Ukwazisa: Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu Njengophawu Olusemthethweni

IGood Wear Advention, eyatyikitywa ngo-10 April 1998, ijongwa ngokubanzi njengenye yeendawo ezibalaseleyo zokuhlala zoxolo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Yaphelisa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yemfazwe enzima eMntla Ireland eyaziwa ngokuba yiMibango, ixesha elabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-500 kwaye lashiya amanxeba anzulu. Nangona iSivumelwano sisoloko sibhiyozelwa ngenxa yobukrelekrele baso bezobupolitika, kwaye sigutyungelwa urhulumente olawulayo onamandla olawulayo owenza ulawulo olunamandla oludibanisa umanyano nolulawula ulawulo olunzulu lwesizwe olubonisa ukuba akuzange kuvakaliswe ngendlela ekwakhiwe ngayo izakhiwo ezisemthethweni kodwa kusemngciphekweni osemthethweni. Isivumelwano sihlala kwimiqatha yemithetho enzima, izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ezidityaniswe yiMini, kunye nezibopheso ezingomthetho zelizwe lonke, ukudibana kwemiqatha kwemiqatha yemeko yomthetho yexesha elizayo, ukudibana kwemigunya elisemthethweni, kunye nolwa kwemigunyaziso lwexesha elizayo.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni Sesivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe phakathi kweUnited Kingdom neRiphabliki yase-Ireland. Ezi ziphumo zanikwa isiphumo esisemthethweni ngokuyintloko [FLT] [isivumelwano se-International Ireland] [i-Novest Ireland] uMthetho we-Interern Ireland] [[FT:3], owenza izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe phakathi kweUnited Kingdom neRiphabliki yase-Ireland kwaye wamisela imo yomthetho woMntla we-Ireland. Umthetho osemthethweni we-Irticle. Umthetho waqinisekisa ukuba uNoshrin Ireland uhlala inxalenye yoBukumkani base-United States ngaphandle kokuba uninzi lwabantu bayo bawuvote, umgaqo ophinda uphinde uphinde ulwe yisivumelwano somthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngesivumelwano esingumthetho-Universe-Uniternet.

Indima YoMthetho waseMntla Ireland 1998

ISivumelwano soMntla we-Ireland woMgaqo-nkqubo we-1998 sisesiseko somyalelo wasekhaya omiselwe yiSivumelwano. Sadala iNdibano yaseMntla Ireland kunye neKomiti enoLawulo oluPhezulu (urhulumente olawulayo) kunye neKomiti (ulawulo lwamandla), yawachaza amagunya ayo, yaza yamisela iinkqubo zokuhlanganisa imikhosi enyanzelisa imikhosi. Lo Mthetho waseka iKhomishoni yamaNtlanga-Ireland yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye neKhomishini yokuLinganisela, zombini eziqhubeka zisenza umsebenzi wokuhlola amalungelo abantu nokuthobela amalungelo oluntu kunye nokulingana. Umthetho uquke imigaqo e-Cruvia ibandakanya ilungiselelo elikhoyo ukuba i-Riphabliki i-Rhulumente ingaphinda ifumaneke ngokuzinziswa kwemali, inkqubo ekhutshwe kwakhona izihlandlo eziliqela phakathi konyaka nowawokuqala. Umthetho u-Arechilland.

Isivumelwano Sesiphendu SaseBritani Nomthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Isivumelwano seBritane-Irish, esibhaliswe neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo njengesivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe, sinika isiseko esihambelanayo somthetho soxolelwano. Esi sivumelwano senza ukuba oorhulumente bobabini baqinisekise imigaqo yeSivumelwano esiLumkileyo soLwesihlanu, kuquka umgaqo wesivumelwano somgaqo-siseko, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano yasemntla nesempumalanga. Yamisa iNgqungquthela ye-Iricawa yeBritannity njengengqungqungquthela yokunxibelelana kwemi yemi yemi kumbandela engeyo-devolved. Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe zonkqu sandisa umaleko wokuzibongela okusemthethweni: iimpikiswano ngokuhambelana kwemiqathango yomthetho, kwaye akukho naliphi iqela elingathiyo lingathi lizikhuphayo ngaphandle kokwaphulwa yimiqatha yomthetho wehlabathi lonke. Oku kwabalasebugciptton xa urhulumente be-UK belumkele idinga idinga elingo yezo elingo yezo lezo lezobupolitika elisemthethweni elisemthethweni eBritani phantsi kweBritantri.

