Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe yimfundiso esemthethweni ekhusela ukumangalelwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente okanye kwinkundla zikarhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume yazo. Lo mgaqo uvela kwingcamango yokuba urhulumente, njengento elawulayo, akafanele amangalelwe ngendlela efanayo nabantu abazimeleyo okanye iinkampani. Iinkonzo zongxamiseko, amasebe omlilo, kunye nabaphendula-mayeza abagwebi abanobungozi badala umqobo obalulekileyo kubantu abafuna umonakalo obangelwa zizenzo ezisemthethweni. Ukuqonda imfundiso yaloo ntlanganiso, ngaphandle, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo ziyimfuneko kubasebenzi abasemthethweni, abasemaququququzeleli, abasemaqulungwini, nabasebenzi, nabaphi nabani na obandakanyekekileyo kwiimpendulo ezinxulumene nokukhunjululwa kwabantu abakhuselekileyo.

Imvelaphi yembali nesiseko somGaqo-siseko

Imvelaphi yomgangatho wokuzikhusela ekuzimela ulawulo lomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho isibhengezo esithi “ukumkani akanakwenza nto iphosakeleyo” sikhusela isiBhotwe kwisuti. Emva kweNguqu yaseMerika, amatyala asandul' ukusekwa azuzwé ngokuwuzuza ilifa lo khuseleko njengenxalenye yolawulo lwawo. Kwinqanaba lorhulumente, iDeminermentationth to the Prefections, eyagunyaziswa ngo1795, ubukhulu becala ukhuseleko lombuso ngokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yemipu engqubana necathulo echasene neyabethwa ngurhulumente wolunye urhulumente okanye welinye ilizwe. Kamva iNkuNkukhosi ePhakathi yandisa olu khuseleko luqukelwe ngabahlali belizwe ngokwemeko ezifana . ULouisitanians v[FLD:1] [18], ukuseka komqobo olubanzi lobugxobo lweBhunga lobugqesholo-orhorhorhorho , (18) kuphela).

Ukhuseleko olungokwaseburhulumenteni aluphelelanga; lungalahlwa, yaye lungajijwa phantsi komthetho worhulumente nowaseburhulumenteni. Sekunjalo, le mfundiso iyaqhubeka imile ukuchazwa okubandakanya iinkonzo zongxamiseko, apho abameli bakawonke-wonke ngokufuthi baphakamisa ukukhusela ukukhusela ukukhusela ukudlelela.

Imigaqo yeMigaqo yoLawulo oluPhakamileyo kwiiNkonzo zeMali

Xa abaphendula ngexesha likaxakeka besebenza kumgangatho wemisebenzi yabo esemthethweni, ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu kuyasebenza. Oku kuthetha ukumangalelwa ngokuchasene nombutho karhulumente okanye abasebenzi bawo . ngaphandle kokukhetha kuya kuqukwa (ukuza kugxothwa ngenxa yokungabi nagunya lokulawula abaphantsi. Iqikili kukuba ukubeka ityala kumaziko kawonke-wonke kungathintela ukusabela ngongxamiseko nokukhupha oovimba boluntu.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zelifa leMveli

Ukhuselo lwezolawulo lomanyano luchatshazelwe ngokwenxalenye nguMthetho weFederal Tort Antions (FTCA), ovumela iisuti ziganwe neUnited States ngezenzo ezithile zokungakhathali zabasebenzi besizwe. Ukuzikhusela kolawulo lwelizwe, kwelinye icala, kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngegunya. Amanye amazwe amkele izenzo ezibanzi ezibonisa i-FTCA, ngoxa amanye egcina ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo lwemisebenzi engokobulumko. Iinkonzo zengozi kurhulumente nakwimigangatho yasekuhlaleni(*) amapolisa ommandla, amasebe omlilo, kunye norhulumente we-EMS-orn E-ss adla ngokunqanda ukukhuselwa ngumthetho, hayi i-FTCA.

Impembelelo kwiinkonzo zoPhuhliso lwaMasipala eziNyaka

Isiphumo esisebenzisekayo sokhuseleko lwezolawulo lomoya kuxakeka lunzulu. IiPlaintiff kufuneka kuqala ziqinisekise ukuba urhulumente uvume ukumangalelwa okanye ukuba imeko ibekwe ngaphakathi kokwahlukileyo okuqatshelwayo. Lo mqobo usoloko uphumela kwintshukumo ezihambayo zangaphambili kwaye unokuzibeka phambi kokuba kufunyanwe nayiphi na into. Uhlobo lwenkonzo yexesha likaxakeka lungaphembelela iziphumo.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwamapolisa Nomthetho

