Imigangatho esemthethweni yeemfuno ezihlalisayo kwizenzo zokunyanzelisa

Izenzo zokwandiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States zisebenza ngokuphawulekayo ekudibaneni komGaqo-siseko wokukhusela, igunya lomthetho, kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo. Imfuneko yokuba abasebenzi bomthetho bafumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuqhuba ukuphendla okanye ukubopha zisisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wolwaphulo-mthetho waseMelika, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kumongo woluntu olufudukayo kwahlukile. Ukuqonda le milinganiselo esemthethweni kubalulekile koogqirha abasebenza, abaphathi-mthetho, nabantu abanokudibana nabameli bezenzi bomthetho. Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo olubanzi lwemfunogunyazo ezifunekayo ekunyanzelweni kwezenzweni kwezezoshishino, kuquka umahluko phakathi kolawulo nemithetho yezaphuli-mthetho, izigqibo ezingundoqo, ezisebenzayo, ezisebenzayo, kunye nezichaphazela.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nokunyanzelwa

IsiHlaliso sesine soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. sikhusela ilungelo labantu lokukhusela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Kudla ngokufuna ukuba amagosa omthetho afumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo phambi kokuba aqhube uphando okanye abanjwe, ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe imvume ebhaptiziwe. Noko ke, iNkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo kuyinto eqhubekayo, kungekhona isaphuli-mthetho, kwaye lo mahluko uneziphumo ezinzulu zokufuna imfuneko esemthethweni.

IN v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032 (194), iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umthetho wokususa ityala (ngowesi-1032), obunobungqina obufumaneka ngokuchasene noMphetho-wesine woMphetho-Mdamo-mva-mda [1] abusebenzi kwiziphumo zabemi ngaphandle kokuba ukuchasana nokungathobeli komthetho. Esi sigqibo simisela umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wemiqathango ekhoyo kubantu abamisiweyo, ababuzwa, okanye ababanjwa ngabaphathi bezorhwebo ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, uLawulo lwesine loMdambiso-mendo luyaqhubeka lubeka imigaqo ekuba kusini nakumgangatho okhoyo.

Abalawuli abalwayo baphikisana

Umba ophambili wonyanzelo lwabasebenzi abahambelana nokufuduka kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yolawulo [[FLT:] ekhutshwe liSebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS) okanye yijaji efudukayo, ngokuchasene nokupheliswa kolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukubanjwa kwemiyalelo ekhutshwe ngumphathi wesizwe. Igunya elisemthethweni lemvume yolawulo lifumaneka kwi-Immigration kunye noMthetho we-National (INA), ngokukodwa 8% S.C. 76 1226(a) kunye 8 C.C.

Iimpawu zabameli bolawulo

  • [[NTL:0] igunya lokukhupha uxwebhu:[ Abagwebi bokwahlulwa okanye abaphathi be-DHS abanikwe nguNjengele weAttorney, hayi umantyi ongathathi cala ngengqiqo yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Imigangatho esezantsi yobu bungqina ifuna ukuboniswa kwesizathu esinokwenzeka sokuba umntu aphinde asuswe, elingumda osezantsi kunonobangela olindelekileyo wokwaphulwa kwesaphuli-mthetho.
  • Igunyazisa ukubanjwa nokuvalelwa komntu othile ngokweenjongo zokufuduka kwamakhaya; ayiniki gunya libanzi elifanayo lokukhangela njengemvume yezaphuli-mthetho.
  • Ukunyanzeliswa: Imiyalelo yolawulo ngokuqhelekileyo yanele ukubotshwa kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, kodwa igunya labo lokungena kwindlu yabucala lilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imvume yolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka ixhaswe yi-affidavit efunwe ngesiqinisekiso emisela isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye kufuneka lutyikitywe yijaji yephondo. Bagunyazisa ukubanjwa kunye noluhlu olubanzi lokufuna ukuvunywa kwelizwe. Ngenxa yokuba ukufuduka kungumthetho wasekuhlaleni, hayi umenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho, imiyalelo yolawulo ishiye isisixhobo esiphambili se-ICE (Immigration kunye ne-Custom Enforcementmentment) kunye nabameli boMdal. Noko ke, ukuba umphathi wezorhwebo ofudukayo unesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba umntu othile wenze isono solwaphulo-mthetho. "sokuba enziwe ngokungekho mthethweni emva kokugxothwa (i-8.C.C.66) imvume yolwaphulo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ungasetyenziswa okanye ii-oxinayimeko ezikhoyo.