Amalungelo Abantu namalungiselelo Okulingana

Isiseko esingundoqo se-Good Wearth Revention inguMgaqo-siseko we-1998 owenziwe ngokugxininiswa kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokulingana. Isivumelwano ngokwaso sifuna ukuba kubekho imvume yamalungelo aseMntla Ireland, isifungo esihlala singafezeki ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva. Noko ke, izixhobo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezisemthethweni zabekwa kwindawo. I-Northern Ireland Act yenza ukuba ingabi namthetho ukuba amagunya karhulumente akhethe ngenxa yezizathu zokukholelwa konqulo okanye uluvo lwezopolitiliti, yaye ifuna ukuba wonke umbutho wasekuhlaleni uxhase ukulingana kwamathuba. [FL:] [FFL], eyafaka i-Unict, i-Unityhostmentation on Human Rights for Human Rights for Human Rights in UK, eyaye yaxhaswa yimithetho yesivumelwano yesivumelwano soMvumelwano ye-UK, eyathiwayilwa yi-Rrekhohlo-odreat, i-Rreast, kwaye igunyaza i-odmentancelcet, i-odreyithis.

Ulawulo lwamandla kunye nobuchule Bawo Bomthetho

Owona mgaqo wahlulayo womthetho weGood Wear Agreement yi-Optional Sycritive elawula amandla. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente apho iqela elikhulu liyila urhulumente, iSivumelwano sifuna ukuba uMphathi-mikhosi oPhezulu aquke omabini amaqela amaqumrhu kunye nesizwe, kunye nomPhathiswa wokuqala kunye nesekela lomPhathiswa woMphathiswa wokuqala (ngokungqinelana njenge-Ofisi yomPhathiswa wokuqala kunye nesekela leNgqolo yoMphathiswa Wokuqala) ekhethwe yiNdibano enqamlezo-community. Esi sakhiwo silungiselelwe ukunqanda nawuphi na uluntu ekulawuleni amanye amaqela, nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezingexesha elizayo zomntla Ireland zenziwe ngokuvumelana. Abacebisi bezomthetho babekwa ngaphandle kwiNyakatho ye-Ireland uMyezo woMphathi-1998 yaye baye bavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiwe ziimeko zobupolitika.

Inkqubo yeHondt nokunyanzelwa

Ukwabiwa kwemithetho yeqela lobulungiseleli kunqunyulwa yinkqubo ye-d’Hondt, inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo eqinisekisa ukuba iqela ngalinye lifumana inani leenkonzo ngokufutshane ezihlalweni zalo kwiNdibano. Le nkqubo isusa ingqiqo yeNkulumbuso yokuqala yokukhetha isebe lokusebenza kunye, yenza imigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni yokunyanzelisa i-mthetho yokuba amaqela angakwazi ukukhetha ukuhlala ngaphandle kwenkqubo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amaqela arhoxele kwiingxoxo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ahlale kwiingxoxo zenkundla ze-portopholios. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiziphumo ezithile ezingasebenziyo ze-okquat , umzekelo, xa iDidemocratic Union Union Parties (DUP) ingavumi yokuba umlungiseleli wokuqala emva konyulo, ukukhuthulwa okufanelekileyo. Iinkundla zeNkuvezi zivelise eziziswe ngeziNkukhundla zeNkunga eliPhezulu kulawulayongangongongongangongongongongongongongongongongongongo eMntlalo, xa zingenziwangawona ngokomthetho woburhulumente zingekhona.

Inkxalabo ifumaneka xa kuthe kwadityaniswa izivumelwano

Ukukhusela ngakumbi izilangazelelo zombini, iSivumelwano sifuna ukuba izigqibo ezithile eziphambili zokwenza izigqibo ezithile zokwenza ulwazelelelo okanye utshintsho kwimiyalelo emileyo yeNdibano, unyulo lwesithethi, nokusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali ..

