I-United States ibisoloko ingumsebenzi ophambili kuphuhliso lwehlabathi lonke kunye noncedo loluntu, ibumba indalo yehlabathi ngemigaqo neenkqubo zayo. Ukusukela kwimigudu emikhulu yokwakha emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuya kumadabi akhoyo nxamnye nezifo zemozulu, iU.S. uncedo lwamanye amazwe luye lwavela ngomcimbi, injongo, kunye nentanda-ntanda-bulumko. Ukuqonda le ndaleko akucetyiswanga nje kuphela ekuqondeni indlela iMelika evelisa ngayo amandla athambileyo kodwa kwanokuvavanya ukuphumelela kweebhili-waka leera zeerandi ezichitheke unyaka ngamnye. Eli nqaku libonisa imbali yoncedo lwamanye amazwe ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo yemfazwe yemfazwe yemfazwe yemfazwe eshubileyo, ukuguqukela phambili kwiinjongo zophuhliso kunye neenjongo zokunceda abantu, kunye nocelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo, i-antluntlukwano zenkulungwane yama-21.

Isiseko sokuqala soncedo lwamanye amazwe ase-United States

Ngeli xesha iUnited States yanikezela ngoncedo kunye nobuchule benkxaso ngaphambili .Inkqubo yoncedo lwaseYurophu, eyaziwa njengeMarshall Plan, yamiswa eYurophu emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi, kunye nomzekelo odumileyo we U.S. Uncedo lwangaphandle. [Kwiminyaka emine, ucwangciso olukhulu loncedo lwamanye amazwe lwaqalisa ngenene emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Inkqubo yokulungisa iEuropean Recovectoration, eyaziwa njenge Marshall Plan, yaqaliswa ngo1949 kwaye yahlala ingumzekelo odumileyo we U.S. Uncedo lwangaphandle, iUnited States yasusa malunga ne $13.3 yezigidi zezigidi (elingana ne R1,000) ukuya kumazwe aseYurophu namhlanje. Iinjongo zazizintluntluntlukwano: ukunqanda kwakhona imfazwe nezoqoqosho ukuze kunqandwe ukuthengiswa kweemarike eMelika.

Impumelelo yeMarshall Plan .gross imveliso yasekhaya kumazwe athabatha inxaxheba yanyuka ngokuphandle, izibonelelo zakhiwa, kwaza kwabuyiselwa uzinzo lwezopolitiko . lwamiselwa ngokutsha isikhokelo. Yabonisa ukuba uncedo lunokuba sisixhobo sokuguqula izinto xa ludityaniswe nobunikazi bendawo, uncedo lobugcisa, kunye nengqiqo ecacileyo. Eli xesha langaphambili lakubona ukudalwa kwe-Economic Cooperation Cooperation Administration, isiqalo sophuhliso lwamva. Ugxininiso lwalukulwa nokwakhiwa nokuphuculo lwezoqoqosho, ngokufuthi ngokweemeko ezifuna abamkeli ukuba bamkele imigaqo yezoshishino zemarike, kunye nokuvula urhwebo lwabo.

Elinye incopho yayinguMongameli Harry Truman weProgram yesi-Point Ene , eyabhengezwa ngo-1949. Eli nyathelo lijolise ekubelaneni ngobuchule bobugcisa baseMerika namazwe asakhasayo, ligxininisa ezolimo, impilo, kunye nemfundo. Ngoxa lincinane ngemali xa kuthelekiswa nePlanteins, iDegreeters factory yoncedo lophuhliso olwahlukileyo kuncedo lomkhosi okanye ulwakhiwo.

Imfazwe Yomlomo noncedo olucwangcisiweyo

Njengoko iMfazwe Yomlomo yaya isinda, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lwaya ludityaniswa kakhulu nobukhomanisi. UMongameli Dwight D. Eisenhower wandisa umkhosi kunye noncedo lwezoqoqosho kumahlakani ase-Asia, eMbindi Mpuma, naseMzantsi Merika. Iminyaka yowe-1950 yabona ukusekwa kwe-Mutunical Security Agency kunye nokugxininiswa ngamandla “koncedo lokhuseleko”.[1] Abaxhasi kunye nemali-mboleko zokunceda amaqabane akhe anamandla omkhosi. Uncedo lwalusoloko lusetyenziswa ngezivumelwano ezithenjiweyo ezazifuna abamkeli bokhuseleko kunye neenjongo zemithetho yamazwe angaphandle.

