Imvelaphi Yembali Yeqela LeeUlster Union

Amaqela ambalwa ezobupolitika kuManyano eUnited Kingdom aye abumba ummandla ngendlela enzulu njengeUlster Unions Party (UUP) eyabumba iNorthern Ireland. I-UUP yayingeyoqela likarhulumente kuphela . yaye yayiliqela likarhulumente, esebenzisa amandla angenakuphazanyiswa ukusuka e-Ireland ukuya kutsho kumashumi eminyaka aphelayo enkulungwane yama-20. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yalo, ukuphakama kwalo, ukulawula kwalo ixesha elide, kwaye ekugqibeleni kwalo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuva iDNA yezobupolitika yanamhlanje yaseNorthern Ireland.

Ibali le-UUUP aliqali kwigumbi lepalamente kodwa likwingxaki yokuzichaza nobukhosi. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 iUnited Kingdom yaxakeka nombuzo worhulumente wase-Ireland, kwaye kwakuchasene nalo mbutho ."okwaziwa njengoMthetho wasekhaya .

Ingxaki Yolawulo Lwasekhaya Nokuzalwa Komanyano Olulungelelanisiweyo

Imbewu yeUlster Union Dirty yahlwayelwa ngo1880, xa urhulumente weLiberal phantsi kukaWilliam Iwart Gladstone wasungula uLawulo lokuqala lwekhaya iBhili ngo1886. Lo mthetho wacebisa ukuba kwenziwe ipalamente ethoba igalelo eDublin, unika i-Ireland ulawulo lwayo lwemicimbi yasekhaya ngexesha iWestminster yayinegunya lokukhusela, inkqubo yangaphandle, kunye norhwebo. KumaPresbytestanti, ingakumbi abemi base-Ulster, oku kwakusisisongelo esikhoyo. Babesoyika ukuba ipalamente yamaKatolika eDublin yayizakuba yimfazwe yenkululeko yabo yonqulo, izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko.

Inkcaso kuMthetho wasekhaya ngokukhawuleza yafakwa kwimibutho yezopolitiko esemthethweni. Ngo1885, iiMP zomanyano zazisele zilawula imigudu yazo eWestminster, kodwa yayikukoyiswa koMthetho wokuqala wasekhaya iBhili eyathi yavuselela ukudalwa kwezakhiwo ezisisigxina. IBhunga leSikolo soBukhosi be-Unistrian Union lamiselwa ngo-1905] njengombutho weambrela ukudibanisa ukuxhathisa uxhathiso oludibanisa ngaphaya kwephondo. Lo qumrhu laliza kukhawuleza lijikele kokusa oko ngoku sikugqala njengeSikolo seUlster Union.

Ixesha lokusekwa kuka-UUP lalingazenzeki ngengozi. Iqela leLiberal labuyela emkhosini ngo-1906, yaye uMphathiswa Omkhulu uHerbert Asquith wacacisa injongo yakhe yokuphinda avuselele uLawulo lwasekhaya. Ngomthetho wePalamente ka1911 esusa iNdlu yoMkhosi waBalawuli, indlela yeBhili yoLawulo lwasekhaya lwesithathu yayivulekile. Abaquququ be-Ulster baqonda ukuba abanakuxhomekeka kwiiNkosi ukuvala umthetho kwaye bamele bacwangcise njengomkhosi omkhulu wezobupolitika.

Umnqophiso Wesikolo: Igunya Elingathethekiyo

Akukho siganeko sinye esibamba umoya womanyano lwangaphambili lweUlster ngokucace kakhulu kunokutyikitywa komnqophiso we- WobuShulumente ngoSeptemba 1912. Ulungelelaniswe nguMhlekazi Edward Carson noJames Craig] amanani amabini aphakamileyo kwimbali yangaphambili yeqela ```Umnqophiso obalulekileyo wokuxhathisa uLawulo lwasekhaya ngandlela zonke eziyimfuneko. Wafuziselwa kumnqophiso wesizwe wenkulungwane ye-17, wamanyaniswa nommeli wesifungo sokukhusela indawo yawo phakathi koBukumkani obumanyeneyo.

