Ukwazisa: Imfuneko Ekhulayo Yokwamkelwa Komtshato Kwamanye Amazwe

Imitshato yezizwe ngezizwe neyamanyeneyo iye yanda kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iqhutywa kudibano lwehlabathi, ukufuduka okuphezulu, kunye nokuthandana ngekhompyutha. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 olwenziwe liZiko loPew Research Center eUnited States lufumanise ukuba malunga nomntu omnye kwabahlali atshate nomntu wesizwe esahlukileyo, kwaye uninzi lwaloo maqabane abandakanya amaqabane asuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Ngoxa uthando lungayazi mida, umthetho usoloko uyakwazi. Ukugqalwa okusemthethweni komtshato owelilizwe elinye kusenokuhluka kakhulu xa isibini sifudukela kwelinye ilizwe, kuchaphazela yonke into ekufudukeni singenayo kwilungelo lokufumana ilifa.

Kubongiswa abasemthethweni, oonozakuzaku, nezibini ngokwazo, ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yesizwe, izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, kunye neenkqubo zikawonke wonke akusakhe kufuneke zigqitywe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo elawula imigaqo engokwasemthethweni elawula ukuma komtshato onqamlezayo nowezizwe ngezizwe, lihlolisisa iingxaki ezivelayo, lize linikele ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo lokuqhuba lo mmandla untsonkothileyo wentsapho nomthetho wabucala wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

IMidlalo Esemthethweni Elawula Umtshato

Imigaqo Eqhelekileyo: Ilex Loci Festions Nomanyano

Amazwe amaninzi alandela umgaqo we umbhiyozo welex ocis.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isibini sitshata ngokusemthethweni eMexico phantsi komthetho waseMexico, umtshato uya kugqalwa njengofanelekileyo eUnited States, nokuba umsitho awuhambisani nemigaqo yomtshato karhulumente wase-United States. Noko ke, le ngcamango isenokungamkeleki ngokomthetho welizwe [ ochaseneyo nomthetho woluntu , ovumela urhulumente ukuba angawamkeli umtshato wasemzini ukuba uchasene nemilinganiselo esisiseko yasekhaya, imiqathango yokukhahlela, okanye ukutshata.

Iintlanganiso Neendibano Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Zininzi izixhobo zezizwe ngezizwe ezijolise ekuvumelaniseni uvumo lomtshato kwimida. Eyona ibalulekileyo yi- Indibano yonyaka ka- 1978 yomkhosi nokwaziwa kokuqiniswa komtshato (iNdibano yomtshato). Yenzelwe ukunciphisa “umtshato osukruqulayo”. [__ukubhaptiza okungaqondwa kwelinye ilizwe kodwa hayi elinye. IConvention ifuna amazwana okutyikitya okubhiyo okubhiyozelwa phantsi komthetho wemibhiyozo, enezizathu ezisikelwe umda zokwala (umz., ukwaphula umthetho kawonke obalulekileyo).

Noko ke, ngamazwe ambalwa (kuquka i-Ostreliya, i-Netherlands, kunye no-United Kingdom) aye amkela iNdibano yeHague yonyaka ka- 1978. Amazwe amaninzi amakhulu, kuquka i-United States neKhanada, akayomibutho. Ngenxa yoko, izivumelwano zebhatata kunye nemfazwe yasekhaya zisezizixhobo ezingundoqo zokuqwalaselwa komtshato. Kwiinkcukacha ezininzi zeNdibano, bona umbhalo osemthethweni weNgqungquthela ye-.

Another relevant instrument is the United Nations Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age and Registration of Marriages (1962), which sets standards to prevent forced and child marriages, though its enforcement mechanisms are weak. Countries also use regional frameworks, such as European Union regulations on jurisdiction and recognition of judgments (Brussels II bis), which indirectly affect marriage recognition by governing divorce and parental responsibility.

