IGenesis Yohlanga

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States yindawo ebanzi yokulawula kweMelika, uxwebhu oluphilayo oluye lwenziwa kwiNgqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko eFiladelfiya yowewaka ngowe-1787. Kodwa, indlela eya kulo mmandla wokugqibela yayicacile. Abathunywa bafika benemibono eyahlukeneyo yekamva lesizwe, kwaye ezi mibono zifake iingcebiso ezimbini ezibalaseleyo: i-Virginia Plan kunye nePlan yaseNew Jersey. Ezi zicwangciso zidibanisayo zaveza uxanduva olubalulekileyo phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, phakathi kolawulo lombuso wesizwe nolawulo lwe-Ibraccam, kwaye ekugqibeleni zalungisa inkqubo yolawulo lwezi melo olulawula iUnited States namhlanje. Ukuqonda ezi zicwangciso kubalulekile ukuthatha iingcebiso elingapheleli ze-U. [FLD] Urhulumente.[FL.][FS]

Imvelaphi: Ubuthathaka Bemiba Engamanqaku

Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yeVirginia neNew Jersey Programme, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde imeko eyingozi yesizwe phantsi kweZicwangciso zoMbutho. Ngo-1781, la Manqaku adala urhulumente obuthathaka "ngokubaluleka "ubuhlobo" phakathi kwamazwe azimeleyo. IBhunga lombuso lalingenawo amandla okuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula urhwebo lwezorhwebo, okanye ukunyanzelisa imithetho yalo. Isicelo sawo sodwa samazwe, isicelo esisoloko sityeshelwa. Uvukelo lukaShays's (171717877), ukuvukela kwamatyala abalimi eMassachuseMassachuse, kwabonisa ukungakwazi kwesizwe ukugcina ucwangco okanye ukuphatha inkxwaleko. Oku kwaba yimeko yezomhlanga yeConstitution, njengeenko yooks nooks Haylks yazinziwa yimposiso sobugrona. Injongo yolungelenezo, kodwa ingakumbi, iiNt.[5]

Isicwangciso SaseVirginia: Isiqinisekiso Esiqaqambileyo Sikarhulumente Wesizwe

ISicwangciso saseVirginia, esibhaliswe ngokuyintloko ngu uJames Madison wase Virginia kwaye waboniswa yiRhuluneli uEdmund Randolph ngoMeyi 29, 1787, sasisisokuqala isicelo esiphambili sokuveza indibano. Kwaye kusisisindululo esikhulu, esithe gqolo kwiMaces of Confederation. Madison, ephenjelelwe ngokunzulu yisifundo sakhe se-comferacies kunye noogracyan, ekholelwa ukuba ngurhulumente onamandla kuphela onamandla onegunya kubemi abanokulondoloza i-Mantene nenkululeko.

Imigaqo Yecore EkwiNjongo yaseVirginia

ISicwangciso sesizwe sacebisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kubekho urhulumente wesizwe onemiqathango emithathu eyahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Olona phawu lwawo ludidayo yayiyisakhiwo sendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Yafuna ukuba kubekho ibiibamaral (indlu emibini) Congress, kunye nemithetho yezindlu eyahlulwe ngokwemimiselo yesizwe okanye ubutyebi, kwaye isebenzisa umkhosi nxamnye nolawulo olungeyo.]

  • `Bicameral Legislature'': Yindlu esezantsi enyulwa ngabantu, nendlu ephezulu ekhethwe yindlu esezantsi evela kwii-minees engeniswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente.
  • Iprojekthi yokongamela: Zombini izihlalo zezindlu ezabelwe ngokusekelwe kubemi okanye kwiminikelo yemali evela kwilizwana ngalinye.
  • Igunya lesiZwe: Umlawuli omnye, okhethwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, negunya lokunyanzelisa imithetho yesizwe kunye nemithetho yeveto (ifanele ibekwe endaweni yayo).
  • ISizwe seSizwe: Yinkqubo yeenkundla zamatyala, kuquka inkundla ephakamileyo, enegunya kwimicimbi yesizwe nakumatyala abandakanya abemi bamazwe awahlukeneyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhonco yoHlulo: Ikhampasi kunye neqela leejaji zesizwe zingabumba ibhunga elinamandla okubeka imithetho yesizwe neyorhulumente (lo msebenzi wahla kamva).