Amadoda namabhinqa angaphezu kwa470 000 awusayina lo mnqophiso, amaninzi egazini lawo. Esi siganeko sasingeyondlela yokuqhayisa yezopolitiko; yayiyimbonakaliso yokungalungiswanga, idityanisiweyo. Iinkokeli zomanyano zabumba i-Ulster Colort Force [UVF], iqumrhu lomkhosi elizimisele ukuxhathisa ukuphunyezwa koLawulo lwasekhaya ngenkani ukuba kuyimfuneko. I-UVF yarkethisa amawaka embayimbayi ye-Larne ngo-1914, ngoko kwathi kwaziwa yiLarne Gunning, ijonge urhulumente waseBritane ngokufihlakeleyo.

Umnqophiso neUVF zanika iUP inkitha enkulu. Xa iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala yangenelela, uLawulo lwasekhaya lwayekwa ixesha elide, kodwa isikhundla somanyano sacaciswa ngokucacileyo: IUlster ayizukuya ngokuzolileyo kwipalamente yaseDublin.

Ukuhlukaniswa Nesiseko Somntla Ireland

URhulumente we-Ireland Act 1920 yayilulalaniso olwacombulula umbuzo wase-Ireland . okanye, mhlawumbi ngokuchanekileyo, wazenzela iziqwenga. Isenzo sadala izinto ezimbini ezizihambelayo: I-Ireland yasemazantsi (eyathi ngokukhawuleza yala ummandla kwaye yaba yilizwe le Irish Free State ngo 1922) kunye ne-Ireland yaseMntla, equka izibalo ezintandathu kwi-Ulster. UUUP, phantsi kokhokelo lukaJames Craig (ngoku iNkosi uCraigavon), yamkela eli lungiselelo ngoncedo. Yayingeyonto yonke imibutho eyayiyifunayo ngo-18 [1] kwaye yayilindele ukuba zonke iziqu ezisitho zithoba ziphelele.

IPalamente entsha yasemntla Ireland yavulwa eSpomont ngo1921, kwaye iUP yaseka urhulumente wokuqala. Ukususela ngelo xesha de kwasekwa umthetho ngqo ngo1972, iqela lahlala linegunya ngaphandle kophazamiso. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50, iUP yayilawula i-Northern Ireland njengesizwe esinye secathulo.

Isakhiwo se-Unitist Dominance (1921-1965)

Phantsi kweUUP, iNorthern Ireland yavelisa imvelaphi eyahlukileyo kwezobupolitika nentlalo. Eli qela laseka isiseko salo kulungelelwaniso olucokisekileyo lweecawa zamaProtestanti, iOrange Order, nezilangazelelo zeshishini. Lo mbutho waxhaswa ngokudityaniswa kobunjineli, umphethi - mandla, yaye, abahlalutyi, bephikisa, bebacalula ngocwangco abo bambalwa bamaKatolika.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zolawulo lwe-UUP ziqukiwe:

  • Ukusebenzisana ngemida edityanisiweyo: Imida engqinelanayo iye yazanywa ukwandisa umelo lomanyano, umkhwa owaziwa njengegerrymanindering. Owona umbi kakhulu nguLondonderry (Derry), apho isixeko sobuzwe esingummeli-majority sakrolwa kwigumbi labasebenzi abalawula ubuzwe.
  • Ukwabiwa kolwabiwo olungu- kwamabhunga asekuhlaleni alawulwe ngu-UUP joistings wabela uluntu ngokubanzi izindlu ngeendlela ezigcina amaqumrhu angundoqo kwaye aqinisa ucalucalulo lwamahlelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] ucalulo olusezantsi: ushishino olungundoqo, kuquka iHarland & Wolff ibala lenqanawa kunye noMzi - mveliso wabazalwana abafutshane, zaziwa ukuba zixhasa abasebenzi bamaProtestanti.
  • Lo mthetho ukhethekileyo wamandla (1922): Lo mthetho ubanzi wanika urhulumente igunya lokugqwesa ukuba angene ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, imibutho yothintelo, kunye nokumisela ixesha lokufika kwexesha. Ekuqaleni wawucetyiswe njengomlinganiselo wokwexeshana kodwa wahlala usebenza kangangamashumi eminyaka, usetyenziswa phantse ngokuchasene noluntu olunobuzwe.

