Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala kubalulekile ekuhambeleni phambili kwimimandla esemthethweni yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Omabini amasebe omthetho asebenza kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwaye asebenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinokufikelelwa ngabantu. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olukhawulezileyo lweenkcazelo, iimpawu ezingundoqo, iindidi zemeko ezifanayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho wesizwe nowezaphuli-mthetho, unika intsingiselo ecacileyo kwiindima nentsingiselo kwibutho lanamhlanje.

Uyintoni uMthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula amalungelo neembopheleleko zabantu ngabanye, amashishini, neminye imibutho yabucala. Yinkqubo esemthethweni ecombulula iimpikiswano ezingeyonto yolwaphulo-mthetho. Injongo ephambili yomthetho wasekuhlaleni asikokohlwaywa kodwa kukubuyiselwa (ngokungokokuba kumiselwe) ngembuyekezo yemali, intsebenziswano ethile, okanye imiyalelo. Isekelwe kwizithethe zamandulo zamaRoma ezingokwasemthethweni kwaye iphuhliswa kwinkqubo yomthetho, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugqubuthela uludwe olude lwentlukwano lwabantu, ngokutyobelana ityala lokutyhola.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano: Ityala liphakathi kwamaqela angawomntu ngamnye, imibutho, okanye imibutho, --i-rather kunorhulumente.
  • [[UMGAQO-MKC] Isigqibo sokusohlwaya: Injongo kukwenza iqela elimoshakeleyo liphelele, ngokuqhelekileyo ngelahleko okanye ngokukhululeka okungalinganiyo.
  • [[Umthwalo: 0] Umthwalo ophantsi wobungqina: I-trattiff mayibonise imeko yabo [ ukuqwalasela ubungqina (umzekelo, okunokwenzeka kakhulu kunangenjalo).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Lungeniselo oluthe gqo: Iqela elingummangali (umphengululi) lifakela ukumangalelwa, hayi umtshutshisi karhulumente.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zetyala Lomthetho Wasekuhlaleni

Amatyala amakhaya aphakama phantse kwimimandla yonke yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngezantsi ngawona maqela axhaphakileyo, ngalinye elinemizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Nanini na amaqela amabini okanye ngaphezulu efaka isivumelwano esibophelelayo esisemthethweni, `ebhalweni, okanye esichazwe ngokusemthethweni' silawula ukugcinwa kwaso. Iingxoxo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukwaphula isivumelwano sokuthengisa, ukungaphumeleli ukunikela iinkonzo, okanye ukungahlawulwa kwemali yomsebenzi owenziweyo. Umzekelo, umnini-khaya oqesha inkampani ukulungisa ikhitshi kwaye afumane umsebenzi ophantsi komthetho wokulungisa isakhiwo.

Ingxelo Enconywayo

Iithoyi zenziwa kakubi ngabemi abanobungozi okanye abalahlekelwayo. Ziwela kwiindidi ezintathu ezincinane:

  • Ukungaphumeleli ukuqhelisa inkathalo esengqiqweni, njengengozi yemoto ebangelwa kukuqhuba okuphazamisekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izenzo zentelekelelo: Isenzo esifana nohlaselo, ibhetri, okanye ugculelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ityala lovavanyo: Ubuchule ngaphandle kwemposiso, obusoloko busetyenziswa kwiimeko zemveliso (umz. isixhobo esinesiphene esenza umonakalo kumsebenzisi).

Iingxabano Zempahla

Ezi ziquka ubunikazi, impahla okanye ukusetyenziswa kwempahla yomntu. Imizekelo iquka ukungavisisani phakathi kwabamelwane, iingxabano ezikhoyo kukhuseleko, okanye iimpikiswano ngelifa xa kungekho nto ifanelekileyo.

Umthetho wentsapho

Umthetho wentsapho usingatha imicimbi yolwalamano lwasekhaya. Ityala eliqhelekileyo liquka uqhawulo-mtshato (ukwahlulwa kweempahla, anti), ukugcinwa kwabantwana nokutyelelwa, ukuxhasa abantwana, ukukhuliselwa kwabantwana, kunye nezigqibo zokuzala. Iinkundla zamakhaya zikhupha imiyalelo echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi zeentsapho.

Umthetho weSebe

Kwakhona umthetho wamakhaya ubandakanya imibandela enjengemiba yemivuzo, ucalucalulo, ukupheliswa ngokuphosakeleyo, nokwaphulwa kwezivumelwano zemisebenzi.