Isicwangciso saseVirginia sasiyisicelo sokulahla zonke iiManqaku nokudala urhulumente oqinileyo. Abameli abancinane baseburhulumenteni bothukile. Babesoyika ukuba ukumela umlinganiselo osisigxina kwakuza kubashiya bengenamandla ngokusisigxina, izilangazelelo zabo zinyathelwe ngumbutho wamazwe amakhulu. Olu loyiko lwaba yindawo ephambili yokuphikisana kwiiveki eziliqela ezalandelayo.

Isicwangciso SaseNew Jersey: Ukhuselo Lolongamo Lwelizwe

Ekuphenduleni kwiSicwangciso saseVirginia, imimandla emincinane yangqinelana emva kwesivumelwano esichaseneyo esiboniswa iPaterson yaseNew Jersey ngeJuni 15, 1787. IPlane yaseNew Jersey yenzelwe ukulungisa amanqaku, hayi ukuwabuyisela. Yafuna ukugcina umgaqo wokulingana korhulumente kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho enye ngexesha inika urhulumente wesizwe amandla aphuculayo, ingakumbi kwirhafu kunye nolawulo lwezorhwebo.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zesicwangciso SaseNew Jersey

I-New Jersey Plan yayiluxwebhu olunemilinganiselo engqongqo. Olona phawu lwalo lubalulekileyo yayilugcino lweNgqungquthela ye- ekwindawo apho urhulumente ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani, wayeza kuba nevoti enye. Olu melo lwalungafanelanga lungasetyenziswayo kubathunywa bamazwe abancinane njengoPaterson, Luther Martin of Maryland, noJohn Lansing of New York. Noko ke, ucwangciso lwanika iNgqungquthela yerhafu, ulawulo lwe-evy, ulawulo lwe-state kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle, kwaye lumisela isigqeba esiphezulu esiphezulu. Crucily, kwakhona kwathiswa ukuba imithetho nezivumelwano ze-United States ziyakuba "upme" umthetho welizwe le-Supre" kunye nomgaqo we-Suyray - elungele umgaqo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-ogracy.

  • [[UMTL:0] Imithetho ehambayo: Ingqungquthela yendlu enye nezwe ngalinye elinovoti enye (njenge Amanqaku).
  • [[UMTL:0] IBhunga elinyusiweyo: Irhafu yerhafu ye-evy (ngokucela ngesohlwayo), ukulawula urhwebo, nokuqokelela iposi.
  • Isigqeba soLawulo oluPhezulu: Ikomiti yabantu abaliqela abakhethwe yiBhunga, esusiweyo yiBhunga, engenawo amandla.
  • Intlanganiso yesizwe: Yinkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe enolawulo olulinganiselweyo kwiintengiso, izivumelwano, kunye namatyala abandakanya imithetho yesizwe okanye amazwe asemzini.
  • Ukungaquki Claus: imithetho nezivumelwano zesizwe ziza kubophelela kumazwe, kwaye iinkundla zikarhulumente ziza kunyanzelisa ukuba zinyanzeliswe.

Isicwangciso saseNew Jersey sasisisicelo sokugcina isakhiwo esingumbutho esithe sathenjwa ngamazwe amancinane. Abakhuseli baso baphikisa ngelithi amazwe ayeyimibutho ephakamileyo eyangena ngokuzithandela kwi-Union; ukusetyenziswa okupheleleyo kuya kubangela ukungcatshwa kwemigaqo yenguquko yeRhulumente. Ingxoxo phakathi kwezi zicwangciso zombini yaba yintambo efileyo, isongela ukuphelisa indibano ngokupheleleyo.