IUUP yathethelela le nkqubo njengeyimfuneko kukhuseleko nozinzo, iphikisa ngelithi uRhulumente we-Irish Free (kamva iRiphabliki yase-Ireland) wakwala ukuvuma ukufaneleka kweNorthern Ireland nokuba abemi besizwe kulo mmandla babenganyanisekanga. Noko ke, umphumo waba libutho elahlulelene ngokunzulu apho igunya lezobupolitika nethuba lezoqoqosho laqukuqela ngokugqithisileyo kwimida yamahlelo.

Ixesha lasemva kwemfazwe kunye neecracks kwidangatye

Ngoo1960, iUUP yajamelana noxinzelelo olunyukayo lotshintsho. Ixesha lasemva kwemfazwe lazisa impumelelo eNtshona Yurophu, kwaye umNtla Ireland wawungagonyelwanga ekufuneni ubuchule bokusebenza. Umphathiswa uSerence O'Neill, owathatha iofisi ngowe 1963, wazama ukuqhuba iqela ukuya kwiqela eliququzelekileyo, ubuchule bobutechnocratic. Wadibana no Taoissuch (umphathi omkhulu) Seán Lemas ngo1965, uphawu olusicaphukisayo lwe-creapprochement, kwaye wazama ukuphucula ulwalamano noluntu lwamaKatolika.

I-O'Neill's inguqu zazithozamile .zimpawu ezininzi kuneenguqu zesakhiwo . kodwa zabangela umva ovuthayo phakathi kweqela lakhe kunye noluntu olubanzi lomanyano. UIan Paisley, umfundisi we-frebyterian, wavela njengelizwi lenkcaso yengca, egxeka u-O'Neill njengomkhapheli kwimigaqo yamaqhina. I-UUUP, okokuqala, ijongene neyantlukwano enzulu yangaphakathi.

Eli xesha lakwakho ukuzalwa kweNyakatho yamaLungelo e-UP, umbutho ophenjelelwa ngumzabalazo wamalungelo abantu baseMelika owawufuna ukupheliswa kucalucalulo kwizindlu, emsebenzini, nasekuvotelweni. Uhambo lwe-NICRA lwadityaniswa nomxube wokungakhathali kunye nentiyo evela kurhulumente weUP, kunye neRoyal Ulster Consabulary's (RUC) yokusingatha ingxwabangs abenzi bemilo zazisoloko zibonakala zingakhethi macala aphikisanayo.

Ugonyamelo lwaseDerry naseBelfast lwakhokelela ekumisweni koMkhosi waseBritani, ekuqaleni ukuze kukhuselwe abamelwane bamaKatolika, yaye urhulumente waseUUP eSpomontont waphelelwa lixesha ngowe - 1969.

Ukuwa Kwedumbhu Nokuqalisa Kweengxaki

Urhulumente waseBritane, phantsi koMphathiswa weNkulumbuso uHarold Wilson, wafuna ukuba urhulumente waseMntla Ireland aphumeze utshintsho olukhulu. U-UUP wavuma phantsi kweminxeba, kodwa igunya leqela labuthathaka ngokufa. Ngo- 1971, ukusungulwa konxibelelwano ngaphandle kokuvavanywa (oko kwakucingelwa ukuba kubangelwa ziiriphabliki) uluvo lobuzwe olutshisayo kwaye lwafaka abaninzi kwimikhosi yama-Uniterational Republican (IRA).