Iinkalo Ezicacileyo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

Amatyala amakhaya aqala xa ummangalelwa efaka isikhalazo. Ummangalelwa uyaphendula, kwaye omabini amacala abandakanyeka ekufumaneni (ubungqina obungatshintshiyo). Amatyala amaninzi ahlala phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ukuba ityala likho, omnye ucela ijaji, okanye ityala linokuqulunqwa ngumgwebi. Izibheno zingalandela, kodwa ngexabiso eliphezulu nangexesha elithe kratya.

Uyintoni uMthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Ihambo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho eyalelweyo ngenxa yokuba isongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ucwangco, okanye intlalo-ntle. Ilizwe ("lisebenzisa umtshutshisi") lizisa izityholo kumntu okanye kwiqumrhu elityholwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Iinjongo eziphambili kukungaqiniseki, ukupheliswa, ukubuyiselwa komzimba, kunye nempindezelo. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, urhulumente uthwala wonke umthwalo wobungqina, kwaye iziphumo ziquka ukuphulukana nenkululeko.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

  • Isizwe njengeqela: Urhulumente (umthetheli, urhulumente, okanye ummandla) umangalela ummangalelwa. Ixhoba aliloqela, nangona linokuthatha inxaxheba njengengqina.
  • Intengiso ebekwe: iquka intengiso, ukuvavanywa, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye (kwiminye imiqathango) isohlwayo sokufa.
  • Umthwalo ophezulu wobungqina: Ityala kufuneka liqinisekise zonke izinto zetyala ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni]
  • [[NT.:0] Izikhuseli ezisemthethweni: Abathethelelayo banandipha amalungelo afana nokucinga ukuba umsulwa, ekunene kwecebo, ukukhusela ekuzikhuseleni ngokwabo, kwanasekunene kwisilingo esikhawulezileyo.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zemiba Yezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kunceda abemi balapho baqonde imiphumo yokuziphatha ngokungekho mthethweni.

Iinketho zegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) FAOobject name (optional)

Imizekelo iquka ukubulawa, ukudlwengulwa, ukuqweqwedisa ngezixhobo, ukuqweqwedisa, ukurhwaphiliza nokurhwaphiliza iziyobisi. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kusoloko kunemiphumo ehlala ihleli, njengokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ukufumanisa ukuba akukho semthethweni, nokungamkeleki kwelayisensi elithile.

Iimpazamo

Izigwebo ezingekho mthethweni azikho ngqongqo kangako kodwa zisathwala izigwebo ezide zifike kunyaka othile entolongweni, kwifashoni, okanye kwinkonzo yoluntu. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ubusela obuncinane (ukurhwebelana ngemizi - mveliso), ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo, i-DUI (ityala lokuqala kumaphondo amaninzi), kunye nokumeneza. Izaphuli-mthetho ezininzi zokuqala ezikwiminyaka engama-66 zinokusebenzisa kwiinkqubo zokuziphazamiso okanye ukulahlwa.

uphazamiso

Iimpazamo zincinane, ngokuqhelekileyo zisohlwaywa kuphela yimali yokwaphula imoto, ukuphulwa kweemoto, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma nezikhalazo zengxolo zimizekelo eqhelekileyo. Ukwaphula umthetho akusoloko kusenza sibe sisaphuli - mthetho, nangona ukungakwazi ukuhlawula kunokude kufikelele kwingozi.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho Olumhlophe

Ezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingenabundlobongela zibangelwa yinzuzo yemali. Ziquka ubuqhetseba (ukungaqiniseki, ukuvalelwa kwemali, ukurhwaphilizwa kwemali, ukunyotywa, ukunyotywa, ukurhwebelana ngaphakathi, nokubangwa kophawu. Nangona kungekho lugonyamelo, ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe lungatshabalalisa amaxhoba kwaye lusoloko lukhokelela kwisigwebo eside sentolongo phantsi kwemigaqo karhulumente.

Ukufa Kwetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liqala ngokubanjwa okanye ngokubizwa. Ummangalelwa ubekwa ityala, apho agweba khona ngetyala okanye angenatyala. Iinkqubo zomthetho, ukucetyiswa, nokufunyanwa kwetyala kulandelwa. Ukuba liqulethwe, abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bafikelele kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo (kwimimandla emininzi) ukuze bafumane isiqinisekiso. Ukugwetywa kwenzeke ngokwahlukileyo, apho abagwebi bacinga ukuba kukhutshwa okanye kuthathwa ziimeko eziyingozi. Izibheno zikhona kodwa zilinganiselwe.

Ukwahluka Okunzulu Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ukuqonda umahluko akuthethi nje ukufunda mfundo kuphela, kodwa kuchaphazela indlela abantu abasabela ngayo kwiingxaki zomthetho. I table engezantsi ishwankathela umahluko ongundoqo, nangona ukutshona okunzulu kuyimfuneko.