Ukusebenzisa Ucelomngeni

Nangona isakhiwo salo sibanzi esisemthethweni, iGood Wear Agreement iye yajamelana nocelomngeni olukhulu. Ukungathembani kwezobupolitika, umsebenzi womkhosi, kunye neziganeko zangaphandle kuye kwayivavanya ngokuphindaphindiweyo imigaqo-nkqubo. Iminyaka yokuqala yeSivumelwano yaphawulwa ziimpikiswano zokukhutshwa kwezixhobo, utshintsho lwamapolisa, kunye nokukhululwa kwamabanjwa, kwaye yonke imibango efuna ukulungelelaniswa okungokwasemthethweni nokungachatshazelwa kwezobupolitika.

Ukuyeka Ukusebenzisa Izixhobo

Enye yeembambano ezidala ingxabano yayikukurhoxiswa kwezixhobo zomkhosi. I-Apliganity yathi bonke abathathi-nxaxheba baya kusebenzisa “nayiphi na impembelelo ebanayo” ukufikelela ekuphumelelisweni kwentlawulo kwiminyaka emibini, kodwa ayimiselanga mda ongqongqo. Ukwaliwa koMkhosi woMkhosi we-Irish Republican (IRA) wokuyeka ukusebenza yaba yindawo ephambili ephambili, eyakhokelela ekuweni kweNdibano yokuqala ngo-2002. Ukurhoxiswa kweNkugqibela kunyaka wama-20055 xa i-IRA yagqitywa ukukhupha umsebenzi phantsi kolawulo lwe-Inteccomssion Commist Comment on Decoming. Ukusondela okusemthethweni kokuphelisa umkhosi kuxhomekeke ekuthobeleni kwentliziyo kunokulawulwa kweminyanzelo yezomthetho, ukhetho oluvumela ukusindiswa komkhosi womkhosi womkhosi kodwa oluye lwavela kwimbambano oludala. I-ISCOPy Iqwany ingul.[4]

Utshintsho Lwamapolisa NeKhomishini YamaPolisa

IGood Wearth Reagument yacela ukuba kubekho imigaqo emitsha, inkonzo yamapolisa abameli eNorthern Ireland. Ingxelo eyaqukwa yiPatten Commission yakhokelela ekuguqulelweni kweRoyal Ulster Consabulary (RUC) kwiNkonzo yaMapolisa yaseMntla Ireland (PSNI). Utshintsho olusemthethweni lwaluquka ukubekwa kwemithetho yemithetho yokuziphatha, ukwenziwa kwemithetho engakumbi yiPolitili Ombudman, yaye kwafuneka ukuba ahlasele ama-Roce: 50:50-Prostmentation eeantston ukuze athethe ukungalingani oku. Ezi nguqu zangeniswa kwi-Prolice (eNorthern Ireland) zamiselwa nguMthetho ka-20, kodwa zadityaniswa ngokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha ne-Angvolunt, kwaza kwaza kwaza kwaneliswa ngamandla amaKatolika anyukayo, kodwa azibona njengezibonelo zothuthonga kwiziphumo ezithenwayo, kodwa amaqela eepolitiki andandandandanda alwayo, awona awona awona awona awona awona awona awona awona

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Ngemibandela Yelifa

Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lomthetho luyindlela yokusingatha iziphumo zeZiphene . kodwa ke, ayizange imisele inyaniso ebanzi okanye inkqubo yokusesikweni eyenziwa yimikhosi yoorhulumente kunye nemikhosi phakathi koo1960 no1998. Isivumelwano seGood Wearver Active salungiselela ukukhululwa okukhawulezileyo kwamabanjwa agwetyiweyo ekwakugwetywe amatyala, ilungiselelo elalijongwe ngokunzulu kodwa ligqalwa njengelibalulekileyo ngenxa yokungalawuleki xolo. Noko ke, alimiselangayo intelekiso okanye inkqubo yokusesikweni. Umthetho owenziwe ngoorhulumente uye wazama ukusingatha imicimbi ekhoyo ngemizimba efana neNtlanganiso yembali efana ne-Entelligistion Entellias, kunye ne-20222, abayamkela i-Rhulumente nge-empere, kodwa abajongene ne-emperethi ye-Rhure, i-Errencessss, ingumele ukuvuzwa kweminye i-Rhulumend yeNkup, i-o yoMbutho yaseYurophu, ilandela i-orho

Impembelelo YeBreexit

Isigqibo se-UK sombutho waseYurophu sowama-2016 sokushiya i-European Union sabangela amanqam kwisivumelwano esiKhulu. Isivumelwano sabonisa ukuba umda ovulekileyo phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRiphabliki yase-Ireland, owenziwe wanokwenzeka ngamalungu afanayo e-EU imakethe kunye nezithethe. I-Brexit yasongela ukuphinda iqale umda onzima, obekuya kuba neziphumo eziyingozi zoxolo, uqoqosho, kunye nolwalamano olunqamlezileyo. Iziphumo zomthetho . . . . .Nyusa i-Northern Ireland Protocolty //10/ithelelanel elona tyala likhulu le-Brit ekwipolitiki ye-UK.