Isibetho sokugqibela seza ngo-30 kaJanuwari 1972, esaziwa ngokuba yiBloody Sunday, xa amaBritane adubula afe amatshatshana angenazo iintambo alishumi elinesithathu amajoni amalungelo abantu eDerry. Ephendula, urhulumente waseBritane wajija iPalamente yaseMntla Ireland ngoMatshi 24 1972 wabeka umthetho ngqo eWestminster. I-UUP's yeminyaka engama-50 iphelile, kwaye ayizange iphinde iphile ngokupheleleyo.

Uhambo olude Kwiziphene (1972-1988)

Kwikota elandelayo yenkulungwane, iUUP yasebenza kwilizwe lezobupolitika eguqulwe lugonyamelo nokungaqiniseki komgaqo-siseko. Eli qela lahlala lingumkhosi omkhulu womanyano kwiMibango emininzi, kodwa lasoloko licelw'ucelw'ucelo kwicala lalo. IDidemocratic Unionist Party (DuP), eyasekwa ngu Ian Paisley ngo-1971, yakhula ngokuthe ngcembe ngokuzimela kwayo ngokuzichasa nakuphi na ukuchasana nohlanga.

I-UUP yajamelana nengxaki engundoqo: ayinakubuyela kwinkqubo endala ye-Chormont, kodwa yayikrokrele kakhulu naliphi na ilungiselelo lokulawula amandla nesizwe. Olu xinezeleko lwachaza indlela yokungena kweqela ngexesha lamanyathelo ahlukeneyo omgaqo-siseko woo1970 noweminyaka yamakhulu asibhozo, kuquka i-Sundingdale Agreement ka 1973, eyathi yawa emva kohlaselo lwe-Social somfamast, kunye ne-Anglo-Irish Actric yango ka 1985, eyanika iRiphabliki ye-Ireland indima edityaniswayo kwimicimbi yaseNtlangalamntla Ireland.

Phantsi kokhokelo lukaJames Molyneaux (1979-19995), i-UUUP yamkela ukhuseleko, ukuma ngobulumko, igxininisa ekulondolozeni umanyano lomanyano kunokuba iqalise ingcinga entsha yezobupolitika. Oku kwavumela i-DuP ukuba izifake njengelizwi elinamandla nelinemigaqo.

Inkqubo Yoxolo Nesivumelwano Esihle SoLwesihlanu

Yonke into yaguquka ngonyulo lukaDavid Trimble njengenkokeli yeUUP ngowe-1995. ITrimble yayisakuba yimfundo kwaye ingummeli oqinileyo kwimicimbi yomGaqo-siseko, kodwa wangqineka ekulungele ukubeka ubomi bakhe esichengeni ngenxa yoxolo. Wangena kwintetho norhulumente baseBritane nase-Ireland kunye noSinn Féin, iphiko lezobupolitika le-IRA, emva konyaka ka-19949.

Ingxoxo yaphela kwiGood Wear Agreement (eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Belfast Agreement) ye-10 kuAprili 1998. Isivumelwano sasilulalanisa oluntsonkothileyo: sadala isigqeba esilawulayo esilawulayo esiquka ubunqila kunye nezizwe, saseka imida enqamlezayo kunye neRiphabliki yaseIreland, salungiselela ukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kwamabanjwa emkhosini ngenxa yokukhulula izixhobo.

Ku-UUP, isivumelwano sasimela impumelelo kunye ne-chaliace yetyhefu. I-Trimme yafumana iMbasa yoXolo lukaNobel ngenxa yendima yakhe, kwaye ekuqaleni iqela lafumana inkxaso enamandla yokhetho lomsebenzi wonyaka ka-1998. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwesi sivumelwano kwakucotha kabuhlungu, kwaye i-UUP yaphazanyiswa ziimpikiswano zangaphakathi ngenxa yokukhulula i-IRA, utshintsho lobupolitika, kunye namandla okuxhasa uSinn Féin.