“ Ukungena Ekhaya”: UmGaqo Womphumi - mkhosi Wezaphuli - mthetho

UHlaliso lwesi-45 lulungiselela ukukhusela ikhaya. Kumthetho ofanayo usebenza kubaphathi belizwe v. New York, 445 U.S.53 (1980), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi amagosa amapolisa asenokungangeni kwikhaya labucala ngaphandle kwemvume yokuphuma kwemeko okanye imvume. [Kumthetho ofanayo] usebenza kubaphathi bezofuduko. United States v.[FFLT:3], 25 F.3d 1426 (9th Cir. 1994), isijikelezi se-Genetic sivumelwano sokuba ababanjwa ngabalawuli asigunyaziswanga ukungena kwindawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kokugwetyelwa okusemthethweni, njengemvume yokufuna ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukuvuma kwemiqathango-mthetho.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba nemvume yokulawula yokubanjwa komntu othile akunikezi abameli be-ICE ilungelo lokunyanzela ukungena kwikhaya lomntu lowo. Ukungena ngokusemthethweni kwindlu yakhe, amagosa okufuduka jikelele kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso sokufuna ulwaphulo-mthetho kumphathi wezwe, akhusele imvume yokuzithandela yommi, okanye abonise ukuba iimeko ezikhoyo (umz., ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, umngcipheko wokusaba, okanye isisongelo sokhuseleko esikhawulezileyo). Lo mgaqo udla ngokushwankathelwa njenge: [[FLT: 0]“ Imvume yomphathi ingumbhalo, ayilo sitshixo.

Izigqibo Eziyintloko Zenkundla Ziphelisa Iimfuno Ezingasileleyo

Imimiselo emininzi ephawulekayo iye yachaza imida yeemfuno ezifanelekileyo kumsebenzi wokugcinwa kwabahlali. Ukuqonda ezi zigqibo kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni ukuba semthethweni kwayo nayiphi na into yokufuduka.

United States v. Martinez-Fuerte[[FL:1], 428 U.S. 543 (1976)

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemida yokuhlola abafuduki kumzila wendlela kufutshane nomda, igqiba kwelokuba ukumisa okunjalo akufuni kukrokra kwabantu ngabanye. Eli tyala laseka “indawo yokuhlola isiphelo sokukhangela imvume” kwimfuneko, ivumela ukuma okufutshane ukuze kuphandwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, iNkundla yagxininisa ukuba uphengululo olungenamsebenzi oluninzi olusetyenziswayo kuphando lwesithuthi. "" olufuna uphando oluqhelekileyo okanye olufuna uvumo.

United States v. Verdugo- Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259 (1990)

Esi sigqibo salinganisela ukuchana kweSihlaziyo sesine kubemi abangengobalawuli abangenanto iphambili eUnited States. Inkundla yathi uHlomelo lwesine alusebenzi ekuphengululeni impahla yomfo wasemzini ongenguye ummeli kwilizwe lasemzini. Eli tyala lidla ngokukhankanywa kwimeko yokujongwa komda onqamlezileyo okanye izenzo zokunyanzeliswa kwamazwe asemzini.

Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (202)

Ngeli thuba ingakumbi ngokuphathelele imithetho karhulumente yokufuduka, esi sigqibo saqinisekisa igunya eliphambili likarhulumente kumthetho wokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo. INkundla yaphawula ukuba amagosa omthetho akakwazi ukubamba abantu abasekelwe ngokubhekiselele ekuphulweni kwemithetho yabemi yokufuduka ngaphandle kwemvume.

Pena v. United States, 2017 (inkundla esezantsi)

Kule meko, abantu ngabanye bacelll ’ umngeni ukungena kwe ICE ngaphandle kwemvume kwikhaya ngexesha lomsebenzi ojikelezayo. Inkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba umthetho wolawulo wokususwa awuniki gunya lokungena kwindlu ngaphandle kwemvume okanye iimeko eziziimeko eziziingqinelanayo, ezihambelana ne Kim. Lo mgaqo wamkelwe ngokubanzi ziinkundla zesithili.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Kwanalapho kufuneka imvume khona, amagosa amaninzi angenayo itransmittee avumela ukuba asebenze ngaphandle komnye.

Umququzeleli

Ukuba umntu uvuma ngokuzithandela ukuphengululwa kwempahla yakhe, okanye ikhaya lakhe, imvume ayiyomfuneko. Kufuneka kuvunyelwe ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa. Amagosa okuthanga-nxaxheba aqeqeshelwa ukucela isicelo ngokuphandle, kwaye asenokucela imvume yokungena kwindawo yokuhlala okanye ahlole amaxwebhu. IiNkundla zihlolisisa ukugqibeka kweemeko zokufumanisa enoba imvume yayingoyabom. Okunene, ubukho babameli abaninzi, izixhobo ezirhuqwayo, okanye ii-affs ziya kusoloko zikhupha imvume yokuzithandela.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Kwiimeko apho ukufumana isiqinisekiso kungavumela ukuba kutshatyalaliswe, ukrokreleke ukuba asabe, okanye isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke okanye kukhuseleko lwamagosa ukuba afumane impahla, amagosa angangena kwikhaya okanye aqhube uphando ngaphandle kwemvume. Umzekelo, ukuba umbaleki owaziwayo ubonwa engena kwikhaya kwaye kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba baza kubaleka, abameli be-ICE bangasukela ngaphandle kwemvume. Umahluko kufuneka uhlale unyani kwaye ungenziwa ngumthetho.

