Amalungelo Abantu Abasemalungwini Kwinkqubela Engokwasemthethweni: Isiseko Sobulungisa

Amalungelo abantu abasemagunyeni kwiingxoxo zomthetho afana newonga-mthetho. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akuyonjongo nje engaqhelekanga kodwa yinto eyenzekayo kubo bonke abantu abangena kwinkundla yenkundla. La malungelo akhusela ukusetyenziswa kolawulo loburhulumente, athintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiempawu ezingekho mthethweni, kwaye axhasa isidima esisemntwini sabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yomthetho. Ngaphandle kokukhusela okusemthethweni, ukubekwa ityala linokuba lilungu lenkundla lemibango yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye lilungu lenkundla, uthungelwano lwemigaqo-siseko nemithetho ekhuselayo iqala ukusebenza, elungiselelwe ukucuditya ibala phakathi komntu ngamnye namalungu aphambili orhulumente okanye aphikisanayo.

Isiseko samalungelo abemi embali kwinkqubo yezeejaji

Amalungelo abantu afunyanwayo ngokusemthethweni namhlanje abangelwa ziinkulungwane zokulwa, utshintsho olusemthethweni, kunye nokutolikwa komgaqo-siseko. EUnited States, amaxwebhu asekwayo ``umGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili yamaLungelo-"abeka isiseko ngokudwelisa imigaqo ekhethekileyo kubantu abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. UMthetho weSihlanu, umzekelo, uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqhubana komthetho kunye nokhuseleko ekuzichaseni ngokwabo, ngelixa iSihlaziyo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nokuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke wonke, inkundla engakhethi macala, kunye noncedo olungakhethi-mthetho. La malungiselelo ayeneenjongo yokutshintsha ixesha lawo, ebonisa ukungathemba igunya likarhulumente elingathintelwanga kunye nokuzinikela ekuzinziseni okusesikweni.

Noko ke, izithembiso zezi zigqibo azizange zidluliselwe kubo bonke abantu ekuqaleni. Kwafuneka imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokuHlaliswa kweMimiselo yeSizwe okwalandelayo ngezantsi kwe-(35, 144th, kunye ne-15th) ukuze kuqaliswe ukuphelisa isakhiwo esisemthethweni sobukhoboka nokuthotywa kohlanga. UMthetho weMimiselo ye-14th Ethelimisiweyo ne-'Udweliso lwe-'Sct Programme Celales's yaba zizixhobo ezinamandla zokuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente, hayi urhulumente wesizwe, uhlonelwa amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kodwa kwana ezi ziphendumiso zachazwa kancinci ka- Jim Crown kunye nezinye iintlobo zocalucalulo olulawulayo ukuba ziqhubeke. Ukuqondwa kwalethweswa kwamalungelo abantu ekuwisweni okusemthethweni phakathi kwenkulungwane yekhulu le-2020 kwasetyenziswa izigqibo ezingoomthetho ezingoomthetho woluntu kwiNkuhlalo loMkhosi woluntu.

Amatyala angundoqo anjenge Gezona v. Wainwright (63), eyamisa ilungelo lokucebisa abamangalelwa abangenalukholo kumatyala karhulumente, kunye imaddav. Arizona [1966], eyathi ifuna amapolisa ukuba azise amalungelo awo ukuhlala ehleli ehleli kwaye anikwe igqwetha, ngokuphawulekayo andisa ukhuseleko olukhoyo kubantu ngabanye. Ngokunjalo, [[FLT:]] Babatson.[FLT] v [1986]) ayivalanga imigxelo ekusebenziseni imingeni esekelwe kwi-juque, i-gqwele exhasa imigaqo elinganayo, i-equququququzelela i-estial coult, inglement, iinst, i-expt transtiesting.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni kwinkqubela-phambili yale mihla engokwasemthethweni

Ilungile Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yeyona nkqubo isisiseko kuwo onke amalungelo asekuhlaleni kwiinkundla ezisemthethweni. Ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahluze umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Eli lungelo linemilinganiso ebanzi neyokungalinganiyo. Inkqubo yengcaciso iqinisekisa isaziso samalungelo okanye izityholo, ithuba lokuviwa ngendlela enentsingiselo, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, oku kubandakanya ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, ukunikela ubungqina, nokuvavanywa ngabachopheli-tyala. Inkqubo efunekayo ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekuphazameni korhulumente, kwanalapho ukukhuselwa kwawo kukhoyo, nangona kusetyenziswa kwawo kumbandela womthetho omthetho kulinganiselwe ngakumbi.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. igxininise ngokutyibilikayo ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ithambile kwaye ixhomekeke kumongo. kumaMathews v. Eldridge [1997], iNkundla ichaza uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo oluvavanya umdla wobuqu okwimeko yomthi, umngcipheko wokungahlawulwa ngokuphosakeleyo phantsi kwenkqubo yangoku, kunye nomdla karhulumente, kuquka umthwalo wemiqathango kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo eyongezelelweyo. Olu cwangciso luqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ayiyo kodwa ngumgaqo ophilayo olungelelanisa imeko nganye.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

Ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni lilelombombo lenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, iSihlaziyo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika bonke abamangalelwa ingcebiso enokubakho, kunye nesigqibo sengqonga ekwi Gideon v. Igragn[[[FLL:1]] inyuse eli lungelo kwiinkundla zelizwe. Amatyala acaciswe ukuba imilinganiselo yasekunene inxulumene namaqondo anzima engxhwelezelo, kuquka ukuncinwa kwetyala, ukudityaniswa kwetyala, kunye nokuqukwa kwetyala. Ilungelo lokucebisa arraignon, kunye nengxubuliso. Icebo lokucebisa alilo kuphela ilungelo lokufumana igqhinga kodwa kwakhona linelungelo lokunceda, njengoko kusungulwe [FL:] Washington/FTLT.[3][3]

Kwiimeko zamakhaya, ilungelo lokucebisa aliqinisekiswanga jikelele, ngaphandle kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo ezinjengokupheliswa kwamalungelo abazali okanye imicimbi yokuzinikela kwabemi. Lo msantsa udala utshintsho olubalulekileyo, njengoko abantu bengenayo ngokufuthi bejamelene neemfazwe ezintsonkothileyo ezingokwasemthethweni ngaphandle komelo olungoochwepheshe. Iintlangano ezifana ne- American Liberes Union (ACLU) kunye ne-[NAACP] Inkxaso-mthetho kunye neNgxowama-mali yezemfundo yezemfundo zisebenza ukwandisa ufikelelo lweziluleko oluvela kwicebo oluvela kwi-ligigatio kunye ne-active.

Ukuhlengahlengisa

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, oluqinisekiswe yiMimiselo yeMigaqo ye-14, lufuna ukuba bonke abantu baphathwe ngokufanayo ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esenzeka sokwahlukahlukana kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Kumongo wezomthetho, oku kuthetha ukuba uhlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, imvelaphi yesizwe, nezinye izicalucalulo ezirhanelekayo azinakusetyenziswa ukukhanyela umntu ukuba angene kwiinkundla, ukuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni, okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngabagwebi kunye neejaji. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa uphando olungqongqo kwimimiselo olusekelwe kwibala, ithetha ukuba urhulumente umele abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo, kunye nezinye iindlela ezikroliweyo zokukhanyiselwa ukufikelela loo mdlalo.

Ukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kokhuseleko olulinganayo kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni kukungavumelekanga kokukhetha abachopheli-mthetho abagwebi ku Batson v. Kentucky. Isakhiwo se-Batson sivumela ummangalelwa ukuba avavanye ukuqhutyelwa phambili okubonakala kusekelwe kuhlanga, kufuna umtshutshisi ukuba anikezele ingcaciso yohlanga-mthetho. Amatyala anyuselweyo e-Batson ukuya kwi-bufana nakubhintsho-mbhintsho-mza, nangona ummangalelwa wasobo uhlala engafezekanga. Ufundo luyaqhubeka lubonisa ii-diza ezithiweyo ekukhetheni abagwebi, lubalase imfuneko yokuhlala uphaphile.

Ukuya Kwityala Likawonke - wonke Nokufumana Okusesikweni

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ukuba amatyala amangalelwayo amiselwe ngurhulumente, asebenza iinjongo ezininzi: aqinisekisa ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, akhuthaza ukuphendula kwenkqubo yokugweba, kwaye avumela uluntu ukuba lugcine ulawulo lobulungisa. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yakholelwa ukuba ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke wonke aligqibekanga kwaye lisenokungalawuleki kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, njengokukhusela ukhuseleko lwamangqina okanye ukugcina ucwangco enkundleni. Noko ke, naliphi na ilikhulu lenkundla lenkundla kufuneka lilungiswe lize lixhaswe ngokusisigxina kwaye lixhaswe ziziphumo ezithile.