Izenzo zangaphakathi kunye nokukhula kwe-AUP

Unyaka osusela kowe-1998 ukuya kunyaka ka-2005 yayikukuthomalalisa okuzinzileyo kwe-UUP. Ukhokelo lweTrimbeble lwacelwa ucelomngeni oluvela kwiqela, ngokuphawulekayo nguJeffrey Donaldson, owakhokelayo kwingqino echaseneyo nesivumelwano. I-Dup, eyayichase i-Good Wesihlanu Isivumelwano sasekuqaleni, yazibeka ngokwayo njengelizwi eliyinyani lobuProfethi kwaye yaqalisa ukutsala umntu ogama eliphambili kwiUP.

Incopho yokwaphula yafika kunyulo jikelele lonyaka ka-2005, xa i-Dup yafumana izihlalo ezisithoba kwiUP. I-Trimble yarhoxa ngoko nangoko, kwaye i-UP yangena kwixesha lokuphinda ifumaneke kabuhlungu. Ngaphantsi kwexesha lokungena eziphelweni uReg Empey, Tom Elliott, Mike Nesbitt, noRobin Swann, iqela lazama ukuchaza umahluko kwilizwe lezobupolitika ngoku elilawulwa yiDupus neSin Féin.

Iqela Lesizwe Elisebenzisa Ulster Union Ngenkulungwane Ye - 21

Namhlanje i-UP ngumkhosi oncitshisiweyo ngokuphawulekayo xa uthelekiswa nolawulo lwayo lwembali. Eli qela libamba inani elincinane lezihlalo kwiNdibano ye-Ireland, kwiPalamente ye-UK, kunye namabhunga asekuhlaleni. Liye lazama ukuzikhetha kwi-Dup ngokuthatha isandi esithe qelele, esiphakathi kwemiba yentlalo kunye nokukhuthaza ulwalamano olwakhayo neRiphabliki yase-Ireland phakathi komongo womanyano.

Eli qela likwajongene nocelomngeni lokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwamanani abantu basemntla Ireland. AmaKatolika aya esanda, yaye ubalo-manani lwama-2021 lwatyhila ukuba amaKatolika ngoku angaphezulu kwamaProtestanti kuMntla Ireland okokuqala. Olu tshintsho lobuntlola luphakamisa umbuzo obalulekileyo wobomi bawo onke amaqela amanyaneyo, kodwa i-UUP ibikulungele ngakumbi kune-DUP ukuvuma ukuba kufuneka aninzi, ngokusukruqu ngombono womanyano.

Ucelomngeni Oluyintloko Nethemba Lexesha Elizayo

I-UUP kufuneka isebenzise ucelomngeni olungenayo ukuba iza kuhlala ifanelekile:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubekwa komgangatho ophantsi: Lo mbutho ngoku ungowokuqala wesithathu kuMntla Ireland, ngasemva kweSinn Féin ne Dup. Iinkqubo zonyuso lokuqala-mva kwentsika engaphambili eWestminster nemfuno yokuwina izihlalo kwimekobume ebandayo yenza kube nzima ukuchacha.
  • [[NTL: 0] uphawu lwe-Internal: Iqela kufuneka ligqibe ukuba lizimise ngokwalo njengendawo elungeleleneyo kwi-Dup okanye njengeqela lesithethe elinokuhlawulela ukukhutshwa kwe-DuP. Ezi zicwangciso azilungelelaniseki lula.
  • Ukungaqiniseki okukhoyo: Amalungiselelo orhwebo asemva kwe-Brits yasemntla Ireland phantsi kwesakhelo soMtho-moya wesakhelo adala uxanduva olutsha kwi-UP kumanyano. I-UP ibigxeka isakhiwo kodwa iye yaphepha ukulahlwa okuthe ngqo kwe-Dup.
  • Utshintsho lomzobo olukwi- Utshintsho lwexesha elide kuninzi lwamaKatolika kuMntla Ireland lunyusa amathuba okuba uphando lomda kumanyano lwase-Irish. Impendulo ye-UUP kweli themba izakubumba ikamva layo.