Amagosa amapolisa asoloko emangalelwa ngokugqithisileyo, ngokubanjwa ngokuphosakeleyo, okanye ngokungakhathali ngexesha longxamiseko. Ukuthintelwa kolawulo oluphezulu kungakhusela umbutho oqeshwayo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha amagosa angamangalelwa phantsi komthetho karhulumente okanye 42 U.S.C. ngo1998 ngenxa yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, kwanangowe-1998, amatyala aphantsi kwemfaneleko yokuthintelwa, imfundiso eyahlukileyo kodwa enxulumeneyo ethi amagosa akhusele kwiimfanelo ngaphandle kokuba aphule umthetho osunguliweyo. Ukhuselo olusemgangathweni lungasebenza koorhulumente phantsi kowe-19989, ngenxa yokuba i-oomasipala abathathwa “imikhosi karhulumente yesizwe" ngeenjongo zokuHlayibhiyo, kodwa anokukhuselwa iimfundiso ezingokwamfanelekeleyo zezolawulo lwesizwe kwinkundla yezongalo.

Amasebe Omlilo

Izenzo zokulwa umlilo .ezifana nokungqubana kwezithuthi, umonakalo wempahla ngexesha lokucinezelwa komlilo, okanye ukusilela ukucima umlilo ngokukhawuleza. Ngokufuthi mazwe amaninzi anika ukhuseleko olubanzi lwezokhuselo lokhuseleko. Apha kusetyenziswa amaqhinga, nangona amanye akhupha ityala lokusebenza kwezithuthi okanye izixhobo ezingakhathaliyo. Umzekelo, ilori yomlilo ebaleka isibane esibomvu ingakhuseleka ukuba umqhubi usabela kwingozi kwaye usetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi kweemeko. Ukuba umqhubi wenza ngokungakhathali, ukukhusela komzimba kungalahleka.

Iinkonzo zonyango zexesha likaxakeka (EMS)

Abanikezeli be-EMS ./Ii-EMS, iingcali zonyango lwexesha likaxakeka, kunye neenkonzo zeenqwelo-mafutha zokwenza izigqibo zesekliniki ezidibeneyo. Ukuzikhusela kolawulo kusoloko kuzikhusela kwimicimbi yezonyango lodwa xa ziqeshwa ngurhulumente okhoyo kwaye zisebenza kumsebenzi wazo. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho elungileyo yamaSamariya okanye imithetho yokuzikhusela ecacileyo enika ugcino-lwazi. Umahluko ophawulekayo uvela xa abasebenzi be-EMS besebenza ii-ambulensi ezizimele phantsi kwesivumelwano sikarhulumente; iqumrhu lomntu ozimeleyo lingabelani umqeshisi worhulumente.

Iinqobo Neengcungcutheko Zolawulo

Nangona ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu kusisixhobo esinamandla, asinakungena. Abalawuli banokuwuphelisa umqobo ukuba bayakwazi ukubonisa omnye wezi zilandelayo:

Izaziso zomthetho

Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yokuba ukhuseleko lwezikhundla ezizimeleyo lwentlobo ezithile zobundlobongela. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo sisenzo sikarhulumente esisibhengezo esibangela ilungelo elisikelweyo lokumangalela urhulumente ngenxa yokungakhathali. Umzekelo, uRhulumente we-Ofisi yaseKhalifoniya uSivumelo uvumela izenzo ezichasene nemikhosi kawonke wonke yezonzakalisayo ebangelwa ziimeko eziyingozi zezinto zikawonke-wonke okanye izenzo zokungakhathali zabasebenzi, eziphantsi kwemiqathangokwako ethile, kuquka nokufaka isindululo kwityala phakathi kweenyanga ezintandathu. Ngokufanayo, iNkundla ye-Onketho ye-mthetho ye-Actss yaseNew York ivumela ukuba ityala lomthetho ebekwe abasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzi abatsha ababonxisiweyo, kuquka nabasebenzi abaphendula ngexesha likaxakeka.

UMthetho we-FTCA we-Foderal Tort

I-FTCAeves zokhuselo lwezikhuseli zezixhobo ezikwimeko entle zequmrhu elisetyenziswa ngabasebenzi besizwe abasebenza kumsebenzi wabo. Oku kusebenza kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente ezifana ne-Bureau of Land Management firefers, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wesizwe, namaqela ezonyango zomkhosi. Noko ke, i-FTCA ineendleko ezibalulekileyo: ayigqubutheli izityholo ezivela “kwimisebenzi yokudityaniswa kwemiqathango,” ii-torts, okanye imisebenzi yokulwa. Imisebenzi ecacileyo engaphandle isoloko ikhusela izigqibo ezimalunga nendlela yokwabiwa okanye iimpendulo zoncedo ngexesha lentlekele.