Impinda yomda

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo kunyanzelo lwabanyanzelisi bokufuduka kukufuna umgama womda. Ukukhangela okwenziwa kumda okanye izinto ezilingana nawo (umz., izikhululo zenqwelo-moya zezizwe ngezizwe, amazibuko, iindawo zokuhlola ezingaphakathi, iindawo ezithile zomgadi) akufuni mvume okanye kwanonobangela olindelekileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo United States v. Ramsey[, 431] U.S. 606777), ikholelwa ukuba ukuphengulula komda “kusengqiqweni” ngokwentsingiselo yoMphengululo wesi-5 ngesidima solawulo lukarhulumente olungundoqo ukulawula abangena kwilizwe. Oku kugqithisele ekuphelweni kwezithuthi, iimpahla, kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki, nangona imibhobho eqhubeka nokuhlolwa kwemidiodayo inyuka.

“ Knock Nomlomo" Okanye Akubanjwa? Ukubonakala Neendawo Zoluntu

Abasebenzi abasebenza kwimimandla engaphandle basenokusondela kubantu abakwimimandla kawonke-wonke . "njengezitrato, iipaki, okanye iindawo zokusebenza" kwaye babuze imibuzo ngaphandle kwemvume, lo gama nje bengabandakanyeki ekuxhuzulweni. Umntu akakhululeki ngokusemthethweni ukuba ashiye ukuba abaphathi babonise izixhobo, basebenzise isandi esigunyazisayo, okanye bavimbe indlela yomntu. Kwimeko ezinjalo, ukudibana kuba yinto efuna ukukrokretha okufanelekileyo ukutyholwa ukwaphulwa. Ukubanjwa okusemthethweni (ukuvalelwa kwemvume yokugcina umntwana), imvume yolawulo iyimfuneko edla ngokuqhelekileyo kwizithuba zikawonke wonke, kodwa ukubanjwa okuninzi kusafuneka kuxhomekeke ekufumaneni imvume okanye ekulaleni imvume.

Imida Engaqhelekanga: Aphi Amandla Anokuwabulala?

Abaphathi bolawulo banegunya elibanzi lokufaka amabanjwa kwi-United States ngokusekelwe kwisiqinisekiso sokulawula. Noko ke, igunya labo lokungena kwiindawo ezichukumisekayo `njengezindlu zonqulo, izikolo, izibhedlele, okanye izindlu zenkundla(is) eziphantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-DHS. Ngo-2021, iDHS ikhuphe ukhokelo lokuthintela ukunyanzeliswa kwamagosa enkundla okanye kufutshane, izikolo, kunye nezixhobo zezonyango. Nangona le migaqo-mthetho ingenawo amandla omthetho wezomthetho, badala izikhuseli ezinokuchaphazela ukubanjwa okusemthethweni ukuba baphule, nokuba imvume ifanelekile. Iintlanganiso zamalungelo oluntu zisoloko zicela umngeni kwizenzo zokuhlanganisa ezi nkqubo zezo ndawo, nangona iinkundla zingasoloko zifunangabuchaphazamisi ubungqina.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yabahlali

Ukuqonda iimfuno ezifunekayo kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na osenokuba nobudlelwane ne-ICE okanye ne-CBP. Ngentla ziintsontela ezihamba noogqirha kunye nabantu abajongene nezenzo zokunyanzelisa.

Kubantu Abahlukahlukeneyo

  • [[UMTL:0] Ungaluvuli ucango ngaphandle kokuba ukulungele ukuthetha. Ngaphandle kokuba amagosa anika isiqinisekiso sokukhangela kolwaphulo-mthetho esayiniweyo ngumantyi wezwe, akufunwanga ukuba ubavumele bangene ekhayeni lakho. Ungathetha ngocango okanye ngefestile.
  • [[FLT: 0] Cela ukubona isiqinisekiso. Abaphathi bacele ukutyibilikisa isiqinisekiso phantsi komnyango okanye ukusibamba kwifestile. Hlola ukuba ngaba lugunyazo lolawulo (Form I-200 okanye I-205) okanye isiqinisekiso sokukhangela kolwaphulo-mthetho. Ongaphambili akagunyazi ukungena kwikhaya.
  • [[FLT: 0] Unelungelo lokuthula. Nakwimicimbi yokufuduka, akuyomfuneko ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokunika igama lakho namaxwebhu okuchaza. Khangela igqwetha phambi kokuba wenze naziphi na iingxelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuba ubanjiwe okanye uvalelwe, cela ukuchotshelwa phambi komgwebi ofudukayo. Unelungelo lokukhuphisana nokufaneleka kokubanjwa kwakho nokuzimisela umanyano.

