Imithetho yamapolisa elawula ukunxibelelana nezizwe zamaNative Merika kunye neendawo ezihlala kuzo ezintsonkothileyo ezisemthethweni eUnited States. Oku kuntsonkotha kuvela kwinkqubo eqhekekileyo yamandla karhulumente, ulawulo lwesizwe, kunye nemithetho yesizwe eyahlukeneyo. Oku kubangela ukuba kubekho ulawulo oluburhulumente, oluchazwa njengebhodi yokuhlola, kudala iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kumaziko okugcina umthetho. Ukuqonda ezi zenzo zinzima kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ekusekeleni amalungelo abantu, nasekukhuthazeni unxulumano olunentlonelo lukarhulumente olubonisa ukuhlonela ulawulo lwesizwe.

Isiseko Solongamo Lwesizwe Nesaphuli - mthetho

Ulongamo lwesizwe lilungelo elifunyaniswe ngokwemvelo nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., izivumelwano ezininzi, kunye nemimiselo yorhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Isizwe se-Cherokee v. Georgia [1831])) ichaza izizwe njenge "amazwe axhomekeke kwimikhosi ezimeleyo," ukuseka ulwalamano lukarhulumente oluya kurhulumente oluya kuqala umGaqo-siseko. Lo mlawuli udla ngokunika izizwe ilungelo lokuzilawula ngokwazo, ukuchaza amalungu azo, nokulawula ihambo yazo kwimimandla yazo. Noko ke, lo mkhosi awunawo amandla apheleleyo phezu kwezizwe, intsingiselo inokuthi umisela okanye ulwamqathangowa wamalungelo esizwe ngesenzo somthetho.

IGeneral Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. 7612) kunye noMthetho weMajor Crimes (18 U.S.C. 763) yimizekelo ephambili yomthetho karhulumente ozibeka ngokwawo kumazwe esizwe, ngokufuthi edibana okanye etshayelela igunya lombuso. Inkqubo yokulawula ebangelwa yile ngxaki ixhomekeke kakhulu ekubeni urhulumente uthathe igunya phantsi koMthetho kaRhulumente 280, umgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ubume bexhoba kunye nomenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho (indiya okanye abangengowama-Indian), kunye nendawo ethile yesiganeko (ulawulo, umhlaba, umrhumo okanye isahlulo). Oku kudala inkqubo entsokothile apho urhulumente, norhulumente besizwe, kunye norhulumente besizwe, bento echazwa rhoqo, kwaye benziwayomthetho.

Ityala Lokuthembana Kwesizwe noMthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu

Urhulumente wesizwe unomthwalo wokuthembeka ekukhuseleni impahla zesizwe nokukhuthaza ulawulo lwesizwe. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, oku kuguqulela kurhulumente ukuba athwalise amatyala athile anzima esenzeka kwilizwe lase-Indiya. [UMajor Crimes]] udwelise amatyala ali-15 urhulumente orhulumente apho enegunya elipheleleyo xa ebekwe okanye echaswa amaIndiya kumazwe angawasebenzisiyo uMthetho we-Public 280. Ezi tyala ziquka ukubulala, ukubulala, ukuqwenga, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela ngenjongo yokubulala, i-arson, ukuqhekeza, nobusela. Ukuba amaIndiya axhasa obunye ubugqeba ngokuchasene nomnye urhulumente obungengowangomthetho we-Publiclic, i-Eveceastruaers (i-Fieasts) kunye ne-U.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Segunya Lelizwe: Umgangatho Ophakamileyo Wokumiselwa Kwamagunya

Igunya likarhulumente kumazwe esizwe alifani. Umlinganiselo wamandla karhulumente wamapolisa uyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeka kwimbali karhulumente ngoMthetho kaRhulumente 280 kunye notshintsho olulandelayo lowiso-mthetho.