IMithetho yeQela neNkcubeko yalo

Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela umthetho wokuba identinenti yeyiphi imisebenzi karhulumente engongiwayo nelungele ukulingana. Ngokwesiqhelo, imisebenzi yoburhulumente (umz., ukhuseleko lwamapolisa, ukucinezelwa komlilo, okanye imisebenzi yempilo kawonke-wonke) ayikhuselekanga, ngelixesha [ ipropatiritary imisebenzi [ (umz, ukusebenza isibhedlele ukwenzela ingeniso okanye ukuqhuba igalaji yemoto) ayinjalo. Ulungiselelo lwenkonzo yongxamiseko njengorhulumente okanye ipropietary lokwahlukene ngolawulo. Amanye amaphondo aye ashenxanxa-th' olusuka kulo luhlu lolwahluko kwaye endaweni yoko axhomekeke kuludwe lwemisebenzi yezokhuselo.

Ukusebenzisa I - inshorensi Okanye Inkomfa

Urhulumente okanye urhulumente wasekuhlaleni angathenga i-inshorensi yetyala ekwaziyo ukukhusela ulawulo lwezoburhulumente ngokwemiqathango. Amazwana amaninzi avumela iisuti ngokuchasene nequmrhu lorhulumente ngokomlinganiselo inkxalabo ye-inshorensi ekhoyo. Ngokufanayo, ukungena kwisivumelwano esinento ephazamisayo yokuthintela ukuthintelwa komzimba kusenokuwuvumela urhulumente ukuba afanelekele ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, nangona i-tort izibanga lokuqhambuka kwisivumelwano sesivumelwano lingasenokuvalwa.

UGqr Gross Negligence, Ukungabi Nangqiqo Nokuziphatha Okubi Okungagqibeleliyo

Amanye amagunya akhumula ukhuseleko lwezikhuseli xa ihambo yomqeshwa iphezulu ngaphezu kokungakhathali okuqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, iTexas ikhusela ukhuseleko lwezenzo ze- ukungabikho komsebenzi kwabasebenzi be-Rhulumente, kuquka abaphendula ngexesha likaxakeka, phantsi koMthetho weTort. IFlorida igcina ukhuseleko lwezenzo zobuchule kodwa ivumela iisuti zomonakalo obangelwa kukungakhathaleli kwezithuthi zikarhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lowo uzisebenzisayo uyasabela kwingozi. Iinkundla zidla ngokuwahlula ngobulumko izibakala ukuba ngaba uphendulayo bezingakhathaleli nje okanye zifanele zinikezele ukugatya oko okokuba kukhuselekile.

Imigaqo-nkqubo neMiqathango eCwangcisiweyo

Umzimba womntu ozikhuselayo ulawulwa nguMongami asingondlela nje yokuzikhusela; ukwamisela nemilinganiselo engqongqo enokubambisa abathathi - ndlebe abangalumkanga.

Isaziso sangaphambili neNjongo

Phantse lonke iphondo lifuna i-partiff ukuba ifake isaziso esisesikweni sokuzichaza (esikwabizwa ngokuba “isibonelelo”) nesibonelelo sikarhulumente esifanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwefestile emfutshane qho iintsuku ezingama-90 ukuya kunyaka omnye). phambi kokuba ityala liqukunjelwe. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela ezi ziphumo zokugxothwa, nokokuba iimfanelo zetyala zomelele. Ezi zazi zimele ziquke umhla okhethekileyo, indawo, kunye nobume bomonakalo, kwaye zisetyenziswe kwilungu elilungileyo. Kwimeko zongxamiseko-ongxamiseko-onqaka, ukuchaza isiko soxanduva (umz. g., amaziko amapolisa esixeko amapolisa azimeleyo. i-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi yephondo) iyagxeka.

Intshukumo Ezamkelekileyo Nokususwa

Abameli baza kuyila intshukumo yokugxotha isiseko sokhuseleko lwezolawulo ekuqaleni kule meko. Ukuba urhulumente angayibonisa ukuba ayikhange isohlwaye, inkundla kufuneka irhoxise isenzo ngenxa yokungabi nagunyazo lokulawula okunomxholo. Kwinkundla yesebe, amatyala angaphakamisa uMphengululo weshumi elinesithoba njengebhanti lokufaka iisuti kwinkundla yezolawulo, inyanzelisa umchasi ukuba aqhubeke kwinkundla yelizwe (ukuba urhulumente uyavuma oko kuthethwa yimeko). IAttorney yabalawuli kufuneka ilungiselele ukukhusela iprojekthi ekhohlakelelweni ngokulathisa ii-athoriver okanye izibakala ezikhoyo ezithi zingenayo kwinkundla engaziwayo.