  • Icandelo elibandakanyekileyo: amatyala angaphakathi ngamatyala aqhelekileyo afana nee-atlantiff v. Ummangalelwa (esese); amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngamalungu karhulumente. umtshutshisi (uwonke).
  • Ibherin yobungqina: yengingqi ibhekisa phambili kubungqina [ [50%+; ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni (8899%).
  • Ingeniso: Iindlela zonyango zabemi ziquka ukonakaliswa kwemali, imiqathango, okanye ukwenziwa okuthile. Isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho siquka ukubanjwa, intengo, ukugcinwa kwetyala, okanye inkonzo yoluntu.
  • Imfuneko epheleleyo: umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho usoloko ufuna amadoda aphinda afumane [ (ingqondo eqinileyo) ukuze aqiniseke; umthetho wasekuhlaleni ungabeka ityala nangaphandle kwenjongo (umz., ukungakhathali okanye ityala elingqongqo).
  • Asekunene kwisiluleko: Abamangalelwa ngezaphuli-mthetho banelungelo elisemthethweni kwigqwetha; abaphathi-mikhosi ngokuqhelekileyo abanalo, nangona amanye amatyala asekuhlaleni (umz., ukupheliswa kwamalungelo abazali) kuqinisekisa isiluleko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukhuseleko olugabadeleyo lwengozi: Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, umntu akanakuzanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Umthetho wabemi awunawo umqobo opheleleyo onjalo, nangona i-jucata[ inokuthintela ukuphinda ulwenzeko lwemiba egqitywe.

Iinkqubo Zomthetho Wamakhaya Nowabelana Ngolwaphulo - mthetho Kubomi Bamihla Le

Nazi iindlela eziluncedo ezibonisa indlela umthetho welizwe nowezaphuli - mthetho osebenza ngayo kwiimeko zamihla le.

Izakhono Namalungelo

Qho xa uthenga imveliso kwi-intanethi, utyikitya ityala, okanye uvumelana nemvume yekhadi letyala, wenza isivumelwano. Umthetho wamakhaya ukhusela omabini amaqela. Ukuba inkampani ikhupha imveliso enesiphene, ungamangalelwa ukuba uphule isivumelwano okanye isiqinisekiso. Ukuba awukwazi ukuhlawula ityala, lowo ubolekisayo angafumana isigwebo sikarhulumente. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kunokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kwemali. Ngokomzekelo, ukwazi ukuba umnini-fama akanakukukukuxoxafa ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla (umgaqo wetyala) kwaye ukungavumi ukuhlawula ityala kungakhokelela kwisuti yemali yoluntu, hayi kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho (ngaphandle kokuba kubandakanyeke).

Ukuchaphazeleka Nokuchanabeka Kobuqu

Xa omnye umntu engazihoyiyo ebangela ingozi-ingozi yemoto, i-slip hindandgrade division, okanye i-applice-tort yonyango inika indlela yokufumana imbuyekezo. Amaxhoba anokufumana iindleko zonyango, umvuzo olahlekileyo, iintlungu nokubandezeleka, kunye nelahleko kwiimeko ezingekhoyo. Ukwazi ummiselo wemiqathango (ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka eli-1-12-3) kuyingozi; ukuphulukana nemiqathango yexesha elifanelekileyo ukuchachachacha ngonaphakade.

Isimilo Sezaphuli - mthetho Nemiphumo Yaso

Ukwazi umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunceda abantu baphephe ihambo engekho mthethweni kwaye baqonde amalungelo abo xa betyholwa. Ngokomzekelo, unelungelo lokungathethi xa umiswe ngamapolisa; ukuqhelisela akuvumi ukuba netyala. Ngokufanayo, ukwazi ukuba ukuba ukweba lulwaphulo-mthetho olunemiqathango enyukayo (ukusukela kwityala elisekelwe kwixabiso) kunokuphelisa izigqibo ezicaphukileyo. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho uyakwazi ukuzilawula: ungasebenzisa amandla afanelekileyo ukuze uzikhusele, kodwa amandla agqithiseleyo anokukhokelela ekuhlaseleni izityholo.

Imicimbi Yentsapho Neyasekhaya

Umthetho wentsapho uchaphazela izigqibo eziphathelele umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina abantwana kunye nenkxaso. Umthetho woqhawulo-mtshato ukwangumthetho ochaphazela impahla neembopheleleko zerhafu. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho udibana namaqela kwiimeko zogonyamelo zasekhaya, apho umxhaphazi anokujamelana nomthetho wokukhusela urhulumente kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokuhlasela. Ukuqonda zombini ezi ndawo kubalulekile ukuze kukhuselwe kwaye kucelwe imvume esemthethweni.