Umthetho Kawonke-wonke 280

Ngo-1953, iBhunga ladlulisa umthetho wePublic , owatshintsha ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho kumazwe ase-Indiya ukusuka kurhulumente worhulumente othile. Amazwe alawulayo aquka iKhalifoniya, iMinnesota (ngaphandle kweRed Lake Reservation), iNebraska, i-Oregon (ngaphandle kwe-Hour Springs Reservation), kunye ne-Wisconsin (emva kowe-1968). Alaska yafakelwa kurhulumente. La mazwe athatha ulwaphulo-mthetho olubanzi, ngokuphawulekayo anciphisa indima yesizwe kwaye ngokufuthi abeka igosagosa kwinkundla enkulu. Iingtelekiso zamapolisa ziquka:

  • Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni anegunya eliyintloko lokunyanzelisa umthetho kwiimbambano, ngokufuthi elilingana negunya lawo nakweyiphi na inxalenye yelo rhulumente.
  • Amapolisa esizwe kumazwe oPL-280 asoloko engenalo igunya lokunyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente nxamnye nooGawulayo, nto leyo edala inkqubo entsonkothileyo entsonkothileyo.
  • Izithuba ezityholweyo zingavela, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abangengomaIndiya apho urhulumente asenokungavumi ukuchophela amatyala yaye isizwe singenalo igunya lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Emva kowe - 1968, iBhunga lafuna ukuba abantu bavume ukuqiqa okutsha okubangelwa yiPL-280, kodwa uninzi lwamazwe anyanzelekileyo ayengenalo ukhetho, nto leyo eyabangela ingxwabangxwaba eqhubekayo ngokuphathelele ukuzilawula kwesizwe.

Umthetho ongowama-800

Kumaphondo aseleyo, njenge-Arizona, iNew Mexico, iWashington, iMontana, iDakota, kunye neSouth Dakota, urhulumente wesizwe uhlala enegunya eliphambili kulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu olwenziwa okanye olwenziwa ngamaIndiya. Amazwe asoloko enegunya lomthetho obandakanya ii-Indiya kwaye asoloko egunyazisa ulawulo lweziko elithile kwimimandla ethile emiselwe ngokomthetho okanye ngokuqulunqa. Iinkundla zesizwe kula mazwe ziphatha amatyala angekho mthethweni kunye nemicimbi yabemi, nangona igunya lawo lokugweba lilinganiselwe ngokwembali. Amapolisa aseburhulumente angena kumacandelo asoloko efuna imvume yesizwe, okanye isivumelwano soncedo olukhoyo, okanye uxakeka ukuba aqhube igunya.

Ukwahlula Umgaqo Waburhulumente Kwigunya Lezaphuli - mthetho

Umahluko obalulekileyo ukho phakathi kwegunya loburhulumente lesizwe kunye nolawulo lwaso lolwaphulo-mthetho. Izizwe zingasebenzisa igunya loluntu kubo bonke abantu abakummandla wazo, kuquka nabangengomaIndiya, malunga nemicimbi enjengendawo yokuhlala, ulawulo lwemekobume, nokuzingela kunye nokuloba. Noko ke, igunya lolwaphulo-mthetho kwimithetho yesizwe engeyoyama-Indiya lilinganiselwe kakhulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo elawula [[FLT: 0]] [iSinqikili-sko] v. i-Suquamish i-Indiyan [788]) ikholelwa ukuba izizwe azinagunya lolwaphulo-mthetho lokumangalela abangengoo-Indiyans. Le mithetho idala umsantsalo obalulekileyo, njengolwaphulo-mthetho olungengoomthetho olungoomthetho kwimilo okanye olungoorhulumente, ezinokuthi ziphendule ngokunempumelelo okanye ulawulo olukude.

Imisela imithetho yeRhulumente ePhakathi neZivumelwano eziKhuselweyo

Ukuze kulungiswe iingxaki ezibangelwa kukuhlola ibhodi, amazwe nezizwe ezininzi ziye zangena kwizivumelwano ezicwangcisiweyo ezicacisa igunya nezinceda intsebenziswano.