Imithetho Yomthetho Yasemntla Ireland Nesakhelo Somoya

I-Protocol yaseMntla Ireland, inxalenye ye-UK-EU Athreamone Actrinition, yadala umda osemthethweni kuLwandle lwase-Ireland ngokugcina i-Ireland yaseMntla ngqungquthela ivumelana nemithetho ye-EU kunye nemithetho yezorhwebo enye. Oku kwaphepha umda wendalo kwisiqithi sase-Ireland kodwa kwadala imida yorhwebo phakathi kweGreat Britain ne-Northern Ireland. Umthetho waxolelwa phantsi kwengcinezelo yexesha elikhulu kwaye ngaphandle kwemvume engqalileyo yamaqela aseMntla Ireland, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ubeke ityala lokuthomalalisa umoya wesivumelwano. I-DUPU, ingakumbi i-DUP, yaphikisa ukuba amalungiselelo eSivumelo somthetho kwizithethe nakunyakathothotho lwe-RGroto-RGrence, ngokufanelekileyo waphathwa ngokuchaseneyo ngokuchaseneyo nentluphelo lwe-UK, umgaqo wokuvumelana komgaqo-siseko eMntla-Rritheki ye-RriquiT.

NgoFebruwari 2023, iUK neEU zavumelana [FOLT] .WTY] Isiqu sefreyim''', eyathi yazisa utshintsho kwiSivumelwano, kuquka iireyibhile eziluhlaza nezibomvu zokuthengisa izinto, kwaye yasusa imiqobo yokuthengisa izinto ezihlala ngaphakathi kwe-UK. Isakhiwo somsebenzi sanika iNyaka ye-Ireland iNyaka iNgqungqungquthela i-($] `iSikhulu se-Brake'''''.) kwaye ivumela inani elincinane le-MLMA, ukuba libeke imfuno yemiqathango ye-EUS lilawule ekhoyo, liqhubeke nomthetho we-UProfile. Ngexesha i-WindsFrames ithel' inika ingcuphelo-ok-omatika-omatika-omati ye-20.

Iingxabano Ezingokwasemthethweni Neimbambano Zezobupolitika

Imithetho yokuziphatha iye yangumbandela wezenzo ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni. INkundla ePhezulu yaseMntla Ireland yaluphelisa ucelomngeni lwabepolitiki abamanyeneyo abaphikisayo ukuba i-EUSTATE yayaphula iMithetho ye-Union 1800, kodwa yavuma ukuba ukuntsonkotha kwemibuzo yezomGaqo-siseko kwathi kwathi kwakhiwa umthetho. Urhulumente we-UK wasungula umthetho-(iSibonelo somthetho saseNorthern Ireland ngo-202222) i-eyayiyayithi inike abalungiseleli amandla okungathobekiyo kwimithetho esemthethweni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-EUU iphinde iqalise kwakhona i-UK. Ityala laye lahla emva kokuba ulwalamano olulungeleneyo lwemithetho esemthethweni luye lwavunywa ngomthetho, kodwa isiganeko esibalasemgatya ngokungavunyelwangathethekiyo yi-Irreland, yaye singakhuselwanga ngemeko olubalulekileyo.

Imbono Engokwasemthethweni Yexesha Elizayo

Xa ujonga phambili, ukwakhiwa okusemthethweni kweSivumelwano esiMhle sangoLwesihlanu kuza kufuneka kujikelwe ukuhlangabezana nocelomngeni olutsha. Ezi ziquka ilifa elingalungiswanga leMibango, iziphumo ezidamba zeBrmitaliss, iinguqu zamanani ezinokususa umlinganiselo womgaqo-siseko, nokubaluleka okukhulayo kwamalungelo abantu nokulingana kwebutho elisalwa phakathi kwamahlelo. Iingcali zezomthetho zikhomba kwiindawo eziliqela apho kufuneka khona utshintsho okanye utshintsho.