Ngapha koko kuthethwa ngabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthethwa kwamakhaya kuyangenelwa ekuthetheni ngokuphandle. Uhlaziyo Lokuqala lunika uluntu kunye nomatshini wokushicilela ilungelo elifanelekileyo lokufikelela kwinkundla, njengoko kuvunywa kwi- Richmond Maphephandaba, Inc. v. Virginia (1980). Ukufikelela kwiingxelo zenkundla kunye namatyala kukhuthaza ukuthembeka koluntu nokuvunywa kwetyala. Kwixesha lamanani, iinkundla ezininzi ziye zamkela i-elektroniki kunye nokufikelela okude ekude kumaphepha, kodwa amaxwebhu e-electly nemficio-ss ayaqhubeka enyuka.

Iingxaki Zamalungelo Abemi Kwinkqubela Engokwasemthethweni

Ucalucalulo Nomahluko Okhoyo

Phezu kwazo nje iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko, iintlanga ezincinane ezingokobuhlanga nezimbalwa ziyaqhubeka zijongene nemiqobo engalinganiyo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa abaBlack nabaseSpeyin basengozini yokuvalelwa ngaphambi kwetyala, bafumana izigwebo ezinde, kwaye bajongane nezicelo eziqatha kunezomngxengxengxezo ezimhlophe ezimangalelwa ngezono ezifanayo. Imfazwe yeziyobisi, imithetho enyanzelekileyo yokugweba ephantsi kwemiqathango, kunye neenkqubo zebheyile yemali ziqhubele phambili ezi zenzo zocalucalulo. Imibutho yamalungelo amakhaya azimeleyo ivava ivavanyaniswa ngeziphumo zetyala, njengocelomngeni lokufaka ityala elinetyala.

Iingcebiso zokufuduka zizisa ucelomngeni oluqatha. Ukususwa kweziphumo akuqinisekiswanga nelungelo lokumisela isiluleko, kwaye abaninzi babonakala bengenamagqwetha. Ukuntsonkotha komthetho wokufuduka, kudityaniswe nemiqobo yolwimi kunye nokoyika igunya likarhulumente, kushiya abantu abaninzi bengakwazi ukunikela ngokunempumelelo iimeko zabo. [[FLT: 0] I-Deention Watch Network kunye namanye amaqela azimeleyo abhala ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokugcinwa kwemibutho yabemi abafudukayo kunye nomsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuvalelwa ngokulungileyo.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni Nomsantsa Wokusesikweni

Ilungelo lokunika icebiso alisebenzi ukuba abantu abanamali yokufumana igqwetha. EUnited States, kukho umsantsa omkhulu wobulungisa: amaMelika afumana imali ephantsi awafumani ncedo lwasemthethweni kwingxaki yawo enkulu yamakhaya. Iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni zisoloko ziphantsi kwemithetho, kwaye iinkonzo ze-probono azinakuhlangabezana nemfuneko. Aba baqeshi abajongene nokugxothwa kwabantwana, abazali abakhuphisana nokugcinwa kwetyala ngaphandle kokumele imelo. Iziphumo ziyingozi: Amaqela angenawo asekuhlaleni asenokuphulukana namakhaya abo, aphulukane namakhaya abo, okanye aphulukane namalungelo abo.

Izithintelo zamanani nokulungelelana kobugcisa

Njengoko iinkundla zihamba kwi-intanethi qha, ingakumbi emva kwesifo se-COVID-19 esikhoyo. Inkxalabo yamalungelo abantu ezintsha zinokuphucula ukufikelela kwabanye, kodwa zikwadala imiqobo kubantu abangenayo i-intanethi ethembekileyo, izixhobo, okanye ulwazi lwamanani. Abasebenzi abazimelayo bayazama ukukhangela iindlela zokugcina iimpahla ze-elektroniki, kwaye iziphumo zenyani zinokunciphisa amandla okunikela ubungqina okanye ukunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo ngesiluleko. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba utshintsho lwezobugcisa alubalulazi ngokukhetha abantu abachanekileyo kwaye iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo zinikezelwe.

Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo nokuxinzelelwa

I-United States ifaka abantu abaninzi kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe, elinamalungelo anzulu abemi. Umlinganiselo ophezulu wenkqubo yezobulungisa uthetha ukuba izigidi zabantu zijamelene nokwaphulwa kwamalungelo azo ngethuba elithile kuzo zonke iinqanaba: ukusuka ekubanjweni ngokuvavanywa nokugwetywa ukuya kutsho ekunikezelweni. Ukuxokelelwa, okucombulula amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, okudla ngokucinezela abamangalelwa ukuba bawalahle ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuqonda iziphumo. Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza linokuthotywa yinkundla ekhondweni, kunye nelungelo lokufumana uncedo olusebenzayo lwezingcebiso linokuncitshiswa ngamatyala anzima anzima abakhuseli.