Ukwenziwa komthetho onqamlezayo kunye neeKhomishini zokunyanzelisa umthetho okhethekileyo

Izivumelwano zokuwiswa kweminqamlezo ziphakathi kwezixhobo ezisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho awunamthungo kwimida elawulayo. Ezi zivumelwano zivumela amagosa amapolisa esizwe ukuba anyanzelise imithetho karhulumente kunye namapolisa karhulumente ukunyanzelisa imithetho yesizwe. Iimodeli eziliqela zikho:

  • Izivumelwano zoncedo oluphakathi: ezilawulwa ngumthetho wesizwe, olu khetho xa abaphathi benokusebenzisa ngaphandle kolawulo lwabo oluphambili. Ikhowudi yeWashington yeRevised (RCW 10.93) ngumzekelo obalaseleyo.
  • [[Umthetho okhethekileyo:0] IiKhomishini zoMthendeleko woMthetho: amagosa afumana iinkonzo ezivela kwisizwe nakwisizwe, ezinika amandla apheleleyo amapolisa kuzo zonke imimandla kumsebenzi wesivumelwano.
  • Izivumelwano zokwehla kwelizwe: izihlanganisi phakathi kwesizwe nephondo okanye oorhulumente bakamasipala ukwenzela iinkonzo ezithile zokugcina umthetho, ezifana no-911 uthumelo okanye imikhosi yezonyango.

Izivumelwano zoncedo loMsebenzi kunye namaQumrhu aQeqesho

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho egunyazisa ngokucacileyo amacandelo ezobupolitika ukuba angene kwizivumelwano noorhulumente besizwe. La macandelo angagquma yonke into ukusuka kwimithetho yokusabela yongxamiseko ukuya kubungqina bokuphatha kunye nokwabelana ngenkcazelo. Umzekelo, uRhulumente waseMontana uthethe izivumelwano ezimanyeneyo ezima-638 nezizwe ezininzi, ezivumela izizwe ukuba zifumane imisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho ngaphambili eyayiqhutywa yi-Bureauau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Le mibutho idla ngokufuna urhulumente namaziko esizwe ukuba amisele imigaqo enxulumene nokhetho olushushu, iimfuno, kunye neyalelwe.

ISigqeba soNyaka soNyaka soLolongo

Unyaka ka-2013, 2019, kunye no-2022 ukuqulunqwa komthetho wobundlobongela obuchasene nooMadoda yimisebenzi yemisebenzi yeziganeko yembali kulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala ukusuka i-Oliphant[, izizwe zinokusebenzisa igunya lolwaphulo-mthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho kumntu ongengowama-Indiya ozenza izenzo zogonyamelo zasekhaya, ukumisela ugonyamelo, ukudibanisa, okanye ukwaphula imiyalelo yokukhusela kumazwe asekuhlaleni. Oku kubalulekileyo kweCreversalCrimiscrigion Jurictionion (SDJ) kufuna ukuba izizwe zinike amalungelo athile abamangalisiweyo, kuquka isiluleko esisemthethweni nesingakhethi-mthetho. Urhulumente uyayiqaphela imithetho yezizwe nokukhuselwa kwesizwe phakathi kwe-VA ne-A esebenzayo

Ukuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha yokusukela ngokushushu

Imithetho yesizwe yahluka kakhulu kumahluko oshushu wokusukela. Amanye amaphondo avumela amagosa karhulumente ukuba angene kumathandabuzo ukuze abambe ngokungaqinisekiyo ukusukela ngokutsha ityala. Eminye ifuna isicelo esisesikweni semvume yesizwe okanye isivumelwano soncedo esandulelayo. Kwakhona amapolisa esizwe ajongene nemiqathango xa efuna ukukrokra kwilizwe elingengowasizwe. Licacile, imithetho ebhaliweyo yokuphendula ngokongxamiseko, kuquka imigaqo yokulandela imigaqo eninzi yokuzibandakanya nokusebenzisana nonomathotholo, ibalulekile ekukhuseleni igosa nezo zonke iinkonzo zoluntu.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Kumthetho Welizwe LaseIndiya

Nangona kukho izivumelwano ezisemthethweni, kusekho iingxaki ezinkulu kwiLizwe lamaIndiya asebenza njengoomapolisa.