Amalungelo Omsebenzi

Imicimbi yasemsebenzini idla ngokuba nemilinganiselo yoburhulumente neyolwaphulo-mthetho. Ubusela be-wage kukwaphulwa ngokwemiba yamakhaya (ukungahlawulwa ngemali engaphaya kwemali), kodwa ukuba umqeshi ngabom uqhatha abasebenzi njengenxalenye yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kusenokuba lityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. ukuhlaselwa nokucalucalulwa kubangelwa kukungathatyathwa kwabantu, kodwa ukuhlaselwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunokubangela ukuba abantu batyholwe enoba kusini na.

Umnini wempahla kunye neZibhedlele

Iingxaki zezindlu zefa zixhaphakile: ummelwane wakha uthango kwimpahla yakho; isakhiwo somonakalo wendlu; inkomfa iyasilela ukugqiba ukuhlaziya. Umthetho wamakhaya ulungiselela iinkqubo ezifana nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango, izenzo zokuphakamisa ityala ezizolileyo, kunye nezixa ezincinane zeziko lomthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho unokuba semthethweni ukuba ummelwane wenza ityala okanye ubusela iifatyi.

Ukuwohloka Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Iziganeko ezininzi zibangela ukungxengxezwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kuba ihambo efanayo isenokuchaphaza onke amalungelo obuqu kunye nocwangco lukawonke-wonke. Owona mzekelo udumileyo yityala leO.J.Simpson: wakhululwa kwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho (umthwalo wobungqina obungadibaniyo) kodwa wafunyanwa efanelwe kukufa okuphosakeleyo kwinkundla yamakhaya (ukungaqiniseki kobungqina). Ngokufanayo, umntu ohlasela omnye wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho (ulwaphulo-mthetho) kunye netyala le-tort (umphazampri); ixhoba linganyuselwa ityala lolahleko xa lisachotshelwa. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile: isigwebo esityholo senkundla yamakhaya (ukubekwa phambili kobungqina) bungasetyenziswa njengobungqina kwisuti yolwaphulo-mthetho kamva, kodwa umgwebomgwebo akasithinteli kwisigwebo sesizwe.

Isizathu Sokuba Zidibene Zombini

Umthetho wamakhaya ugxininisa kwintlawulo kunye nokusesikweni kwangasese, ngoxa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho unyanzelisa imigaqo yezentlalo yoluntu kunye nowohlwayo. Bobabini, banikela isiseko esibanzi somthetho. Umzekelo, inkampani ethengisa ngabom imveliso eyingozi ingajamelana nokumangalelwa kodidi lwabemi (amaxhoba ahlawulwayo) kunye nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho zokuqhatha okanye ukubulala (ukuqhatha umbutho kunye nezikhundla zawo). Oku kuthabatha icandelo elibini le-666 kuyazimisela ukuphelisa ukuziphatha okubi kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba amaxhoba akashiywa ngaphandle kokuzikhusela.

Indlela Yokufuna Uncedo Olusemthethweni

Ukugatywa komthetho wamakhaya okanye wolwaphulo-mthetho kuphela kuyingozi. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, jongana negqwetha elibucala elisebenzisa ngokukhethekileyo kwindawo efanelekileyo (i-art, i-tort, intsapho). Ii-ofisi ezininzi zebhari zinikela iinkonzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, umntu otyholwayo kufuneka acele igqwetha eli phumla-mthetho (ukuba abanamali, inkundla kufuneka imisele umkhuseli wasekuhlaleni. Imibutho yoncedo lwasemthethweni inceda abantu abaphantsi kokufumana amatyala afana nokugxothwa kwamakhaya okanye imiyalelo yokhuseleko lwamakhaya. Ngaphezu koko, imithombo ye-intanethi edumileyo inika ukhokelo lokuqala:

Isiphelo

Umthetho wamakhaya nowezaphuli-mthetho zintsika ezimbini zenkqubo yokugweba, nganye ithetha ngeenkalo ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kwabantu. Umthetho wamakhaya ucombulula iimbambano zabucala kwaye unika izicombululo, ngoxa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukhusela ibutho labantu ngokubohlwaya nangokuthintela iimpazamo zikawonke-wonke. Ukuba ngaba usayina isivumelwano, uthenga ikhaya, ujongene netyala, okanye ubanjiswe kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqonda okusisiseko kula masebe kukunika amandla okukhusela amalungelo akho, ukuzalisekisa iimfanelo zakho, kwaye wenze izigqibo ezingokolwazi. Umthetho uchaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi, kodwa ngolwazi, ungalusebenzisa ngokuqinisekile ngakumbi.