Ngo-1961, uMongameli John F. Kennedy walungisa kwakhona ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-U.S. uMthetho woncedo lwe-Ovengente yango1961 waqinisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo waza wenza i-United States Agency yeNkcubeko yezizwe ngezizwe (USAID) njengesixhobo esiphambili sokuphuhlisa uluntu. Kennedy wavelisa i-Parace Comfons Comfort , ethumela amatsha - ntliziyo aseMelika angaphandle ukuze asebenze kwimisebenzi yenkqubela yengcambulo. Ezi zinto zibonisa ukuhambela phambili, ukuphuhliswa-kuphuhliswa, nangona imfazwe yomlomo yahlala ingumqhubi ophambili. [[FLT]]

Ngeminyaka yee-1960 kunye neyowe-1970, uncedo lwalusetyenziswa rhoqo njengekharoti okanye ukunamathela kumgaqo wangaphandle we-United States. Uncedo olungxamisekileyo lwaya eMzantsi Vietnam, eThailand, kunye namanye amahlakani akwiMpuma yoMzantsi mpuma Asia. KuMbindi Mpuma, uncedo lwaya ngamandla emva kwenkampu uDavid Reapstive. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba uninzi lwalo ncedo lwaluqhutywa lusukelo lwenjongo eziqulukileyo kunokuba luqhubekeke ngokwenene, maxa wambi lunyuse ulawulo lobuzwilakhe.

Ngeli xesha, ukudla [[Nkqutyana:0] koMthetho woxolo (PL 480), kwadlula ngo1954, kwaba sisixhobo esingundoqo sokunceda abantu nokuphuhlisa iimarike. Kwavumela iU.S. ukuba ithumele izinto eziseleyo zokulima kwamanye amazwe, ngokufuthi njengemali-mali-mboleko okanye imali ebolekisiweyo. Ngoxa yasondla izigidi zabantu, yavelisa ukugxekwa ngokucudisa amafama asekuhlaleni kumazwe awamkelayo kwaye esebenza njengomncedisi ongaphantsi kweshishini le-America.

Ukudala i USAID kunye nokuguqukela kuphuhliso lwexesha elide

Ii1970 zagxininisa kakhulu “iimfuno zabantu ezisisiseko" – amanzi, ugutyulo, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nemfundo.“ Umthetho weMiqathango emitsha” ka 1973 waqhubela phambili i-USAID ekunikeleni uncedo kubemi abangamahlwempu kunakwimisebenzi emikhulu yezesiseko sezakhiwo. Oku kwabonisa utshintsho olubanzi ekucingeni, oluphenjelelwa ngabaphengululi abanjengo Paul Streeten noMahbub ul Haq[.

Utshintsho Olukhokelela Kuphuhliso Nosukelo Olunobukho

Isiphelo semfazwe yomlomo sasusa ingqiqo yokuqala kwiinkqubo ezininzi zoncedo olucwangcisiweyo. Phakathi ko 1989 nasekuqaleni koo- 2000, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lwafumana ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo. Ukujoliseka ngqo kwinkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, ukunyuselwa kwedemokhrasi, kunye nokusabela kobuntu. Ukuwa kweSoviet Union kwavula amathuba amatsha okunceda iMpuma Yurophu kunye neyangaphambili irepublicstiki yaseSoviet kwiinkqubo ezifana SUPport yempuma yeDemocricity (EXD) Act[FT:1] noMthetho wokuxhasa [FLT:] FREDOM] noMK

Ngowama-1990, i-U.S. yaphendula kuthotho lweemeko zobuntu: indlala eSomalia (1992-93), ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga eRwanda (1994), kunye neemfazwe kwiiBalkans. Uncedo loluntu lwaba yinxalenye enkulu yoqingqo-mali lwamanye amazwe. Noko ke, eshumini leminyaka lathi lasikelwa kwinkxaso yexesha elide njengoko iBhunga lifuna ukunciphisa ukuphelelwa koqingqo-mali. Ibinzana elithi “ukudinwa kwamandla” langena kwisichazi-magama. Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho olunjengo [FLT: 0] uGalliam ngokweziko kunye noJeffrey Sachs laphikisana ukuba uncedo lwexesha elide lokukhula luye lwanceda okanye luthintele ukukhula.

Ukhuseleko nophuhliso

Ukuhlasela kwabagrogrisi ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, kwaphinda kwalungiswa kwakhona uncedo lwamanye amazwe ase-U.S. uncedo lwaba sisixhobo sokulwa nobuphekula kunye nokwakhiwa kwesizwe. Ama-oyile athululelwa e-Afghanistan kwaye kamva e-Iraq ukwenzela ukwakhiwa, ulawulo, kunye nemikhosi yokhuseleko. Umongameli uGeorge W. Bush wavelisa iinzame ezimbini zempilo ezinkulu: [ uPreant's Prent's Prent's yenzelo nkonzo njengenye yemisebenzi esebenzayo yoncedo lwe-U.S.