Imifanekiso Ebalulekileyo Eyabumba IUP

Akukho mbali ipheleleyo yeUUP ngaphandle kokuvuma abantu abakhamba indlela yayo:

  • uMnumzana Edward Carson (1854-1935): Nangona engekho ngokobugcisa umseki weqela, uCarson wayeyinkokeli ye-Ulsterism ngexesha lobugxwayiba boLawulo lwasekhaya. Ibhari ekrelekrele kunye nomququli, wasebenzisa inkqubela-phambili kwaye wayinika igunya lokuziphatha.
  • [[FLT: 0] uJames Craig, Lord Craigavon (1871-1940):[FLT INkulumbuso yokuqala yasemntla Ireland, uCraig wayengumyili wezwe lomanyano. Ukhokelo lwakhe oluzinzileyo, olungalinganiyo lwagcina i-UUP idityanisiwe kwiminyaka yokuqala yolwahlulo.
  • i-O'Neill (1914-19990): Umguquleli ozamile ukuzama ukuguqula i-Northern Ireland wavula ucango kumbutho wamalungelo abantu, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuwa kwenkqubo endala. Ilifa lakhe lihlala likhuphisana.
  • uDavid Trimble (1944-2022): Eyona nkokeli ibalulekileyo ye-UP ukususela ku-Craig. Trimble wathatha iqela lakhe walifaka kwisivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu se-Explore kwaye wafumana iSaziso soxolo lukaNobel, kodwa indleko yezopolitiko kwiqela lakhe yatshabalalisa.

Ilifa nesigqibo

IUlster Unionism Party inguhlolisiso kwicandelo legunya lezobupolitika. Isuka kwimvelaphi yayo njengombutho owenzelwe ukuxhathisa ubuzwe base-Ireland, yakhula yaba liqela elilawulayo elingadityaniswanga lommandla, elisebenzisa amandla ngendlela ezakhuselayo zaza zahlula ibutho layo. Ulawulo lwalo olude lwadala iimeko zokuwohloka kwayo: kwaso kanye isakhiwo esaqinisekisa ubungangamsha bobumanyano sabangela izikhalazo ezabangela umbutho wamalungelo abantu kunye neengxaki zeengxaki.

Ukuvuma kweqela ukwamkela isivumelwano esiLungisayo ngoLwesihlanu kwakuyisenzo senkalipho, kodwa safuneka ngexabiso lonyulo lwalo. Kwimeko yezobupolitika ngoku emelwe yiDup neSinn Féin, iUP ikwindawo ephakathi engaqinisekanga, isazinikele kumanyano kodwa ingasabi lizwi lomanyano.

Nokuba i-UP ingaqalisa ukuvuselelwa okanye iza kuqhubeka ibhabha kwimida yezobupolitika zasemntla Ireland ihlala ingumbuzo ovulekileyo. Okuqinisekileyo kukuba imbali yeqela ingumtya nembali yeNorthern Ireland ngokwayo. Kwimeko ebanzi, abafundi bangahlola [[[FLT:] iPalamente] egcina uRhulumente kuRhulumente 1920[FL:1], [[FLT:], [[FLT]] i-Enclopedia Britannica ungeno lwe Ulsist Union [[FLT:], [2] i-B' ufihlolo lwembali ye-USD [FLT], ne-ULT] kwi-USM, enika i-USPLD [FLT] eninzi.[5]

IUUP yazalwa ichasene noLawulo lwasekhaya, yenziwe kumnqophiso, kwaye iphithizelelwe yimfazwe, ukwahlulwa, kunye nesiqingatha sesiqingatha sesiqingatha solawulo olungaphazanyiswanga. Ibali layo likude kakhulu kuno-/* kodwa iqela alisekho embindini walo.