Ukungqubana Kwemithetho

Xa umtshato ubandakanya amaqela avela kumazwe awahlukeneyo, okanye usenziwa kwelinye ilizwe xa isibini sihlala kwelinye, kuphakama imibuzo yemilo-mthetho. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe ukuba nguwuphi umthetho olawula ukufezekisa [ ukulingana (umz., umsitho ofanelekileyo, ubhaliso) kwaye nguwo nawuphi umthetho olawula ukusebenziseka [ kobunyani [[FLT] [umz.g., amandla okutshata, ukuvuma, ubudala obuncinane). Ngokufuthi, amazwe asebenzisa imithetho eyahlukileyo: eminye imithetho esetyenziswa ngumthetho wendoda, umthetho wendawo yemibhiyo, neminye yemibhiyo, kunye nomthetho wesibini semibhiyo.

Iindlela ezitshintsha-tshintshayo zinokukhokelela ekubeni umtshato usebenze kwelinye icala kodwa ungabikho kwelinye. Ngokomzekelo, umtshato phakathi kwabazala bokuqala usenokuba ufanelekile kwilizwe apho wawusenziwa khona kodwa ugqalwa njengowesihlobo nowendawo engekho nto kwilizwe lasekhaya. Umphumo ukukungaqiniseki okungokwasemthethweni okuchaphazela amalungelo omtshato, irhafu kwanakwimo yabazali.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhelekileyo Ekuqashelweni Komtshato Kwamanye Amaqela

Ukwahluka Kwiminyaka Yamagunya Asemthethweni Neemfuno Ezivumelanayo

Umthombo oqhelekileyo wokungakhuthazi ukugqwethwa kukungavisisani ngexesha elincinci lomtshato. Ngoxa amazwe amaninzi emisela iminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala, amanye avumela umtshato utshate esemncinci ngemvume yabazali okanye ngemvume yokugweba. Umtshato owenziwe kwilizwe apho iminyaka eli-16 esemthethweni inokuba ingaqashelwa kwilizwe apho ubuncinane bukwiminyaka eli-18, ingakumbi ukuba umntwana wayengaphantsi kweminyaka efunekayo ngexesha lomsitho. Umgaqo kawonke wonke udla ngokusetyenziswa apha.

Imitshato Ethandwayo

Isithembu sisemthethweni okanye sivunyelwe kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40, ingakumbi kwiindawo zaseAfrika, kuMbindi Mpuma, naseAsia. Indoda isenokutshata ngokusemthethweni abafazi abaninzi phantsi komthetho wesizwe sayo. Kodwa ukuba intsapho iya kwilizwe elingasivumeliyo isithembu (umz., iUnited States, iKhanada, inkoliso yeYurophu), imitshato yesibini nelandelayo ayisayi kubhaqwa ngenxa yeenjongo zokufuduka okanye ilifa. Oku kubangela iingxaki eziqatha, ingakumbi kubantwana babafazi bakamva.

Ukutshata kwabantu abatshate nolutsha

Ukwamkelwa komtshato omnye kukwafana nowemitshato engokwasemthethweni kuthe kwaba yenye yemiba ephikiswayo kumthetho wesizwe jikelele. Kusukela ngo-2025, ngaphezu kwama-30 amazwe agunyazise umtshato ongokwasemtshatweni omnye, kodwa amanye amaninzi awaluboni umanyano olunjalo. Kwanakumazwe avumela umtshato ongokwasemgangenyeni, urhulumente wesizwe. ugqalwano lunokuba yenye yeyona ingxaki (umz., eUnited States [[FLT: 0]]] uwe wemfektha v. Hodges). Isibini esiphakathi somnqamlezo sidla ngokuzifumana kwi-mtshato esemthethweni apho umtshato wasolungela ukubhatala, ukuchatshazelwa kwelizwe laso, ukuchatshazelwa yinzuzo yerhafu, nesigqibo sezonyango. [Frvet]

Ukutshata

Amanye amazwe avumela ukuba imitshato itshatiswe ngumphathi-majoni (omnye okanye bobabini abahambelanayo) okanye ngokuzidibaniselane ngevidiyo. Imitshato enjalo isoloko ijongwa ngokukrokrelelwa ngamanye amazwe, nto leyo esenokufuna ukuba kubekho amatheko abonakalayo. Ingakumbi imitshato elawulayo iqhelekile emkhosini okanye phakathi kwentengiso, kodwa ijongene neengozi ezingeyomfuneko ukuba isibini kamva sifudukele kwilizwe elifuna ukubonakala kobuqu.

