Ukwazisa: Indlela Imithetho Yomdlalo Eyichaphazela Ngayo Ezobupolitika

Imithetho elawula indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo kwizihlalo iphakathi kwezona ziphambili zokukhetha kwequmrhu elinobukho bedemokhrasi elinokuzenza. Phakathi kwezi mithetho, iinkqubo zokhetho olukhulu, apho umvoti okanye iqela elinenkoliso yamavoti lifumana isihlalo okanye urhulumente ophelayo.

Olu hlalutyo luhlola iindlela eziphembelela ngazo iinkqubo zezobunkokeli, ukuzoba kubungqina bokuthelekisa kunye neziseko zengcamango. Luhlola indlela ezi nkqubo ezisoloko zinika ngayo umlinganiselo, iimeko ezithi endaweni yoko zikhuthaze islamstiki, kunye norhwebo oluzuzwe ngokutsha ngokukhetha isakhiwo esinentsingiselo enje. Injongo kukunikezela ngembono ecacileyo, esekelwe kubungqina bolwalamano phakathi kwemithetho ekhethiweyo neziphumo zezobupolitika, ngaphandle kokugqithisa ekusebenziseni ubuchule obuntsonkothile bentlalo, uqoqosho, kunye noothunywa bequmrhu.

Iinkqubo zoMphathiswa weMajoni

Iinkqubo zonyulo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-Majornational Post (FPP), zisetyenziswa kunyulo lwesizwe lwe-United Kingdom, eCanada, eIndiya, nase-United States (kwizihlalo eziphumeleleyo). KwiFPTP, isithili ngasinye esinyuliweyo sinommeli omnye, kwaye i-voti yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu yi-Fotover PP (ixesha eliphantsi kwe-Ofisi) xa izonke i-ikhombisiwe yi-PPP). Ezinye iinkqubo eziphambili ziquka inkqubo ye-oventi ezimbini (njengoko kuvoteota) kunye nenye indawo (okanye i-ovotice) esetyenziswa yindlu yommeli ye-Ostreliya.

Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukuvelisa iimpuku ezicacileyo nezizinzileyo zoorhulumente, ngokufuthi ngendleko yokumela ulwahlulo. Kwi FPTP, iqela lingaphumelela uninzi lwezihlalo ezingaphantsi kakhulu kwenkoliso yevoti edumileyo, "njengoko kwenzeka kwi UK ngo-2019, apho iConservative Partive Party yazuza 56% yezihlalo kwi 43.6% yevoti ayiyo ingxaki kodwa ingumqondiso: icoca amaqela amancinane kwaye ikhuthaza ukwenziwa kwemisonto esekelwe kumbindi wezobupolitika.

Ngokucacileyo, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zenza impembelelo enamandla yomatshini: baguqula amavoti abe zizihlalo ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo emela ngaphezulu kwamaqela amakhulu nangaphantsi kwalawo akhoyo. Le mpembelelo yomatshini, ngokulandelayo, ivelisa iziphumo zengqondo kubavoti nakumaqela, iphembelela indlela abazenza ngayo izinto nendlela abaziphatha ngayo. Iziphumo zempembelelo zisembindini ukuqonda amandla okwenza izinto ezikhoyo nokuzidibanisa kwamalungu ezo nkqubo.

Isizathu Sokulinganisa: Umthetho Womntu Onetyala Nokhuphiswano Oluphakathi

Eyona ngcamango idumileyo idibaniswe nenkqubo yabavoti kwimo yeqela lokuziphatha ingumthetho kaDuverger, othe lo mthetho uthi umgangatho ophantsi unyulo olunye lwebhola enye (njenge FPTP) utyekele ekuvezeni inkqubo yecandelo amabini. Ingcamango icacile: abavoti kwisithili baza kuqonda ngokukhawuleza ukuba uvoti yeqela lesithathu “yayenziwe" ngaphandle kokuba elo qela lingumphikisi onzulu, ngoko babhenela kwinkoliso yabavumi abaninzi. Ngokufanayo, amaqela kunye nabezobupolitika bayaqonda ukuba baphumelele phantsi kwale mithetho, kufuneka babhenele kwicandelo elikhulu elinqumlayo lomvoti, hayi nje isiseko esincinane. Esi sicelo sikhuthaza ukuquququzelela kwingqungquthela, apho inani elikhulu leevoti.

EUnited States, umzekelo, inkqubo yeFPTP ngokwembali iye yakhuthaza omabini amaqela e-Damocratic kunye neRiphabliki ukuba akhuphisane novoti-manyeneyo ngexesha lonyulo oluqhelekileyo. Ukuthatha imigangatho, ubuncinane kwinkcaciso, oku kugqithisileyo. Oku kutsala kwe-centripetal kuyabonakala kumazwe afana neKhanada kunye ne-United Kingdom, apho amaqela amakhulu asoloko eshiya iindawo ezithe tyaba emva kokuphulukana nonyulo kwaye amkele imigaqo ephakathi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba kwisixokelelwano se-FPTPPP, amaqela alawula iqela elikufutshane nombindi wasekhohlo, ngokukhanyayo kunakwinkqubo yokulungeleyo, acinga ukuba umvoti ngokwawo ngokwawo ngokwawo angenayo.

Ubuchule bunwebela kukhetho lwamangenelo: phantsi kwemithetho engundoqo, amaqela abathathi-nxaxheba abanokuphumelela kwisithili, ngokufuthi okuthetha ukukhetha amanani ngobheno lwengingqi kunye neembono ezingezozo ezentengiselwano. Iqela elibeka phambili ngasekunene okanye ngenqila ephezulu kwisihlalo sokhuphiswano lingasusa i-cription ephakathi efunekayo ukukhusela ubuninzi. Ngokwesiphumo, iprojekthi yokukhetha yeqela ngokwayo iba yinkqubo yokhuphiso nxamnye ne-Fractive.

Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezicwangcisiweyo njengomkhosi ophakathi

Abaxhasi kwisixokelelwano solawulo lwamaqumrhu bakwabandakanyeka kwiqumrhu (okanye ubuchule) ukuvota qhatha qha hayi kweyona ibalulekileyo ekhethelwe bona, kodwa kweyamkelekileyo ukuvala ukhetho olungathandwayo. Le ntshukumo iqhelekile kwi-UK, apho abaxhasi abaLabour kunye neLiberal Democrat banokuvota ukuba naliphi na ixesha elingcono lokuphumelela kwelonke elilungileyo lokuphumelela kwenkolo eninzi. Ukuvota kusenelela ukuqinisa intengiso ngokufaka ngaphandle kwe-patroli yesithathu kwaye kunyanze amaqela amakhulu ukuba akhuphisane phakathi phakathi okulungelelanisayo. Ngelixesha oku kunokuthi kunciphise ukwahluka kwemithetho, kwakhona kucukucezelela inkxaso yamaqela angena amandla amaqela angenayo amaqela angenayo amaqela alungelelanisayo ukuze okonakalisayo aphume kwimiqatha.

Iingenelo Zokulinganisela: Ukumanyana, Ulawulo Olunempumelelo

Iziphumo ezinika iziphumo zeenkqubo ezingundoqo zivelisa iinzuzo ezininzi zekonkrithi kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Okokuqala, bakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwesivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu, okufuneka kudibane nemibutho ebanzi yabaxhasi ukuze baphumelele. Ngokungafaniyo nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezidityanisiweyo ezikwinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo, apho amaqela amancinane anokubamba ukubanjwa kwemiqolo, oorhulumente abalawuli abaninzi basoloko beyalela izinto ezinkulu ezinokusebenza ezinokugqitha umthetho ngokunempumelelo. Oku kunciphisa ifreyititi yenqanawa kwaye kuvumela isenzo esintyatyatyathe kokugqibela, ingakumbi ngexesha le ngxaki.

Okwesibini, ingqwalaselo yeqela le FPP ithambeka ikunciphisa ulungiso lwezopolitiko lwendawo esusiweyo ixesha elide. Xa amaqela amabini kuphela elawula ummandla wezopolitiko, iqela ngalinye kufuneka libhenele embindini ukuze liwine. kwaye labelana ngobuninzi besiseko esinye kwisiseko. Esi siphakathi singasebenza njengesigcinisithakathi nxamnye nonyuko olubonayo kwezinye iinkqubo zolungelelwaniso, apho amaqela amancinane angadibanisa ubuzwe, unqulo, okanye imigca yengingqi engadibani nako ukulalanisa. Uvumelwano lwemfazwe yemfazwe ye United Kingdom, olwakhiwa ngokutshintsha kwe-Conservieventio and Labour, kunye neemfuno ezifanayo kwintlalo yentlalo yentlalo nezoqoqosho, ingumzekelo oqhelekileyo wale ndlela yokusebenza.

Okwesithathu, iinkqubo zolawulo zivelisa ukuphendula okucacileyo. Abavoti bazi kakuhle ukuba liliphi iqela okanye umvotelwa omele athwale iziphumo ngokomthetho, ngenxa yokuba iqela elizuza uninzi lingaluphumeza ucwangciso lwalo ngaphandle kokuxoka kwezobupolitika ezimanyeneyo. Oku kucacisa kunganciphisa isithuba sobuchule bokuthetha obugqithisileyo obufuna ukugxeka ngokungacacanga “imikhosi ye-"”. Xa abavoti bebophelele iqumrhu elinye elinoxanduva, elo qela linomdla onamandla wokulawula ngokufanelekileyo nokuphepha imithetho ekhubaza umvoti-sixhobo sokuvota.

Ukuzinza okufutshane-kufutshane vs. Impilo ende

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba, nozinzo oluveliswa ziinkqubo zolawulo oluphezulu alusoloko luphilile. Iqela elifumana uninzi kwisiseko esimxinwa senkxaso (umz., 40% yevoti) lingalawula ngeendlela ezingazihoyi izilangazelelo zee 60% ezavotayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kungaphelisa ukuthembana kumaziko edemokhrasi kunye noluvo oluchasene nokuqalisa kwemeko yemali.

Icala Elibi: Xa Iinkqubo Zezikhulu Zibangela Ukuba Ingcamango Zingabi Namsebenzi

Ubuchule bobuchule besixokelelwano sesikhulu esinemiqathango buthatha usasazo olungasetyenziswayo olungekhoyo olukhoyo olukhoyo , oko kukuthi, inkoliso yabavoti jikelele embindini. Xa uvoti besuka kwilizwe, ubuhlanga okanye imigca yenkcubeko, abenzi abakhuthaza ubuncubeko kwibutho labantu elifanayo bangavelisa isiphumo esichaseneyo. Kwimeko ezinjalo, iFTPP inganyusa amandla amaqela angoontamo-lukhuni, ingakumbi ukuba agxininiswe kwilizwe okanye ukuba amaqela amakhulu ayasilela ukuthetha ngokungabina kulwa nolwando olukhulayo.

Enye indlela engundoqo “yiyo ekhutshelweyo” isenzeka ngokwayo. Kwindawo eqhekekileyo, abaxhasi beqela elinamandla bangabona amaqela amakhulu njengafanayo okanye njengenxalenye yelungu elikhohlakeleyo. Ukukhuthaza iqela elineengcwangu kuba luhlobo lokuqhankqalaza, kwaye inkqubo yokubopha isibini sesithathu, iqela elineengcwangu lingaba yeyona nto isebenzayo kwingingqi ethile. Endaweni yokutyhalela phambili kumbindini, inkqubo ingadala impembelelo apho ingxhwanguqungelwano ngokudibanisa iqela elinazo. Oku kuye kwabonakala kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje ekunyukeni kwamaqela alungileyo eYurophu apho iFPP isetyenziswa khona, nakwimpumelelo yengingqi ye-so pheast.

Ukujongana nemimandla yelizwe nokucaciswa

Iinkqubo zolawulo ezisetyenziswayo zisoloko ziguqulela ukwenziwa kwemimandla ngokwemiqathango yephondo ibe kukugqithisa kwemithetho egqithisileyo. Umzekelo, eKhanada, i-separatist Bloc Québécois ifumana inani elikhulu leesihlalo eQuebec nangona kungekho bukho besizwe."a iziphumo zinokwenzeka phantsi kolwahlulo lwesizwe. Ngoxa iBloc ayilonelanga kukuxhathisa kwengqiqo yogonyamelo, imela ukwahlulwa kwezobupolitika kwimigca yengingqi, kwaye ubukho bayo bungafumana uxanduva phakathi kweQuebec kunye ne Canada. Ngokufanayo, eIndiya, iFPTP ivumele intlalo-calucalucalucane ejongeneyo kwimimandla ephakathi kunye nonqulo ukuba iphumelele kwizihlalo kunye nenkqubo yesizwe, maxa kumaxabiso eezwe, eekhompumenti.

Xa iimbono ezigqithisileyo zijoliswe kwimimandla ethile, i-FPP ingabanika igosa lemithetho elingaphezulu kakhulu kunesabelo sabo sovoti besizwe esicebisayo. Oku kungenza impembelelo yegumbi lentlokomfono-mfono-mfono, apho i-MPs ezahlulayo ze-PPTP, isusa iwindow ye-Overton yezobupolitika kwicala layo. Kwi-UK, ukunyuka kwe-UK Independence Partion (UKIP) kwi-2010, lo gama ithe yahlala kancinci kwimiqathango yezihlalo, i-FPTP ebekwe kwiphondo elijinga- mvume ukuya kwiqela le-Conservativentive Parport kwiqela le-Breentumet (ithme) iziphumo ezinzulu zelizwe elinobungcali yezobupolitika.

Ukusilela Kwemithendeleko Ephambili Nesikhondo Somthonga

Enye indlela esuka kwi-antimatilium ukuya kwi-Stylementism yenzeka xa amaqela amabini amakhulu edibana ngokuqinileyo embindini kangangokuba ashiya inxalenye enkulu yemvakalelo yokuvota engachaziwe. Le “ndlela yokulawula” yezobupolitika ivula isithuba sepopulist kunye nabachasi benkqubo ethetha ukuba “yokwenene” nabantu abajongene nomgangatho ophezulu. E-United States, iTea Partity kunye nokunyuka kwe-Donald Trump/obhoti yayo ekhula ngaphakathi kweRiphabliki yeQela, kunokuba ibe ngumkhosi wesithathu ochazwa ngokuyinxenye yiFTP. Iqela lesithathu alikho iprojective ekwiqela elikhoyo.

Le nto ``Iqela lengingqi libamba' lineziphumo eziyingozi kakhulu phantsi kwemithetho engundoqo. Inceda ukuchaza indlela inkqubo ekhuthaza ubuncutshe enokuthi ngequbuliso ivelise ngayo okuchaseneyo: iqela elikhulu elamkela amaqonga ayingozi ebelingasoze licinge ngenkqubo yolungelelwaniso, apho kwakuza kufuneka ukuba lixoxwe namaqabane ahlangeneyo. Isiphumo singaba kukutshintsha okukhawulezileyo nokuguquguquka kwinkqubo, njengokuba kubonwa ngokuhambela kweRiphabliki yeqela ukuya kwimpumali kunye nokulwa nolwimi oluchasene nolo 2016.

Iinkqubo zeMajoni kunye neeproportation: Imbono yeNqanawa

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho igqibeleleyo, kwaye ulwalamano phakathi kwe quartialism kunye ne-spressiality luxhomekeke kakhulu kumongo. Iinkqubo zeProtioneal systems, ezinika izihlalo ngomlinganiselo orhabaxa ukuvota, zisoloko zinyuswa njengeqela elipheleleyo kwaye zimelwe. Zivumela amaqela amancinane ukuba afumane indawo yokuhlala, anciphise umngcipheko wokuba naliphi na iqela lizive likhutshiwe. Kodwa i-PR iyakwazi ukwahlulahlula iipalamente zibe ngamaqela amaninzi amancinane, yenza ukwakhiwa kweminye imikhosi elwanyana ibe nzima kwaye inika amaqela angenawo amagxatya akwisithebelo ngetafile. Amazwe afana neItali aye afumana ukungaguquguquki nokungabikho kweqela ekulawuleni kwezizwe.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo zezikhulu zicoca amaqela amancinane angonakaliyo ngaphandle kokuba agxininisiwe ngokwemo yelizwe. Olu khetho lungasintsikelelo kuzinzo, kodwa lukwathetha ukuba xa intshukumo ezinamandla zigqobhoza, zisoloko zikwenza oko ngomnxeba omkhulu kuba zithathe iqela elikhulu. Isixokelelwano seFPTPP singenza “ukubetha ngamandla” ukutshintshela kwi-STRASIENT, kanti i-PR ivumela ukuba kubekho iimbono ezithe chathayo kodwa ezizinzileyo.

Uphando lwale mihla lucebisa ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kwemibutho yabanyulwa kunye nabagrogrisi luxhomekeke kwisakhiwo sentlalo, iimeko zezoqoqosho, kunye nendlela amanye amaqumrhu ezobupolitika (njenge-bidameralism, urhulumente, kunye nohlolo lomthetho). Umzekelo, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zibonakala zilungelelanisa izobupolitika ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwibutho labantu elinolwahlulo oluphantsi okanye oluphakathi, ngoxa zinokubangela ukungqubana kwezizwe ngokwahlukeneyo okunzulu. Amava e-FPTPPPP akwangaphambili kwe-Gooll Weartment, kunye ne-unionthist-omatistism athelthis atshixeka kwi-zerom-ill-s.

Ukuyila Utshintsho: Ukufikelela Kwikhondo Lokuzincama Ngaphandle Kokuzincama Ngokufanelekileyo

Xa enikwa urhwebo, amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo ezingundoqo angabunciphisa njani ubungozi bokungalawuleki ngeli xesha egcina iinzuzo zikarhulumente osisigxina? Kucetywe utshintsho oluninzi oluye lwavavanywa:

Enye imveliso

Ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izithuba, enye ivoti (AV) iqinisekisa ukuba umvumi makakhusele uninzi lwezikhethelo, hayi nje isininzi. Oku kunganciphisa ingozi yokuphumelela kwenkcaso ngobuninzi beqela elincinane nelinomsindo. U-AV ukhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bafune ukhetho lwesibini nolwesithathu kubaxhasi, bakhuthaze intsebenziswano yokunqamleza kunye nokusebenzisa ubuchule bokuthetha. Amava e-Australia nge AV kwiNdreasts ibonisa ukuba ayikhange isuse ulawulo oluphambili kodwa ihlise ubungozi bokuphumelela kakhulu kwivoti ehlulayo.

Iinkqubo ze-Member Proportigal (MMP) ezixutyiweyo

Isetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, nakwezinye iindawo, i-MMP idibanisa izithili ezincinane ezinamalungu anye (oonontla) kunye nentla-ntla ukuqinisekisa ukuba isihlalo ngasinye sisabelana ngokungathi sihambisana nesabelo saso sovoti. Oku kugcina ukuphendula kwe-FPTP yodwa ngeli lixa kunciphisa kakhulu ukupheliswa kwemibutho emincinci, i-MMP ingathintela amaqela amakhulu ekungahoyi amalungu athile okhetho, asenokusuka kwi-populist esemva kwe-filter enokuthi ipetrolity. Noko ke, MMP ifuna kwakhona ukufundiswa imithetho yokuvota okutsha kwaye ikhokelele kurhulumente abangquzulaneyo, nto leyo abanye abakhethayo ukuthatha imbono encinane njenge-octiventine.

Ukutshintsha Nokuhlaziya Utshintsho

Kumazwe anjenge-United States, ukuzoba imida yesithili ukuxhasa ukuqokelelwa kwemiqathango okanye iqela elithile lingayiphelisa ingxaki engaphaya kwengqondo ngokudala “izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo” apho kuphela konyulo olukhuphiswano lulawulwayo ngolona khetho lweqela olusebenzayo noluneengcamango. Iikhomishini zokuvota ezizimeleyo kunye nemithetho efuna imimandla ukuba idibane kwaye ikhuphisane ingayinciphisa le mpembelelo, inyanzelela abameli ukuba babhenele kwisixhobo sokhetho esibanzi kunokuba nje isiseko se-Rhoverse.

Ukuthoba Izithintelo Ekungeneni Kwizikolo Zesithathu

Ezinye iinkqubo zolawulo zimisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokubhalisa kunye neyokuvavanya i-colot-access phantse kungabi nakwenzeka kumaqela amatsha ukuba akhuphisane, edlulisela konke ukunganeliseki ngamaxesha akhoyo e-Duopoly. Ukusebenzisa ezi mfuneko zikhoyo.. Ngokwangoku kugcinwa komqobo othile ukunqanda ukwanda okunesiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-a ukunika amaqela esithathu ithuba lokuphuma nokuvavanya amaqela amakhulu asuka embindini kunokuba athathele ngokwesigqitho. Amava eLiberal Democrates kwiUK (izihlalo zokuhlala kwezinye iindawo) abonisa ukuba amaqela esithathu asebenza njengomkhosi owesithathu ngaphantsi kweFPTP ukuba ayakwazi ukwakha isiseko sasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Ikrele Elidibeneyo Lenziwe Ngeziko Elikhulu

Iinkqubo zonyulo ezingundoqo azifani ngokwemvelo okanye ziqheke; kunoko, iziphumo zazo zixhomekeke kwibutho labantu abasebenza kulo. Ngokuthelekisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo zihambisana nokuvumelana okubanzi ngezisisiseko, zikhuthaza abatshayeli ukuba babhenele kumbindi, bavelise oorhulumente abazinzileyo nabaneepesenti. Kwiingingqi ezahlulwe ngokunzulu okanye ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza, noko, bayakwazi ukulinganisa amandla eengingqi, ukunyusa amandla eentlobo-ntlobo, kwaye bashiye amaqela amakhulu abantu abavakalelwa ukuba bahlukeneyo.

Isifundo esingundoqo senkqubo yokhetho kufuneka inike ingqalelo kubume bentlalo nobezobupolitika. Inkqubo esebenza kakuhle kwelinye ilizwe ingaba yingozi kwelinye. Abaguquli kufuneka baqwalasele kungekuphela nje uguqulelo lomatshini lwevoti ezihlalweni kodwa kwaye nendlela yokusebenza kwengqondo, abavoteli, kunye nabavoti. Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo ezifana ne MMP zinika umlinganiselo othembisayo, ukudibanisa umelo kunye nezixhobo zokulungelelanisa. Ezinye iimilinganiselo zengingqi zemali . Zingaqwalaselwa njengemimiselo yemimiselo yezemali, ubuninzi bobudipopu, kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo lwemida eluncedo ngokulinganayo ekukhuseleni idemodemo-mastial .

Ekugqibeleni, injongo asikokwenza inkqubo yokukhetha egqibeleleyo, kodwa kukwenza izikhuthazo ezakhayo, eziquka ezopolitiko ngeli xesha zinyanzela ukuba abantu baphelelwe lukholo lwedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zinendima enamandla yokudlala kulo mgudu, kodwa kuphela ukuba sihlala siqonda iintsilelo zazo kwaye sikulungele ukuzitshintsha njengoko iimeko zitshintsha.