Ingxaki Yabemi Bomthonyama Abangekhoyo Nababulawayo (MMIP)

Ukungabikho kolawulo olucacileyo kunye nolwabelana ngogcino-lwazi kuchazwe njengefekta enkulu enegalelo kwingxaki ye-MMIP. UJulidical "akukho mazwe omntu," apho kungekho ziko lichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba linegunya, lingalibazisa okanye lizinze uphando. Umthetho ongabonakaliyo wama-2019 kunye no-Savanna's's Act [[FLT]'s's's siseko sokuphucula ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, umanyano, kunye nokuphendula ngaphaya kwesizwe, kwesizwe, urhulumente, kunye namaziko asekuhlaleni. Imithetho yesizwe echaza ingxelo efike ngexesha elililo kubantu abalahlekileyo kunye nokungena kuka-Genediusscrectory-otairective yesizwe ihlala isenza iziphumo ngqo kwi-MMPT.

Uqokelelo logcino-lwazi kunye nobungqina bokugwetywa komnqamlezo

Ulwabelano lomthetho phakathi kwesizwe, urhulumente, ummandla, kunye norhulumente ludla ngokuthintelwa ziinkqubo zokulawula iirekhodi ezingahambelaniyo, imilinganiselo yogcino-lwazi engachasananga, kunye nenkxalabo engolawulo logcino-lwazi lwesizwe. Amazwe angakumisela ukufikelela kwii-data zembali yolwaphulo-mthetho kwiinkundla zesizwe okanye amapolisa, ukuthintela ukuxilonga nokuphengulula imvelaphi engasemva. Ngokuchasene noko, imiyalelo yenkundla yesizwe nemvume zisenokungasoloko ziqalwa ngokupheleleyo ziinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ukuphendula la manqaku amanani okusebenzisana kuyimfuneko ekukhuseleni uluntu.

Iintlawulo ezibonelelwayo

Amagosa aqeqeshiweyo omthetho wesizwe athenjiwe ngokungapheliyo xa ethelekiswa norhulumente wawo kunye noogxa bawo basekuhlaleni. I-ofisi yeSebe lezeJaji inika inkxaso-mali, kodwa isoloko ingena ngqiqweni kwimfuno ezibhaliweyo. Oku kukhokelela kwimivuzo ephantsi yabaphathi-mikhosi, abambalwa amagosa omndilili, izixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha, kwaye kulinganiselwe ukufikelela kwii-abrejini zokhuseleko kunye noqeqesho olukhethekileyo. Imithetho yezorhulumente enika inkxaso-mali eyongezelelekileyo okanye uncedo lobugcisa kumasebe esizwe ingaba nempembelelo eluncedo kwiziphumo zokhuseleko lukawonke wonke.

Ukungathembani Kwembali Nemfuneko Yokukhuphisana Ngezithethe

Imbali ende yezivumelwano ezophulwayo, ukunyanzeliswa kolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neemeko zogonyamelo olukhutshwe ngurhulumente ziye zadala ukungathembani okunzulu komthetho wangaphandle kwizizwe ezininzi. Imithetho karhulumente ethi igunyazise ukukhuphisana koqeqesho lwamagosa, ifuna ukujongana noorhulumente besizwe, kwaye ikhuthaza ukuqeshwa kwamagosa ama-Indiya eMelika ngamanyathelo alungileyo. Ukuthembana kokwakha kufuna ukungaguquguquki, ukuthembisana ngentlonelo ngexesha elithile nokuzibophelela okuboniswa ekuphenduleni.