Ukubuyiselwa kwentsebenziswano

Amaziko aqhuba amandla aye angqineke ebuthathaka, namaxesha okuwa rhoqo. Umsebenzi osemthethweni omiselwe ngurhulumente wase-UK nowase-Ireland ngo-2021 uhlola indlela yokwenza ukuba amaziko aqine ngakumbi. Izindululo ziquka ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo zomdlalo, ukuguqula inkqubo yokumiswa koMphathiswa wokuqala kunye nesekela lomPhathiswa wokuqala, kwaye ivumela iNdibano isebenze nokuba ngaba iGunyaziso alimiswanga ngokupheleleyo. Abanye baphikisana ngokufuduka kumanyano olunyanzelekileyo kwimodeli yokuzithandela, kodwa oku kufuna ukuba kunyuswe i-Northern Ireland Act yoMthetho ka-1998 kwaye kusenokufuna ukuphinda kubekwe ingxabano yoluntu kwakhona. Naluphi utshintsho kufuneka lulungelelanise imfuneko yokuzinzo kunye nokusekwa komgaqo wesivumelwano somnqamlezo-comnit.

Ukuthetha Ngelifa Leengxaki

Ingxoxo emalunga neSiqendu sesiZwe seLifa iyaqhubeka. I-UK iqalisa indlela yangoku yokuziphanda ekwiKhomishoni ye-Independent for Reconciliation and Information Recovery(iiimpatho engokwasemthethweni nenkcaso evela kuwo onke amaqela amakhulu aseMntla Ireland. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu ithe yaphikisa ukuba le nkqubo ayiphumeleli ukuhambelana neSiqendu 2 seSivumelwano saseYurophu (ilungelo lokuphila), esifuna uphando olusebenzayo kurhulumente nokubulala kwemikhosi. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo amalungelo abantu ingalawula ekugqibeleni kulo mba, isenokunyanzela i-UK ukuba imisele umthetho wayo. Okanye, indlela esekelwe kwiSivumelo esithe ngqo kwiSivume seNdlbhusayithi seProme yowama 2014, ecebisa uphengululo oluzimeleyo, kunye nogcino-ovimba wembali oluzimeleyo.

Ukuqhelana Nemeko Yezobupolitika Etshintshayo

Isiseko somthetho sophando lomda sibekwe kwi-Northern Ireland Act 1998, kodwa iinkcukacha ezininzi . "ezifana nomnyango wokuvuma, ixesha, kunye nombuzo .""awushiywe ungacacanga. Urhulumente ozayo kufuneka aqulunqe izimi ezithe ngqo ze-Irish phakathi kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka alandelayo. Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo zovotelo lomanyano zimiselwe kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya amalungelo asemthethweni abo banqwenela ukuhlala eBritani, ukufuduselwa kolawulo, ukuthunyelwa kolawulo lwezolawulo lukarhulumente.

Isiphelo

IGood Wear Agreement ihlala ingumsebenzi ophawulekayo osemthethweni, owenza uxolo lwahlukane kakhulu kummandla olungelelaniswe ngokucokisekileyo ngamalungelo, ukuma, kunye noxolelwano. Isakhiwo sawo somthetho siye sangqineka somelele sobabini (_ukusinda kweengxaki ezininzi zezobupolitika kunye nokungaqina-kungaqina, njengoko kuboniswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Uvavanyo olukhulu loxinezeleko luvela kwi-Brtit, olwathis, olwathi lwaphumela kwimiqathango yeSivumelwano, oluthi lwabangela ukuba umgaqo-Mdaba ovulekileyo, qhaphulungeneyo, oluthiswe nguMda-ekhohlo-ntle, oluye lwabangela ukuba umgaqo ovulwexesha elide ungene i-Morn, kunye nolusebenzisa ulawulo lwezopolitiko oluyezopolitistiki oluyekileyo oluye lungakho ekugqibeleni lukhokelele umanyano lomthetho lwemithetho ye-Rhol. Kodwa ke, ulawulo lweSivumi wangaphambili luza kumele luqhubeke uRhonjinga uRhol.