Impikiswano Enkulu: Igunya lesizwe elijongene namalungelo eRhulumente

Ukungqubana phakathi kweVirginia neNew Jersey yayingeyompikiswano nje engokwesithethe; yayiyingxubevange enzulu yentanda-bulumko malunga nobume bomanyano. Abaxhasi abakhulu belizwe, ababekhokelwa nguMadison, Washington, noHamilton, baphikisa ukuba uhlanga lwakhiwe ngabantu ngabanye, hayi kumazwe, kwaye ngoko ke imbonakalo mayibonise amanani abantu. Baye bazama ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanani abantu alinganayo avumela inani elincinane labemi ukuba likwazi ukutshintsha ubukhosi obuninzi. Uxanduva oluncinane, olukhokelwa nguPaterson noRoger Sherman waseConnecticut, lugcine ukuba i-Union yayiyint elungeleleneyo phakathi kwamazwe olawulo oluphezulu. Bathi ngaphandle komelo olulinganayo, amazwana anokukhuselwa ngokuneyo, kwaye i-Union i-Union luza kuba lulawulo olucinezeleyo. Uxandukunye uGoutmann, u-Bried, u-Bried, u-Bried, uGunn, uGunnnnldried

IConnecticut Iyayekelela: Ukuqalisa Indlela Ephakathi

Ngendibano enqatyiswe kangangeeveki, ulalaniso lwalufuneka kakhulu. Impumelelo yavela ku- Rager Sherman kunye nabanye abathunywa baseConnecticut, abacebisa oko kwaziwa ngokuba yiConnecticut (okanye iNkulu yokuLahla). Yanikelwa ngoJulayi 5, 1787, izinto ezidibeneyo zezicwangciso zombini. Yadala i Biabral Congress: iNd [ Indlu yabameli kunye nezihlalo ezabelwe ngokusekelwe kurhulumente (njengoko icebo lokukhuthaza) lokulawula isakhiwo sendlu. Ukulungisa okuthe ngqo, ukusetyenziswa kwemali (njengoko i-Virginia) kunye [[FLTLD] kunye nolawulo oluphambili lwabantu abayalulawulayo.

NgoJulayi 16, ulalaniso lwavunywa ngokufutshane yivoti yama-5 kumazwe amane, enombuso omnye owahlulwe. Esi sigqibo sinye sasindisa iNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko ekuwisweni[. Ayizange iphele zonke iimpikiswano `iimpikiswano `iisquans' ezifana nokubalwa kwamakhoboka ukuze amele (iii-Fith- Ukuhleba) nomthetho worhwebo lwamakhoboka wawusaza kuza/* kodwa yamisa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esisisiseko seU.S.

Ngaphaya Komelo: Ezinye Impembelelo Ezihlala Zihleli

Ngeli xesha ingquzulwano engomelo ilawula indibano, zombini iinjongo zanikela ezinye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kumGaqo-siseko wokugqibela. Ingqiqo yeVirginia ingqiqo yePlate yomphathi onamandla, ozimeleyo yaguqukela kumphathi-zwe, namandla kunye nomyalelo womkhosi. Umbono wayo wolawulo lwesizwe kunye nabagwebi abakhonza ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle wamkelwa kakhulu kwiSiqendu IIIII. IPlate ye-New Jersey] inkcale yobungangamfa bomthetho wesizwe [ waba nguMgaqo-siseko weSiphekelelwano-onkene. Ngokudityaniswayo, itshebe yegunya lesizwe.

Izicwangciso zakwalungisa impikiswano ngaphaya kwenkqubo yokulungisa . ISicwangciso saseVirginia sasicebise ukuba kulungiswe indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe kuphela, ngelixa iPlane yaseNew Jersey ifuna imvume yombuso enye. UmGaqo-siseko wokugqibela wabetha umlinganiselo owahlukileyo: ukulungisa kufuna amavoti amabini-31 kuzo zombini izindlu kunye nokwenza intsebenziswano ngeziqu ezithathu zezindlu zowiso-mthetho (okanye iindibano), inkqubo enzima nethambileyo ukuze ivunyelwe ukuba i-amentements ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe.