Abathathi-nxaxheba

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubaluleka kwemvume yolawulo. Kwintshukumo zokususa, ungashukuma ukucinezela ubungqina ukuba isiqinisekiso sipholile okanye ukuba sigwetywe ngokungafanelekanga (umz., ukungena kwikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume). Ngelixesha i-Mando-Menta imida esusiweyo, egravity Device Camps ingakhokelela ekucinezeleni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa ukhuseleko lokuvuma. Ukuba umxhasi wakho ubanjiwe ngaphandle kwemvume ekhaya, uphikisa ngokuthi nayiphina imvume etyholwayo ayikhange inikezelwe ngokwayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umbuso wengcwele kunye nonxulumano lwasekuhlaleni. Ukusukela Arizona v. United States, amazwe amaninzi adlulise imigaqo yengcwele ethintela intsebenziswano yamapolisa nge ICE. Ukuqonda umthetho wasekuhlaleni kunganikezela ngokhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kubaxhasi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ihlala ihlaziyiwe kutshintsho lwenkqubo ye-DHS. Ulawulo lwe Biden oluphambili kulawulo lwama-2021 kunye nokhokelo lokusebenza kwindawo echaphazelekayo lungachaphazela apho kwaye xa i-ICE iphumeza imiyalelo. Ukungquzulana kunganyuswa kwimicimbi yolawulo nakwimingeni yenkundla.

Imigangatho ejikelezayo yenkqubela-phambili yakutshanje

Imfuno ezinqwithelayo ekunyanzelweni kolawulo lwabafuduki azimi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zicombulula imida yokuphendla komda, ingakumbi malunga nokuphengululwa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki. United States v. Cano, 9434 F.3d 1002 (9-Cir.2019), inkundla yabamba ukuba uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso lwe-cellphone kumda lufuna ukuboniswa kobugcicibo obufanelekileyo obunikwa ugcino-lwazi olunzulu lwabucala. Inkundla ephakamileyo ayikathethi ngalo mbambo, ishiya isiphakathi esikhanka. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kweziqinisekiso zolawulo njengesiseko sokuvalelwa ngaphandle kwetyala ngaphandle kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kukhuthulo oluchaziwe kusuka kumaqela oluntu nakwabanye abagwebi borhulumente.

Enye imbambano ephumayo kukwenziwa komthetho wokuthunyelwa kwabantu kwizixeko kunye namaphondo. Kwimimandla apho amagunya asekuhlaleni engavumi ukuhlonela izicelo zabagcini-majoni be-ICE, abameli be-ICE basenokufuna ukwenza izicelo zabo ngqo. Oku kukhokelela kumsebenzi wamaqhinga obandakanya ukungena okanye ukuxhomekeka ngokungenagunyaziyo kumntu ohlala naye okanye kumqeshi. Iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba imvume esemthethweni esemthethweni yolawulo ekhutshwe ngu-DHS yanele ukubamba othe waquququ nabo, kodwa oko akukuvumeli ukukhuselwa kweSiphendumiso seSine sekhaya.

Isiphelo

Umthetho olawula imiyalelo egunyazisa ukugcinwa komthetho-siseko, igunya lomthetho-mthetho, kunye nemizekelo egwebayo. Ngoxa imithetho yolawulo inika imiyalelo esezantsi yokubamba abantu abarhanelwa ukuba baphulwe ngokwezothutho zamakhaya, abavumi ukuba bangene emakhayeni abo okanye benze uphando oluthe tye. UMthetho-Myezo wesine uyaqhubeka unikela ukhuseleko olunentsingiselo, ingakumbi kwiindawo zangasese, kwaye ngaphandle koko imvume, iimeko ezixeliweyo, kunye nokuphengulula umda kuyaqondakala. Kuba oogqirha kunye nabantu ngabanye, ulwazi lwale migaqo lungumtya wokuqala wokuzikhusela nxamnye nomthetho ongekho mthethweni.

Ukuze ufundeke ngakumbi, bona i webhsayithi yoLawulo lweMbali yeMbali, i icebo lomntu ovela kwamanye amazwe kwiphepha lomthetho onxulumene nomthetho kunye nemigaqo yezomthetho ye-DHS kufuneka zijongene nomthetho onxulumeneyo rhoqo, njengoko imida yegunya iqhubeka iguqula.