Inkcubeko nezonqulo ziphikisana nobhaliso lwangaphakathi

Kwizithethe ezininzi, imisitho yonqulo ibaluleke kakhulu, ngoxa ukubhalisa kwamakhaya kujongwa njengomthetho oqhelekileyo. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi aseNtshona afuna ukubhaliswa ngokufanelekileyo njengemeko yokwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni. Isibini esitshate kuphela kwicawa okanye kwinkonzo yamaSilamsi ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso somtshato esigunyazisiweyo sikarhulumente sisenokufumana ukumanyaniswa kwaso kungaqondakali ngenxa yeenjongo zokufuduka okanye ilifa. Le yingxaki eqhelekileyo kwizibini ezisuka kumazwe apho amagosa onqulo enza khona imitshato ebopheleleni esemthethweni (umz., amazwe athile angamaSilamsi) afudukela kwimi yorhulumente yoluntu.

Ubalo olusemthethweni lokungamkeleki

Ukurhoxa nokuncitshiswa kwamalungelo

Enye yezona ziphumo zikhawulezileyo zokungatshati kukungavunyelwa kwabantu abafikayo. Imvume yokufuduka (i-palects) yokuphinda idibane nentsapho, ukuhlala ngokusisigxina, okanye ubumi). Ukuba ilizwe elimemileyo alibugqali ubunyani bomtshato osemthethweni. Ukuba ilizwe elimkelweyo alikugqali njengesibini esitshatileyo, iqabane lomtshato wasemzini lingangavunyelwa ukungena, libekwe kwi visa yexesha elide eliyingozi, okanye lijongenempatho. Oku kuye kwaba ngumba omkhulu wezibini ezifanayo zesini esimanyeneyo phambi kokwandiswa komtshato, kwaye kuhlala kulucelomngeni kwizibini ezitshatile ezikwisitshevulo esikwisithene okanye iprojekti ethile. U. Ukunika ukhokelo olusemthethweni kwindlela umtshato wangaphandle oqwalaselwa ngayo, bona [[FL:0].U.U.U.U.U. Isebe lesizwe leMisten

Ilifa Nesibonelelo Sefa

Xa umtshato ungavunywa, iqabane elisele liphulukene namalungelo azimeleyo okufumana ilifa kurhulumente omkhulu wokungabhaliswa kwemali. Lisenokuthathwa njengomntu wasemzini osemthethweni, kwanokuba lihlala nomfi kangangeminyaka engamashumi amashumi amashumi linye lize likhulise abantwana kunye. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe amaninzi anika amaqabane amaqabane ukukhululwa kwirhafu yelifa okanye indawo yokuqala ekuphatheni imimandla; amaqabane angekaqondwa ayazi kufumana ezi ingenelo. Ukuzikhusela, izibini ezikwimitshato ezimanyeneyo kufuneka zicinge ngokuyila nangezivumelwano zangaphambi komtshato ezithi zinikele ngokucacileyo kumalungelo efa. Ngokubhekele ngezantsi, amaxwebhu anjalo amele athobele nemithetho yawo omabini la mazwe.

Uqhawulo - mtshato Nelungelo Lokugcina Abantwana

Kwamanye amazwe, ityala liza kusebenzisa ityala loqhawulo-mtshato. Ukuba umtshato wesibini ufanelekile kwelinye ilizwe kodwa ungekho kwelinye, yiyiphi inkundla enegunya lokuphelisa umanyano? kwaye nguwuphi umthetho osebenza kulwahlulo lwempahla, ulawulo lwabantwana, nokugcinwa kwabantwana? Kwamanye amazwe, iinkundla ziyakusebenzisa i-lex fori[ kodwa zisenokungavumi ukunika uqhawulo lomtshato ukuba ugqalwano ngokwalo luthathwa njengolungasebenzi phantsi komthetho wasekuhlaleni. Amalungelo abantwana anokuchaphazeleka: umtshato ongaqondakaliyo usenokukhokelela kwimibuzo nge-ptting noxandux, ingakumbi ukuba igama likayise akakho kwisiqinisekiso sokuzalwa ngenxa yokungagqibeleli komtshato.