Ngo-2004, i-U.S. yadala iMillenium Challenge Corporation (MCC), isibonelelo esitsha esinika amazwe inkxaso enkulu yentlanganiso ukwenzela ulawulo olulungileyo, inkululeko yezoqoqosho, kunye notyalo-mali kwimpilo nemfundo. I-MCC yayinzelwe ukuvuza amazwe aphezulu awenza i-infpiciencies yoncedo lwesithethe. Yamela unyuso kwiziphumo ezisekelwe kwiziphumo, ezikhanyayo, kunye noncedo lweqabane.

Imikhwa Neengxaki Zale Mihla

Namhlanje, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lujongene nobume obuntsonkothileyo. Iminyaka yowama-2020 kunye nama-2020 ziye zavelisa izinto eziza kuqala: ukhuseleko lwempilo yehlabathi lonke (ingakumbi emva kokuqhambuka kwe-Ebola ne-COVID-19), ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokuhlangabezana nengcambu yokufuduka koMbindi Merika. Ukuncitshiswa kobuhlwempu kuseyinjongo engundoqo, kodwa kwakhona i-U.S. kusetyenziswa uncedo ukulwa nempembelelo ekhulayo eTshayina ngeBelt ne-ROVITIF kunye nemali yayo yenkqubela.

Phantsi kolawulo lweTrump, iUSAID yajongana nokunqanda uqingqo-mali kunye nezicelo zokudibanisa iSebe leRhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, lonke uncedo lwamanye amazwe oluchithwayo luhlala luzinzile, kunye neKhomishini esoloko ibuyisela izinqumlo ezicetywa ngumphathi ophetheyo. Ulawulo lweBiden luye lwaguqula ezinye iimvo zokophula-mali kwaye lwagxininisa impilo yehlabathi, imozulu, kunye nenkxaso yedemokhrasi. I-U.S. kwakhona yandisa Delopment Genetic Devianation Corporalition (DFC)[FFFF:1] ukuquqululisa iko lobuliso lobucala lobucala lophuhlisonke, ukubonakalisa utyekelo lwezenteko oludiyo.

Iimpikiswano Nezigxeko Eziqhubekayo

Phezu kwayo nje imbali yayo ende, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lubangela impikiswano enzima. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi uncedo lungadala ukuxhomekeka, luthatyathwe ziincutshe ezonakeleyo, okanye ludibene neemfuno ze-proteins zaseMelika kunokuba lungadibaniswe neemfuno zokwenene. Abaxhasi boncedo basindisa ubomi, baxhasa uzinzo lwehlabathi lonke, kwaye basebenzisa izilangazelelo ze-U.S. ngokuxhasa amaqabane kunye nokulungisa iingxaki zehlabathi ngaphambi kokuba bafike kumanxweme aseMelika. [Millintium Conficium Comment [ kunye [FAL:]] PFAR[FL:3] zidla ngokucatshulwa njengemizekelo esebenzayo, enika ingxelo.

Omnye umba ongundoqo kukwanda kwamasebe neenkqubo. Ubuncinane i-18 yamasebe karhulumente wase-U.S. kunye namasebe alawula uncedo lwamanye amazwe, nto leyo ekhokelela kucelomngeni lokwahlukana kunye nolwahlulwa. USAID yoomatshini bomnyaka ka-2010 ejolise ekuphunyezweni kwemisebenzi yothotho lombane kwaye iphucule impembelelo, kodwa i-intertaucia ihlala iyingxaki. Ngaphezu koko, ibophelela uncedo [__1] [izama ukuthengwa ukuba kuthengwe izinto neenkonzo kuthengiselwa kubathengi baseMerika,/$still isebenzisa inxalenye ye-U.S.

Iinkqubo zoncedo olukhulu kunye nezicelo

Uncedo lunikezelwa ngesixhobo esintsonkothileyo se-binadal, i-milliteral, kunye nemijelo engeyoyarhulumente. Olu luhlu lulandelayo luchaza iinkcukacha zeenkqubo neenkonzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zase-U.S.