Ukukhuthaza uXhosa namaLungelo aMasipala kunye nokuKhuthazwa

Imfundo Esemthethweni Noluntu Luyazi Ukuba Amalungelo Akho Ayaqala

Ukunika abantu amandla ngolwazi lwamalungelo abo linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba loo malungelo ayahlonelwa. "Yazi Amalungelo Akho" amaziko okusebenzela, asoloko eqhutywa yimibutho efana ne-ACLU kunye nee-ofisi zoncedo olusemthethweni zasekuhlaleni, ifundisa abantu oko bafanele bakwenze xa bemiswe ngamapolisa, indlela yokuqinisekisa ilungelo labo lokuhlala bethulile, nendlela yokufumana igqwetha ukuba abanamali enye. Izikolo, amaziko ebutho, kunye namaqumrhu okholo anokukhuthaza ezi ntlanganiso ukufikelela phantsi kwabemi abagciniweyo. Izixhobo ze-techtalog, kuquka iividiyo kunye nee-apps, zingayongeza kuqeqesho lwe-person.

ISebe leMicimbi yoMgaqo-siseko neNkxaso ePhathiswayo yoMthetho

Iinkampani zomthetho kunye neemanyano zebhari zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqiniseni umahluko wobulungisa phakathi komsebenzi we-probo. Iifekta ezininzi zineenkqubo ezisesikweni ezilingana namagqwetha okuzithandela afumana abaxhasi abaphantsi kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni. Iinkampani ezisebenzisana phakathi kwezikolo zomthetho nemibutho yoluntu zikwanikezela ngekliniki yamahreji ekhululekileyo apho abafundi bafumana amava asebenzisekayo ngoxa benceda uluntu. Ukunyuka kwemali yeSebe lezezomthetho, enika uncedo lwasemthethweni kulo lonke ilizwe, kuhlala kuyinto ephambili kubameli.

Umthetho ogunyazisayo noTshintsho loBume

Utshintsho lwenkqubo lufuna inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo. Amaqela olawulo akhuthaza ilungelo lokwandisa ilungelo lokucebisa kwiimeko zabemi (njengelungelo lokucebisa kwiimeko zokugxotha), ukuphelisa ibheyile yemali, kunye nokuphelisa izigwebo ezingephi eziyimfuneko. Umthetho wenkundla ukuphucula ukufumaneka kwabatolikisi, iinkqubo ezilula zokulungisa, kunye nokuqokelelwa kolwazi kwizahlula-hlula--hlukana ngokweentlanga. Ukudibana norhulumente kunye neembutho zemida, amabhunga ejaji, kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho ziyimfuneko ekuguquleni imigaqo ekusebenzeni.

Ubuxhakaxhaka njengesixhobo sokufikelela

Ukusetyenziswa okutsha kobugcisa kunganceda ekuncedeni ukusoyisa eminye imiqobo. Iindawo ezingaphakathi zokubhala izibhengezo ezincinci, ukwenziwa kwefomu ezenzekelayo yamaxwebhu aqhelekileyo asemthethweni, kunye neenkonzo ezisisigxina zenkundla ezichazayo zithembisa uphuhliso. Noko ke, nabuphi na ubugcisa kufuneka bube yinjongo ngeemfuno zomsebenzisi kwaye buvavanywe ukuze bufumaneke. Abameli bamalungelo abantu kufuneka babandakanywe ekuphuhlisweni kobugcisa benkundla ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayiyilesi imiqobo emitsha ngaphandle kokuqonda.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo abantu abasemagunyeni ekuwinwa komthetho awahlali ekholeleka; ayimigaqo ephilayo emele ikhuselwe kwaye yandiswe kunye nesizukulwana ngasinye. Ukusuka ekulungelweni nasekululekeni kunye nokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kunye namatyala kawonke-wonke, ezi zikhuselo ziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokugweba ihlala ingumsebenzi wokusesikweni kunokuba ibe sisixhobo sokucinezelela. Ukanti umsantsa phakathi kwesithembiso sala malungelo kunye nezoqobo zihlala zinkulu, ingakumbi kubantu bemibala, abafumana abantu abaphantsi, nabangenayo. Ukuvala loo ngxaki kufuna imigudu edibekileyo: imfundo yokwazisa abantu ngamalungelo abo, i-advoctartic sy, ukupheliswa kwemithetho nezenzo ezikhuthaza ukungalingani, kunye nokuzibophanga okutshayo okufanelekileyo okufanelwe yinkundla yenkundla yoluntu. Izixhobo zokuxhasa iprojenti; inika izibonelelo, kunye neeprojenti zoluntu, i-odmistries.