko ayo kubvira pakugamuchira, chinyorwa icho chinogona kudzora udzori.

Kuchinja Kwakakarakadzwa

Kushevedzwa Kwokuchinja Kana Kuti Kwokuchinja

Mumakore apfuura, vezvematongerwe enyika nenyanzvi dzakasiyana - siyana vakakarakadza kubvisa kana kuti kupfuudza Dare reSangano reHurumende rechi22. Republicans vakakarakadza kudzorwa kwaro panhambo nenhambo (zvichirevo., pashure pokunge Donald Trump arasikirwa muna 2020, mamwe anyunguruka nhindi yechitatu yedanho), uye Democrats akaita zvimwe chetezvo (zvichirevo, mukati menhambo yechipiri yeBarack Obama). Zvikarakadzo zvizhinjisa zveizvi hazvina kuenda, sezvo kutsigirwa kwapachena uye kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kunoda voruzhinji mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nedzitatu dzezvikamu zvitatu zvenyika dzakakwirira.

Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza hazvitsvaki kupedza zvose asi gadziridzo. Imwe pfungwa ndeyokutambanudzira muganhu kushoko rimwe regore rimwe rechitanhatu, kubvisa kudzongonyedzwa kwenhimbe dzokusarudzazve uku zvichiri kuvimbisa kutenderera. Chimwe ndechokubvumira purezidhendi kubatira mashoko maviri asingatsigiriki, kufanana naGrover Cleveland akaita pamberi pekugadziriswa (akasarudzwa muna 18849 na 1892). Ikoku kungapa kuchinjika kukuru apo kuchiri kudzivirira kuchinjika kusingaperi. Zvisinei, chinjo ipi neipi ingavhurazve kurukurirano yapamutemo uye ingatungamirira kumiuyo isingadzorwi.

Chinetso Chinoshanda Chokuchinja Zvinhu

Kudzorera kana kuti kubvisa Hurumende yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheMa 22 kunotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvikuru. Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakanyatsodzika midzi mutsika dzezvematongerwe enyika. Kunyange kana purezidhendi akagara achida kuti pave nechikamu chechitatu, mari yezvamatongerwe enyika yokutsigira yaizova yakawanda, sezvaizoonekwa sesimba. Uyezve, vatsigiri veIndecment vanosanganisira vose vari vaviri vanonetseka nezvesimba repamusoro uye madiro avo vanoyeuka FDR. Iyi bvumirano yeBpartarian inoita kuti isabvire kuti kugadziriswa kwacho kuve nokukurumidza.

Mugumisiro: Zvinorehwa Ne Amendeji Yechi 22

Hurumende ye 22 yeFizirence inopfuura mutemo wetsika; kutaura pamusoro porudzi rwoudzori hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokuganhurira udzori hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Inoita kuti nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu anokosha uye kuti simba rinofanira kuparadzirwa. Kugadziriswa kwakaumba dare riri rose kubvira muna 1951, kupesvedzera zvirongwa zvenhimbe, zvirongwa, uye simba roupenyu hweAmerica. Simba rave rakanaka zvikuru, richivimbisa chinjo dzenguva dzose, richidzivisa kuiswa kwesimba, uye kusimbisa kusimba kweRepublic rehurumende inorwisana nemiedzo yehurumende inodzvinyirira.

Bva gadziridzo haisati iri yokusarurwa. Inoganhurira chisarudzo chomuvhoti, inoparira nhambo dzinokamhina, uye inogona kumanikidza vatungamiriri vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Kushambadzira pakati pokudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba uye kupfaviswa kwehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende kunogarwa mumiganhu yose yebumbiro remitemo. Kodzero ye 22nd Amendmermenting inoparira dzikamo yakabatira United States zvakanaka kwamakore anopfuura makumi manomwe, asi haina kukwana. Sezvo nyika yezvamatongerwe enyika inochinja, saizvozvowo gakavaro pamusoro pokuchinja kwayo kana kuti kurangarirazve. Zvisinei, zvino, muganhu wenhambo yenguva mbiri unomira unomira setendi youchenjeri hwemitemo yeAmerica, uyo akanzwisisa kuti kunyange vatungamiriri vakakurumbira zvikurusa pakupedzisira inofanira kutsauka nokuda kwegadziriro yacho imene.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera rugwaro rwapa rweNational Archives rwakazara rwePramende ya 22 , [[FLT]] Constitution Center yeNational Constitution [, kana kuti [[FLT]Conferational Record [ yenhau yemitemo. Izvi zvinogovera mashoko akapoteredza ejingaindero yenyanzvi ipi neipi kana kuti mugari wemo anotsvaka kunzwisisa basa rekugadziriswa kwehurumende yeAmerica.