Iindlela Zonxibelelwano Zomtshato

I-European Union

Phakathi kwe-EU, umgaqo wokwazisana womelele, kodwa awuphelelanga. Brussels II bis (Umthetho 2201/2003) uyalawula kwaye uyamkele uqhawulo-mtshato noxanduva lwabazali, kodwa awuthethi ngqo ngokubhekiselele kwimitshato ekhoyo. Amazwe e-EU asekhululekile ukungavumi ukugqalwa komtshato ophikisana nomgaqo wawo kawonke-wonke, ofana nowesithembu okanye owe-tekn. Noko ke, iNkundla yaseYurophu yogwebo inyanzele ukunyanzelisa, ifuna ukuba ilungu lihlonele iqhina eliqhutywa ngokusemthethweni kwamanye amalungu ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe ngokucacileyo nangoko ukusongela okunzulu amalungelo asisiseko. Ukukhangelana kwakutshanje, okufana nomanyano [FOL: 0] olusemthethweni [FUT]

Amazwe oMthetho oQhelekileyo

Amazwe omthetho wamakhaya (umz., iFransi, iJamani, iJapan) atyekele ekuxhomekekeni kakhulu “kukubaluleka okudityanisiweyo kwemithetho yemithetho kwaye anokulandela umthetho olawulayo. Amazwe aqhelekileyo omthetho (umz. United States, Kingdom) asoloko efaka inkqubo kawonke-wonke ngaphandle komdla wobugxwayiba kwaye angahlola“ ukuthembeka okuqikelelwayo” kwimeko-yonke. Oku kunokukhokelela ekunyuseni iziphumo ezithe ngqo zomtshato ofanayo. Umzekelo, umtshato phakathi kwabazala bokuqala abasemthethweni eFransi usenokuqalwa kwinkoliso lomthetho. kodwa ukhatywa njengoTexas ukuthi amaqhina anjalo ayanqandwa.

Amazwe akwiMpuma ePhakathi nakumaSilamsi

Kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi azimeleyo, umthetho womntu ngamnye wemeko ulawulwa ngumthetho wonqulo (u-Sharia). Imitshato idla ngokuqashelwa ngokusekelwe kwilungu lonqulo lomyeni kunye namalungelo eqela eliphantsi komthetho wamaSilamsi. Abafazi abatshate namadoda angengomaMuslim basenokujamelana neengxaki, njengoko amanye amazwe athintela amaqhina anjalo. Isithembu sivumelekileyo, kodwa iimfuno zokubhalisa ziyahluka kakhulu. Xa isibini esitshatileyo sifuduka kwilizwe lamaSilamsi sisiya kumazwe akwilizwe eliqhelekileyo, umtshato wesibini uya kuqwalaselwa ngaphandle kokuba ilizwe elimemile linendawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo (umz., u-UK uyavuma ukuba iinjongo zokhuseleko ezithile zoluntu zikho.)