Ukuqukuqela Kweenguqu Nezenzo Ezisemgangathweni

Kutshanje imigaqo emininzi engomthetho neyamapolisa iphinda ihlasele ukunxibelelana kwamapolisa kumazwe esizwe.

Igunya Elinyusiweyo Lesigwebo Phantsi Komthetho Nomthetho Wobuhlanga Nolungelelwano

[[NTLT:0] Umthetho ongokwasemthethweni noMthetho we-Order (TLOA) ka-2010 uvumela izizwe ukuba zisebenzise ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo olufanelekileyo ukukhupha izigwebo zeminyaka emithathu (okanye i-$15 000) ukwenzela isono esinye, kunye neminyaka elithoba kuludwe lwezolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kwakululwandiso olubalulekileyo ukusuka kumlinganiselo odlulileyo weminyaka enye. Ama-omzingeno kufuneka ngoku avelise iinkqubo zokuqonda nokusebenzisana nezi zigwebo zenkundla yesizwe eziphuculiweyo, kuquka neenkqubo zokufaka ingcebiso kumthetho wesizwe kurhulumente okanye kumasebe asekuhlaleni.

Ukwanda Kwesaphuli - mthetho Esikhethekileyo Sasekhaya

Njengoko izizwe ezininzi zisebenzisa i-SDVCJ phantsi kwe-VAWA, kuvela ezona zenzo zingcono. Ezi ziquka ukuphuhliswa komyalelo wokhuseleko lwesizwe, ubuchule bokubhalisa iidokisi zogonyamelo zasekhaya, kunye nokusebenzisana okunamandla nabatshutshisi bakarhulumente ukusingatha amatyala apho kukho ulawulo lwangoku. Imithetho karhulumente ewamkela ngokupheleleyo amaqela okhuseleko kunye neenkqubo zokukhuselwa kwesizwe nezokungangeni msinga zibalulekile kuba abaphuli-mthetho benoxanduva.

Indima ye-Bureau of Indian Affairs Services

I-BIA OJS inika iinkonzo zokwandiswa komthetho kwiindawo ezininzi apho amapolisa esizwe angekhoyo okanye engaphucukanga ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqonda inkqubo yesizwe yesizwe yezorhwebo kufuna ukwazi indima ekhethekileyo ye-BIA kummandla ngamnye. Imithetho karhulumente enceda ukwabelana ngezibonelelo zikarhulumente, njengeebhereji zolwaphulo-mthetho nokuqeqesha amapolisa, ne-BIA kunye namapolisa esizwe iluncedo ekuqhubeni phambili iinkonzo zamapolisa kwiLizwe laseIndiya.

Isiphelo: Ukuqalisa Indlela Ekhokelela Kumanyano Lwamaqumrhu Omanyano

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho karhulumente, imiqathango karhulumente, ulawulo lwesizwe, kunye nolawulo lwesizwe olungokwemvelo kudala enye yezona ndawo zinamandla ezikumgangatho ophezulu kumthetho waseMelika. Imihla yemida elula yolawulo idlule kudala, ithathe indawo yemfuneko yolawulo oluseluntsebenziswaneni oluhlonela ukuzilawula kwezizwe ngelinye ixesha ngoxa kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Kurhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, oku kuthetha ukuqhubekeka ngaphaya kokuthobelana nje nomthetho worhulumente ekwakheni ulwalamano olunentlonelo nolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe.

Imithetho elandelwayo yezopolitiko esebenzayo kwilizwe lase-Indiya ifuna izivumelwano ezifakelwe kakuhle ezinqamlezileyo, ukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo ummandla othile welizwe kwimo nganye, kunye nenkcubeko efanelekileyo, imigaqo-nkqubo yokusabela kwengozi engokwenkxwaleko. Ngokusebenzisana kunye nangokuhlonela ilungelo elingokwemvelo lezizwe lokuzilawula, amazwe kunye nezizwe zingadala ukhuseleko, uluntu olungakumbi kubo bonke abemi abakufutshane nemida.