Ukhuthuzo kunye nelifa lePhondo

UMGaqo-siseko, njengoko ekugqibeleni wabhaliswayo, waba ngummiselo othe ngqo. Wanika urhulumente wesizwe amandla amakhulu kunawoMgaqo-nkqubo waseNew Jersey, kodwa wakhusela ulawulo lwesizwe ngaphezu kweSicwangciso sejini. Lo luhlobo lwe-controlicism[[] .[icandelo lamagunya phakathi korhulumente nezorhulumente, lathi `a' laba liphawu elikhethekileyo lenkqubo yezopolitilitiliti yeMelika. Ngexesha lengxoxo ye-ratiation (178718788), i-Fedalist, iphinda ixhalabisa amatyala e-New Jersey Privective, ithenjiwe ukuba umGwalelo omtsha uza kwenza urhulumente onamandla kakhulu. Kwizimpiliso, iimpikiswano ezichukukhuthayo zobuweyo zobuPreccity [Frective] [Focer] [Feter Frectives], i-Relectivessssssssssssssss, i-evi

Ukuthotywa Kwezi Zinto Zimbi: Indlela Ukulalanisa Okusakuchaphazela Ngayo Ezobupolitika

Impembelelo ye-Virginia neNew Jersey Commong ayiyombali nje; ihlala inamandla kwipolitiki yakudala. Ingqikelelo-meya elinganayo (intliziyo yeSicwangciso seNew Jersey) ithetha ukuba iWyoming, enokuba ngabantu abamalunga nama-5800,000, inamandla afanayo eBhunga lovota njengeKhalifoni, eneezigidi ezingama-39. Oku kunentsingiselo enzulu yenkqubo: inika amaphandle, impembelelo encinci ekhoyo ekwimibani, kwimibani ekhoyo ekhoyo phakathi komntu omnye, kwimibutho yezahlulelo, kunye nomthetho. [[FLT.2] Indlu yoMphathiswa-mavelelo [[FLT.FLD] [oct:3] [iiiimeko yomthetho] (intliziyo yecebo lobuGenesicwangciso lobuzwe) iqinisekisa ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yerhafumente emininzi, okanye i-ontamente yomthetho eqhubekayo, e-onserverse. Xa ikhole ikho

Amanani Abalulekileyo Nempembelelo Yawo Ehlala Ikho

Ukuqonda iiplani kukwathetha ukubalasela amadoda emva kwawo. uJames Madison, osoloko ebizwa ngokuba ngu "uYise woMgaqo-siseko," yayiyinjini yeNkangeleko yeBhunga. Iincam zakhe ezineenkcukacha ezivela kwindibano yifestile yethu eyintloko kwingxoxo. [[FLT:]] Paterson, igqwetha elikrele elikrele laza kamva libizwa ngokuba nguMphathi-mthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo, yayililizwi lamazwe amancinane, eqinisekisa ukuba i-Union Union iya kuhlonela isidima esiphezulu sawo onke amalungu esizwe. [[FLT.[FLT:]] RGOGOG] uSheman [[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [5]], inguMphathi-omvululeki weNtyom, uGwesiselo olubalaseleyo, uGwangcibileyo, uGeneyo, kunye nolukelo lomthetho-Genesolu, xa kuveza i

Isiphelo: Ukuzalwa KweRiphabliki Eyindawo Embi

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awusiso isicwangciso sobuGaqo-siseko saseVirginia okanye seSicwangciso saseNew Jersey. ISicwangciso se-Virginia singqinelanisa ngenyameko ezi zinto zombini. ISicwangciso sanika umbono worhulumente wesizwe onamandla onegunya elibanzi kubantu ngabanye. IPlante yaseNew Jersey yaqinisekisa ukuba amazwe ahlale ebalulekile kwinkqubo yezopolitiko, nolawulo lwawo olukhuselekileyo ngokukhusela imigaqo elinganayo kwiBhunga. Ukungavumelani kwazo, okulungelelanisiweyo kwezi mibono zimbini zombini, kwadala oko kamva kwabizwa ngokuba yi-"Republicracki," ekuthi kuwo igunya phakathi kwamazwe norhulumente wesizwe, kwaye kuxhomekeke kurhulumente wesizwe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu. Esi sakhiwo sodwa singqineke siqinile iminyaka engama- 230, sisebenza ngemfazwe yezopolitiko, uxinezentlalo olunzulu notshintsho phakathi kwentlalo-ntle yelizwe, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle zoburhulumente jikelele. Ingxoxo ephakathi kwemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yezoburhulumente yesizwe, elungelelaseNtshona neyo.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi Noovimba

Ukuze uhlolisise ngokunzulu iNdibano yeMgaqo-siseko nezi zicwangciso, jonga imithombo ehlonelwayo elandelayo: