Ulwandiso lwangaphambili

Phambi kokuba ityala liqalise ngokusemthethweni, amaqela asoloko ebandakanyeka kumanyathelo angaphambili anokuphembelela yonke impikiswano. Imibandela emininzi iyaconjululwa phambi kokuba isikhalazo siphinde sidluliselwe. Umzekelo, kuthunyelwa ileta enesicelo esisemthethweni sesenzo okanye imbuyiselo. /a isenokukhawulela ukuphendulana kwengxoxo yenkundla. Ngokufanayo, amaqela angavuma ukuphendula okanye ukuququzelelana kule nqanaba langaphambili njengemeko yesivumelwano.

Ukuqonda iindleko ezinokwenzeka kunye nenkcitho yexesha lokuzibophelela kubalulekile. Iindleko zomthetho, iindleko zokufumana, kunye nokuchaphazeleka kweemvakalelo kuwo onke amaqela kungabaluleka. Amagqwetha amaninzi acebisa ukuba athathe ezinye iindlela zokucombulula impikiswano (ADR), njengoko ezi ndlela zidla ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingabikho kakhulu. Icandelo leMelika Bar Bar Comment lizibonelelo zeDSquare linika ubuncwane kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-ADR.

Olunye uhlolo lwangaphambi kolu qikelelo ngummiselo wemiqathango . . ngummiselo osemthethweni owiselwe ixesha apho ityala limele ligcinwe khona. Ukungawugcini lo mqathango ungasigcina umbandela ngonaphakade. Ngenxa yokuba eli xesha linemida eyahluka-hlukeneyo ngokulawula nohlobo lwengxelo, ukudibana negqwetha kwangethuba kuyingozi. Ukubhekisa phambili, iCornell Information Institute inika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwemimiselo yommiselo [.

Isikhalazo Nokukhalaza

Uhambo lwetyala luqala ngokusemthethweni ngokuqukunjelwa kwetyala enkundleni efanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu luchaza izikhalazo zompolisa, luchaza isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, luze luchaze isiqabu esifunayo (ngokufuthi ilahleko yemali okanye isiqabu. Isikhalazo kufuneka sihambisane nemithetho ebhaliweyo ephathelele indlela yokulungisa, okuqulethweyo, kunye negunya.

Isitshixo sesitshixo sesikhalazo siquka:

  • I- I-' Igama lamaqela, inkundla, kunye nenani letyala.
  • Juridiction and Venue: Isizathu sokuba le nkundla inegunya kwaye kutheni le ndawo ifanelekile.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imigaqo ecacileyo: Yingxelo ecacileyo, eshwankathekileyo yeziganeko ezixhasa intengiso.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Iziphumo zesenzo: Iingcamango ezicacileyo zomthetho (umz., ungakhathali, ukwaphuka kwesivumelwano).
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umthandazo woncedo: Oko umcu afuna ukuba inkundla ikuyalele.

Xa isikhalazo sithe sabekwa, umabhalana ukhupha isaziso. Ummangalelwa kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ummangalelwa ufumana isaziso esisemthethweni sokumangalelwa −a inkqubo eyaziwa njengenkonzo yenkqubo. Inkonzo efanelekileyo ibalulekile ukuze inkundla ifumane igunya lobuqu kummangalelwa.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Inkonzo yenkqubo kukunikezelwa okusesikweni kwesikhalazo nokubizwa kummangalelwa. Eli nyathelo likhusela ilungelo lommangalelwa lokwazi ngetyala nokusabela. Imithetho yenkonzo iyahluka-hluka ngokolawulo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuhanjiswa komntu ngamnye ngenkqubo, ngeposi eqinisekisiweyo, okanye, kwezinye iimeko, impapasho kwiphephandaba ukuba ummangalelwa akanakufunyanwa.

Ukuba inkonzo ayigqitywanga ngokufanelekileyo, inkundla ingalikhupha ityala okanye ifune inkxaso-mva. Ngokukhethekileyo, abamangalelwa bengingqi basoloko beneemfuno ezithile zomsebenzi okhethekileyo. Umzekelo, bakhonza ummeli obhalisiweyo kumsebenzi wenkqubela. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha kubalulekile; U.S. isikhokelo senkundla xa kuqaliswa ityala iinkcukacha zolindelo lwenkonzo karhulumente.

Xa encediwe, ummangalelwa unexesha elifutshane, iintsuku ezingama-21 ukuya kwezingama-30, ukulungiselela impendulo okanye ukubeka engozini ugwebo olungagqibekanga.

Indlela Ummeli Asabela Ngayo

Emva kokufumana isikhalazo, ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule. Oyena khetho luphambili ngulo:

  • Impendulo: Phendula kwisityholo ngasinye, mhlawumbi ukuvuma, ukukhanyela, okanye ukuchaza ulwazi olunganelanga ukuba ungaphendula. Impendulo isenokuqinisekisa uphengululo (umz., ummiselo wesithintelo, uqikelelo lomngcipheko).
  • I- Ukukhupha: Ukuvavanya ukudinwa okusemthethweni kwesikhalazo. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukunqongophala kolawulo lwesihloko, ukungaphumeleli ukubeka ityala, okanye indawo engafanelekanga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibala elisisibalo: Ukuba ummangalelwa uthetha ngokuchasene nomphathi, bangafaka ibala eliphikisanayo njengenxalenye yetyala elifanayo.
  • Emisiweyo: Ukuba ummangalelwa akasaphenduli, ummangalelwa angahamba aphumeze ugwebo olungagqibekanga, aphumelele ngokunempumelelo kwityala ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.

Eliqonga lingaba lingqibelo. Intshukumo ephumelelayo yokugxotha ingayiphelisa into kwangoko, ngeli lixa impendulo efakwe kakuhle icwangcisa iqonga lokufumana. [[FLT: 0] Imithetho yeProjekthi yangaphakathi [[FLT: 1] ilawula ezi mpendulo kwiinkundla zengingqi zengingqi kwaye isoloko iboniswa yimithetho karhulumente.

Ukufumana iPase

Ukufumana yinkqubo eqhelekileyo apho amaqela atshintshisana khona ulwazi nobungqina obunxulumene nemeko. Le nxalenye idla ngokuba yeyona ithatha ixesha elininzi nexabiso elikhulu lenxenye yolwakhiwo, kodwa ibalulekile ekwakheni imeko eyomeleleyo nokuphepha ukumangaliswa xa kuvavanywa.

Iindidi Zokufumanisa

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo. Iluncedo ekuqokeleleni izibakala ezingundoqo, ukuchonga amangqina, nokucacisa iindawo.
  • Izicelo zemveliso yamaxwebhu: Izicelo zamaxwebhu anxulumeneyo, ii-imeyili, ii-askonti, iifoto, nezinye iirekhodi. Kwixesha lamanani, ukufunyanwa kwe-elektroniki (e- khowudi) lilungu elingundoqo, igquma ii-imeyili, iisiseko sesiseko, kunye nokuqulethwe kokusebenza kwe-intanethi.
  • Imithetho: Ubungqina obugqithisiweyo obunikelwa ngamaqela, amangqina, okanye iingcali. Umcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla ubhala ingxelo yokuqhubeka, kwaye ubungqina bungasetyenziswa ekuvavanyweni okanye ekuxhaseni iintshukumo. Ulungiselelo lokwenziwa koxwebhu lubalulo kuba iingxelo ezenziwe phantsi kwesifungo zingasetyenziswa ukunikela ubungqina kamva.
  • Izicelo ze-active: elinye iqela licela elinye ukuba livume okanye likhanyele izibakala ezithile. Ukuvuma izibakala kungena imiqathango ngokucutha impikiswano.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlolo lwengcali nolwengqondo: kwiimeko apho imeko yelungu okanye yengqondo iphikisana, inkundla ingayalela ukuba kuhlolwe ingcali ezizimeleyo.

Ukufumana kulawulwa yimithetho engqongqo ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa. Amatheko kufuneka ahlangane aze adibane ukuxubusha iinjongo zokufumana, kwaye iimpikiswano ziconjululwe yinkundla. Umthetho womthetho weProjekthi yangaphakathi 26 uchaza umgangatho kunye nemida yokufunyanwa.

Ukwazi Nokufumana Ucelomngeni Lwangoku

Iingxelo ze-elektroniki ziguqule ukufunyanwa kwe-data (ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, ukugcina amafu) zidla ngokufuna i-software ekhethekileyo kunye nobuchule obusemthethweni. . .Intshabalalo okanye ukungaphumeleli ukugcina ubungqina/ukukhokelwa kokungaqiniseki okungathethekiyo, kuquka imiyalelo ye-projekti engalunganga kubagwebi okanye kwanekhutshwa. Ngoku imibutho emininzi iphumeza iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ukugcina ugcino-lwazi olufanelekileyo xa kulindelwe kakuhle.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amaqela angafaka iintshukumo ukusombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni, axinene ityala, okanye ade aligqibe. Intshukumo ezingundoqo zangaphambi komthetho ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] I-Artgation yeMimiselo yesishwankathelo: I-Agues ezithi akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo, ngoko iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengombandela womthetho. Ukuba livunyiwe, ukuvavanywa kuba yimfuneko. Umgwebo wesishwankathelo uqhelekile kwiimeko zomshwankatho apho izibakala zichanekile kakhulu.
  • Motion kwi Limine:[[FT:1] Ifuna ukungabuchazi ubungqina obuthile ekukhankanyeni ekucinyweni. Umzekelo, iqela lingahamba likhuphe umva, iifoto zesalathane, okanye ulweyiselo olungaphambili.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: Ukuba iqela alikwazi ukuphendula kwizicelo zokufumana, omnye umntu angacela inkundla ukuba inyanzelise impendulo, ngokufuthi ngemvume.
  • Ukujongwa kobunyusi: ukwenzela ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yenkundla okanye iimbopheleleko zokufumana.

Le ntshukumo ifuna uhlalutyo olululo lomthetho kwaye ingenza ityala libunjwe kakuhle. Intshukumo elungiswe kakuhle ukwenzela umgwebo ofutshanisiweyo, ukuba iyaphumelela, ingaphumela kumgwebo olungileyo ngaphandle kwendleko kunye nomngcipheko wokuvavanywa.

Ukuzinziswa Kwesicombululo Nesinye Isiphithiphithi

Amatyala amaninzi awaze afikelelwe kwityala. Ukuzinzisa ingxubusho kunokwenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha, ngaphambi kokuba kudluliselwe isikhalazo, ngexesha lokufunyanwa okanye nasemva kokuba kugqitywe isigqibo. Ukwakhiwa kwetyala kuvumela abantu ukuba balawule iziphumo, baphephe ukungazithembi nokunciphisa iindleko.

Isicwangciso

Kulo nxibelelwano, iqela lesithathu elingoondilele linceda iingxubusho kodwa alinyanzeli sisigqibo. Umlamleli unceda ekuchazeni izilangazelelo, iinketho, kunye nezithuba zebrorho. Ukukhupha izifungo kuyimfihlo kwaye akunakubophelela ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sifikelelwe kwaye sityikitywe. Iinkundla zidla ngokufuna amaqela ukuba azame ukuzama ukunxibelelana ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Ushenxiso

I-Arbitrotion yinkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-ADR apho umgcini-sango ongathathi-nxaxheba (okanye iqela) eva ubungqina kwaye enza isigqibo esibophelelekileyo. Iisivumelwano ezininzi zorhwebo zigunyazisa ukukhutshelwa kwemiqathango. Ngeli xesha zithe zakhawuleza zamkeleka kancinane kunetyala, ukufunyanwa kusenokuba kulinganiselwe, kwaye izigqibo zokufumana i-ADR zidla ngokugqibelwa ngemiqathango emincinane kakhulu ukuze kubhenqwe.

I- I-Melika inika imithetho kunye nobuncwane kwimiba yokuphendula kunye neziphumo zokwahlulwa.

Ukuzinziswa kusoloko kubandakanya isixa semali eqhutyelwanayo, kodwa kusenokuquka ukwenza iinkonzo, iinguqu kwimicimbi yoshishino, okanye ukucela uxolo kuwonke-wonke. La magama abhaliwe kwisivumelwano sokuhlalisana, esiyisivumelwano esinyanzeliswa ngokusemthethweni.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba ityala alizinzi kwaye akukho kulahlwa kwalo kwangaphambili komthetho, ityala liyabanjwa. Iityala zingaba kukuvavanywa kwebhentshi (kupheliswe kuphela yijaji) okanye ukuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala. Isakhiwo esisisiseko yi:

Ukhetho

I-athorney ibuza imibuzo enokwenzeka yokuba abachopheli bejaji batyhile ucalucalulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba icandelo ngalinye linendawo entle. Icala ngalinye lingacela umngeni kubachopheli (osekelwe kwikhethe) okanye lisebenzise inani elisikelwe umda leengxaki zokubetha abachopheli ngaphandle kokunika isizathu. ukhetho lwamaJury luqheliselo olulungeleleneyo, macala omabini afuna ukuvisisana nemeko yawo.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Bobabini bachaza imbali yabo. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina kodwa ziyindlela yokubonisa oko kuya kuboniswa bubungqina. Bamisela isandi kwaye bayayigxeka imbali.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho linikela ubungqina kuqala. Iqela ngalinye libiza amangqina, angqinela phantsi kwesifungo, kwaye lizibeke kwimifanekiso. Isikhokelo sokuvavanya ngqo amangqina alo nokunqamleza amangqina achaseneyo. Iimpikiswano zobungqina zenziwa phantsi kwemithetho yobungqina (umz., isisingqiniso, ubucukubhedengu). Umgwebi ubeka imithetho ephikisanayo, ngokufuthi ephepheni okanye ngaphandle kwetyala lejaji.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba amacala omabini ephumle, amagqwetha anikela iimpikiswano zokuqukumbela, eshwankathela ubungqina aze acebise ukuba bagwetywe. Eli lithuba lokugqibela lokucenga ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo (ngomzekelo), into ebangela ukuba kuqwalaselwe ubungqina okanye ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Ijaji ithatha umhlala-phantsi ijongene nesigqibo esifihlakeleyo, ifikelele kwisigqibo. Xa kuvavanywa ibhedri, ijaji ithetha ngeziphumo zenyaniso nezigqibo zomthetho.

Izilingo zingahlala ukusuka kusuku olunye ukuya kwiinyanga eziliqela, kuxhomekeka ekuntsonkotheni. Imeko zabemi (umz., ukungqubana okusemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kwezamayeza) zidla ngokubandakanya iiveki zobungqina kunye nemifanekiso engamakhulu.

Isigwebo noMgwebo

Kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, ityala libonisa ukuba liliphi iqela elilawulayo, yaye ukuba kufanelekile, liza kufumana umonakalo.

Inkundla ingena kwisigwebo esisemthethweni esiphelisa isigaba sokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Isigwebo singaquka imiyalelo yokuhlawulwa, imiqathango, okanye enye imiyalelo. Iqela eliphumeleleyo lidla ngokuyila ugwebo olucetyisiweyo lokuba umgwebi atyikitye.

Ukuba abachopheli-tyala bafumana ityala lomgwebi, isigwebo sisenokuba sesomonakalo (ukuhlawula ukulahlekelwa) kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, isohlwayo (ukusohlwaya ihambo engafanelekanga). Ijaji inganciphisa okanye yandise umonakalo kwiimeko ezithile (ukuphinda i-okanye ukudityaniswa).

Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Iqela eliphulukana nento aliziboneleli ngaphandle kokucela uncedo. Intshukumo yetyala lasemva kwetyala icela inkundla yamatyala ukuba iphinde iqwalasele. Iinketho ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukujongwa komgwebo njengomcimbi woMthetho (JMOL):[ I-Aguess zokuthi ubungqina babunganelanga ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa isigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuququzelela amatyala amatsha: izityholo ezithi ziphosakele ngexesha lokuvavanywa (umz., imiyalelo engafanelekanga yabachopheli-tyala, ukuziphatha okubi) zikhethe iziphumo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Motion ukuqukumbela umgwebo: ifuna ukulungisa umgwebo, ngokufuthi malunga nomonakalo okanye umdla.

Ukuba ezi ntshukumo ziyasilela, iqela eliphulukana nequmrhu lisenokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno aziyotyala kwakhona; inkundla enika imvume ihlola ingxelo yeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Amaqela anikezela iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezifutshane kwaye asenokunikela iimpikiswano zomlomo. Isigqibo se-appellate singaqinisekisa, sibuye sibuye sifake isigwebo senkundla esezantsi.

Izibheno zinokubande, maxa wambi zihlale ixesha elingaphezu konyaka. Kwezinye iimeko, isibheno esibhekele phaya kwinkundla ephakamileyo okanye kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kodwa ezo nkundla zineqhinga lokuphulaphula nje inxalenye yamatyala. Iinkqubo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zicacisa inkqubo yesicelo se-ceretari.

Ukunyanzelwa Komgwebo

Kwanasemva komgwebo wokugqibela, umbutho ophumeleleyo kusenokufuneka uqokelele imali enikiweyo okanye unyanzelise umyalelo. Ukuba lowo uphulukana neqabane akathobeli ngokuzithandela, inkundla isenokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezifana nezi:

  • Izakhono zokuphumeza: ezigunyazisa ukuphangwa kwempahla yokwenene okanye yobuqu, ukuhlawulwa komvuzo, okanye ityala lebhanki elibandayo.
  • Ityala lokuqukumbela: Ukuba iqela laphula umyalelo wenkundla (umz., ala ukuhlawula inkxaso yomntwana), lingabanjwa lideliwe, lijongene nentengo okanye ixesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni.

Ukukhupha umgwebo kunokuba lucelomngeni, ingakumbi ukuba lowo ubolekisa ngetyala unezinto ezimbalwa okanye uzifihlile. Ababolekwayo kusenokufuneka baqhubeke nokufumana izinto okanye basebenzise ezongezelelweyo. I-Cornell LII yokungena komthetho womgwebo [ ichaza iindlela zokuqokelela ingqokelela eqhelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Uhambo lwetyala elingokwasemthethweni (ukusuka kuvavanyo lokuqala lwangaphambi kweli candelo) ngokulayishwa, ukufunyanwa, ukuvavanywa, kunye nokubhena okunokwenzeka (ukuyinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo kodwa esoloko ifuna. Isigaba ngasinye sisebenza injongo eyahlukileyo: ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni, imiba enqamlezileyo, ukuqokelela ubungqina, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukusombulula impikiswano. Ngoxa inkqubo isenokubonakala isongamela, ukuqonda la macandelo anika amaqela amandla okwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi, nokuba ngaba angamatyala, abamangalelwa, okanye abaqwalaseli nje benkqubo yomthetho.

Uhlaziyo olusebenzayo alufuni ulwazi lomthetho oncinci kuphela kodwa lufuna nobuchule kwinkqubo kunye nobuchule. Kubo bajongane nolu xwebhu, ukubuzana negqwetha elinamava ekuqaleni kwinkqubo yindlela elungileyo yokusebenzisa ubunkimbinkimbi nokukhusela amalungelo omntu. Isigqibo esipheleleyo `````ekuhlalisweni, sigqitywe, okanye sibhentshwe' isibheno) ukuqukunjelwa komsebenzi omkhulu owenziwe ngamaqela, amaqela, amacebiso awo, kunye nenkundla.