  • U.S.Agency for International Development (USAID) – ikhokelela kwimigudu yophuhliso lwasekuhlaleni, isebenza kumazwe angaphezu kwekhulu. Izixhobo zayo ziquka i-Bureau for Humanitalian Arce, i-Bureau for Global Health, kunye ne-Bureau for Resilience and Food Security.
  • [[NTL:0] IMillennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) – Ibonelela ngemali enkulu kumazwe afumana imali ephantsi ahlangabezana nemigaqo yolawulo olungqongqo kunye nezoqoqosho. Imisebenzi ehlawulwayo iquka izibonelelo, imfundo, namalungelo omhlaba.
  • Isicwangciso se-Emergency for Soluvo loGawulayo (PEPFAR) – iqaliswe ngo 2003, iPEPFAR isindise ubomi obungaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 yaza yaguqula ukusabela koGawulayo emhlabeni wonke. Isebenza kwiinkqubo zexesha elizayo namazwe angaphezu kwama-50.
  • IsiButho soxolo - Ithumela amatsha - ntliziyo aseMerika ukusebenza kwimisebenzi yenkqubela-phambili yoluntu kwimfundo, impilo, ezolimo, kunye nemekobume. Amatsha - ntliziyo angaphezu kwama-240 000 aye asebenza ukususela ngowe-1961.
  • [[[NTL:0] Iqumrhu lezemali elingu-DFC [DFC] – Idibanisa i-Overses Investicement Corporation (OPIC) kunye neGunya loPhuhliso loLwazi lwe-USAID kwisebe elinye elinikezela ngemali - mboleko, iziqinisekiso, kunye nokulingana ukuxhasa inkqubela yecandelo labucala kumazwe angenayo.
  • Uncedo loMkhosi kunye noKhuseleko – Abaququzelela beSebe loKhuselo noRhulumente, baquka iFonandis yaMany Counter (FMF), iMisebenzi yoMkhosi woMkhosi wezizwe ngezizwe neNjikelezo (IMET), kunye neMisebenzi yokugcina uxolo (PKO).
  • Ukutya koxolo (PL 480) – kubonelela ngezinto zokulima ukwenzela uncedo lokutya koluntu kwaye kuxhasa ukuphuhliswa kwentengiso. Kusesiso isixhobo esingundoqo sokuphendula kwiindlala nakwiimeko zongxamiseko.
  • Global Security Health Agenda (GHSA) – Umgudu oninzi wokomeleza amandla amazwe okunqanda, ukuva nokusabela kwizisongelo zezifo ezasulelayo, ezixhaswa ngamandla ngamasebe e-U.S.

La maqumrhu asebenza kunye nemibutho emininzi enjengeBhanki yehlabathi, iUNICEF, kunye neNgxowa-mali yomhlaba wonke yokulwa noGawulayo, isifo sephepha kunye ne-malariya. Ukulungelelaniswa koorhulumente kungumqobo oqhubekayo, kodwa i-U.S. kuseluncedo olukhulu olubonelelwa ngabantu abasebenzisa ibhanki eli-i-R34 lamawaka ezigidi ehlabathini lonke, lususa malunga nama-40 ezigidi ze-R1 (uncedo oluphuma-R421) kuphuhliso lwasemthethweni ngonyaka wama-2021 (uncedo lomkhosi olungekho mthethweni).

Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle e-U.S.

Usasazo lwengingqi loncedo lubonisa ezona zinto zibalulekileyo. I-Sub-Saharan Afrika ifumana olona sabelo lukhulu, ngokuyintloko, ukwenzela impilo (HIV/AIDS, isifo somalaleveva, impilo kamama) kunye nokhuseleko lokutya. Ummandla woMbindi Mpuma kunye noMntla Afrika uxhaswa kakhulu, ngoncedo lwaseYiputa, iJordan, kunye neGunyami lasePalestina elibotshelelwe kwizivumelwano zoxolo nokhuseleko. Umzantsi noMbindi-Asia, kuquka iAfghanistan, ifumana uncedo olubalulekileyo lokwakha kwakhona kunye noncedo lobuntu. I-Latin America ne-Caribbean ijoliswe kukhuseleko, ithuba loqoqosho, kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nokufuduka.

Ngokumahlelo, uncedo lwempilo nolwentlalo luthatha eyona nxalenye inkulu, ilandelwe kukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, imfundo, nokunyuselwa kwedemokhrasi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkqubo zemozulu nezobume ziyanda, nangona zisamela inxalenye encinane yoqingqo-mali.

Isiphelo

Imbali kunye nendaleko yeenkqubo zoncedo zamanye amazwe e-U.S. ibonakalisa ukungqubana nendima yalo yehlabathi, ukhuseleko, kunye nemilinganiselo yobuntu. Ukusuka ekuvuselweni kwePlan kaMarshall Far ukuya kutsho kubuchule bokufumana impumelelo nokuziphendulela kobomi bempilo ka-PePFAR, uncedo luye lwaba sisixhobo esinamandla sokwenza ulawulo kunye nenkqubela phambili. Kodwa kwakhona iye yakwazi ukutshintsha umoya wezopolitiko, i-bhunga ephantsi kwemiqathango, iinguquko, kunye nokugxekwa okusemthethweni okuphatheleleneyo. Ukuqonda le mbali kunceda abenzi benkqubo, abafundi, kunye nabantu balapho besazi ukuba iinguquko ezingenisiweyo, yaye iyazi ukuba iinguqu-mali eninzi, i-United States iyaqhubeka isebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yoncedo lwamazwe angamashumi asibhozo, iyazi kakuhle, kodwa ayiko ukuxhasa ingeniso ephambili kwehlabathi elizinzileyo elizinzileyo.