Amanyathelo Asebenzayo Kwizibini Ezizala Kumnqamlezo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ibhaqo elinqamlezayo liqatshelwe, izibini kufuneka zithathe amanyathelo asemthethweni aqhubekayo ngaphambi nasemva komtshato:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Obtain ekwi-Apastille okanye ukwenziwa ngokomthetho: amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni kwezatifiketi zomtshato zamanye amazwe. Uwiso-mthetho phantsi kweNkomfa yeHague Apostille (1961) ukuqinisekisa oku kumagunya okusayina. Khangela namagunya elizwe okukhupha.
  • Ubhaliso lomtshato neMmandla yeHlabathi lasekhaya: Ezinye izikhundla zinika ubhaliso lokuzithandela lomtshato owenziwe kwelinye ilizwe. Oku kungenza ingxelo elula kamva ukugqalwa.
  • Funa amacebiso asemthethweni kwiMiqathango Embini: Igqwetha lentsapho elinamava kumthetho wehlabathi lonke kwelinye ilizwe liluncedo, kodwa ukudibana negqwetha kwelinye ilizwe kubalulekile. Iingxabano zingavela ezifuna ubuchule bokuhamba ngenqanawa.
  • [[Uqhawulo-qhawulo] Ukwethula isivumelwano esibubucala okanye esisemva konyaka: Ezi zingacacisa amalungelo empahla, ilifa, kunye negunya xa kusenzeka uqhawulo-mtshato. Kufuneka zenzelwe ukunyanzeliswa kuwo omabini amazwe anxulumeneyo, nto leyo esenokufuna ukulandela imicimbi eyahlukileyo.
  • Cinga ngomtshato wangaphakathi Kuqala: izibini ezininzi zinemibhiyozo emincinane yelizwe elinolwazi oluphangaleleyo (umz., Denmark, eyaziwayo ngemithetho yomtshato ekhululekileyo kunye neziqinisekiso ezingaziwayo) phambi kombhiyozo omkhulu wonqulo okanye wesithethe.
  • [[NTL: 0] Gcina Uxwebhu Olupheleleyo: Gcina imibhalo eqinisekisiwe yesiqinisekiso somtshato, iinguqulelo eziqinisekiswe ngumguquleli ofungelweyo, kunye nalo nabuphi na ubungqina bobunyani bomtshato (umz., ngqina ii-ffidavits, iifoto, iitranslate).

Utyekelo Nemigudu Yokuxolelwa Kwikamva

Intsingiselo yokulungelelaniswa isenokuqhubeka, iqhutywa kukuhamba, imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu, kunye nempembelelo yeenkundla zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngoku iNgqungquthela yeHague on Private International Law isebenza kwiprojekthi entsha ekuvunyweni kolwalamano olufanayo lobudlelane, nangona inkqubela ithe xhatha. Inkqubela yezobugcisa, efana nokubhaliswa komtshato okusekelwe kwimiqobo, ingenza lula uqinisekiso olunqamlezileyo. Okwangoku, iimpikiswano zamalungelo abantu, ngokukodwa ilungelo lokutshata nokufumana intsapho phantsi kweQumrhu eli-12 leNkulumbuso yaseYurophu eMalungelweni abantu, iyasetyenziswa ukuvava izivumelwano zamazwe asemzini.

Utshintsho lomthetho kumazwe amaninzi. Umzekelo, iPortugal neMalta ngoku bayawuqaphela umtshato wamanye amazwe okuziphatha okubina nangayiphi na imithetho yabo yasekhaya. EUnited States, iThe Honence for Marriage Act (2022) inika uvumo olusemthethweni lwayo yonke imitshato esebenzayo kwilizwe apho yayenzelwa khona, ibhukuqa amalungiselelo oMgaqo-mthetho woRhudo. Ezi ziganeko zibonisa ukutshintsha okucothayo kodwa okuqhubekayo ekuqashelweni komtshato othe wanqamlezayo.

Isiphelo

Imitshato ephakathi kweminye neminye ingumsebenzi oyokwenene wehlabathi elinxulumeneyo, kodwa isebenza kwicandelo elisemthethweni elahlukeneyo. Ukusukela kwisithembu ukuya kwimitshato yomntu onegunya lokusebenza njengomqobo, ukusuka kwimitshato engomnye ukuya kwisivumelwano sobufanayo sobufana-ubufana-nesangaphambili, iingxaki zahluka-hlukene njengezibini ngokwazo. Ukwaziwa ngokwasemthethweni akungombandela nje wemithetho esisiseko yemithetho ```ichaphanel''', ilifa, ifa, i-lond, i-logo, nesidima.

Ukusebenzisa eli lizwe, izibini kunye nabaxhasi bazo abasemthethweni kufuneka balumke, basebenze, kwaye bafunde. Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwelex locis, inkqubo engqubanayo, kunye neendibano zezizwe ngezizwe kubalulekile. Njengemigudu yokulungelelanisa nokunikana ulwamkelo, kukho ithemba lokuba imbalwa imitshato eya kunqumla imida. Okwangoku, ukucwangcisa nokucetyiswa kolwazi olunqamlezekileyo kuhlala kusekho izivumelwano ezinamandla zokwakha ubomi bemitshato kunye namazwe.