ICandelo 1983 Namanye Amatyala Omanyano

Amatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni athetha ngokuchasene nabaphulaphuli abangxamisekileyo aziswa ngaphantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. 1983, avumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe kwilizwe kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa u-1986 ngokwawo engalungeli ukhuseleko lwezolawulo lwesizwe oluzimeleyo, oomasipala abanalungelo lokukhusela ulawulo phantsi kweNkuphengululo yeshumi elinesixhenxe loMbetho-Mbetho. Noko ke, abaphendula ngongxamiseko (umz., urhulumente) bathathwa njengezixhobo zikarhulumente kwaye basenokuba banokukhuselwa kwinkundla yezononyiso ze-cwelo. Kodwa basenokungathunyelwa enkuqululweni yenkundla yephondo ngenxa yemvume efanayo ukuba urhulumente.

Utyekelo nophuhliso Lwakutshanje

Uphuhliso oluninzi olusemthethweni luye lwalungisa kwakhona ukhuseleko lwezolawulo lwemeko yongxamiseko. Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabangela ukuba amazwe amaninzi amisele imithetho ekhusela ukhuseleko longxamiseko olukhusela abanikezeli bempilo kunye nabaphendula kuqala kwityala lezenzo okanye ukukhutshwa ngexesha lengxaki yoluntu. Eminye yale mithetho yeyokwexeshana, kodwa eminye yenziwa yahlala ihleli. Ngaphezu koko, iinkundla ziqhubeka zihlola umahluko ofanelekileyo, kunye neminye imithetho ecuthe umgangatho wayo xa ihambo olucetyiweyo lubandakanya izenzo zolungiselelo (umz., ukungaphumeleli kwabasebenzi be-ambulensi).

Enye intsingiselo kukwanda kwemithetho “yobugxwayiba” ethintela ukumangalelwa koonomathotholo abathunyelwa ngongxamiseko ukuze bathathe inxaxheba ekuphatheni okanye ekuthumeleni iposi. Ngoxa abaxhasi bokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke bekhusela le mithetho ngokuyimfuneko ukugcina inkqubo esebenzayo eyi-9-1, abamangali baphikisa ukuba badala izithintelo ezingekho bulungisa.

Ekugqibeleni, ukudibana kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezizimeleyo kunye nokuvela kobugcisa − njengezithuthi zexesha likaxakeka ezizimeleyo kunye ne-Al-driven ithumela ii-algorithms ```iimfundiso zokhuseleko lwesithethe ziyasebenza kukwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo. Iinkundla zisenokuzama ukumelana nale miba elishumi leminyaka elizayo.

Icebiso Elisebenzisekayo KumaGcisa angokwasemthethweni Neziphakamiso

Amaqumrhu amele uphando olungqongqo lwangaphambi kobungozi amaziko oololiwe afanele asebenze ngokunempumelelo kwimida yokhuseleko, uqeqesho loxwebhu kunye nokunamathela kwiinkqubo ezisezantsi zokusebenza, kwaye agcine i-inshorensi yetyala ecacisa imida echaphazelekayo. Kwiigqwetha ezicacileyo, isitshixo kukuhlola okungqongqo okuphambili: ukufumana iingxelo zesiganeko, ukuqonda iziphumo zikarhulumente ezisebenzayo zokuzichaza, kwaye ubhale isaziso sokuzichaza phambi kommiselo. Xa kunokwenzeka, zonke izibakala eziwela kwimida engaphandle. "ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwesithuthi semoto, ukungakhathali kwizixhobo, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukumiswa kwemithetho esesikweni, kunokuxhomeke kwinkcazelo ebanzi.

Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni abacinga ngeenguqu kufuneka baqwalasele imfuneko yokukhusela iinkonzo zongxamiseko kuncedo lukawonke-wonke olufuna ukuba abameli boluntu baphendulelwe kwingozi enokuthintelwa. Indlela elungeleleneyo isenokukhusela ukhuseleko kwizigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo zenkqubo kodwa ivumele iisuti zisetyenziswe ngokungakhathali, ingakumbi xa zibangelwa kukungakhathali.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko lombuso olulawulayo lusangumqobo omkhulu ekuchaneni kwezenzo zoburhulumente neenkonzo zongxamiseko, kodwa olunokuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo ngemvelaphi yayo yembali, imvelaphi yezoburhulumente, kunye nemigibe yokuzikhusela kwe-procedtura. Ukuba umela ipolisa, isebe lomlilo, okanye umbutho we-EMS (okanye umntu owenziwe kakubi ngumntu ophendulayo) kufuneka azisebenzise kakuhle iimvavanyo zomntu ophendulayo phakathi kwemfundiso yezomGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho-omthetho osisigxina. Njengokuba umthetho uvela kunye nobugcisa obutsha, imfundiso iya kuqhubeka ibumba umhlaba wokhuseleko nowokuphendula abantu. Ngokuhlala exelelwe ngeziganeko zakutshanje kunye nokusebenzisa i-ofisi yezonyango, oogqirha bayakwazi ukuzilawula ngokunelisa iingozi kunye namathuba okunikwa ngurhulumente.