Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indima yakho kwinkqubo yomthetho karhulumente kubalulekile ekunyanzelweni kwemigaqo yomthetho, ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho, nasekufezeni iimbopheleleko zakho zoluntu. Ukuba ngaba ubandakanyeke kwityala lenkundla, usebenza kwinkundla yetyala, okanye usebenzisa nje amalungelo akho njengommi, ukwazi indlela inkqubo esemthethweni esebenza ngayo kwaye oko kulindelekile kuwe kungenza umahluko obalulekileyo kwiziphumo zemicimbi yomthetho. Olu khokelo lugocagocagoca-gocago, amalungelo akho asisiseko kunye neembopheleleko zakho, kunye nobuchule bakho bokusebenza ngokunempumelelo ekubandakanyekeni kwenkqubo esemthethweni.

Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Kwenkqubo Esemthethweni KaRhulumente

EUnited States, kukho inkqubo yenkundla yelifa lemveli kunye neenkqubo zenkundla ezahlukeneyo zeli lizwe ngalinye. Ngoxa zombini iinkqubo zinokudibana, zisingatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatyala kwaye zisebenza phantsi kwamagunya awahlukeneyo. Iinkundla zelizwe zisingatha amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, kuquka imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, imicimbi yamakhaya efana neengxelo zokonzakalisa ngokobuqu, imicimbi yenkundla yentsapho, iprobate yezakhono nemicimbi yempahla, kwaye ikwanegunya lokuphulaphula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, njengemibani kunye nemithetho engekho mthethweni.

Icala Eliyimfihlelo Leenkundla Zelizwe

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo ibonakalisa ubukhulu becala isimo senkqubo yenkundla yorhulumente ngokuba nje yakhiwe ngemigangatho emithathu engundoqo: iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla zetyala lephondo kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yephondo. Ukuqonda le nqanaba lelifa lesibini kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na oqhuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

Iinkundla Zetyala: Apho Kuqala Khona Amatyala

Kwinkundla karhulumente okanye karhulumente, ityala liqala kumgangatho ophantsi: inkundla yesithili okanye inkundla yamatyala yephondo lase-United States, ngokulandelelanayo. Iinkundla zetyala zilapho izibakala zetyala ziqala khona ukuvavanywa, kunikelwa ubungqina, kunikelwa amangqina, kwaye kuqatshelwe izigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ezi nkundla zinegunya lokuphulaphula amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye norhulumente zilawulwa yile nkundla.

Iinkundla zasekuhlaleni, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zikamasipala, ziinkundla ezilawula igunya elilinganiselweyo kwityala elincinane nakulwaphulo-mthetho oluphosakeleyo olwenziwa kwidolophu ethile okanye kwisixeko, kwaye imithetho elawula iinkundla zikamasipala yileyo imiselwe yimithetho karhulumente, ngoko inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iyahluka ngokwesizwe ngesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo odibana nazo zinokuhluka kuxhomekeka kwindawo ova kuyo ityala lakho.

Iinkundla Eziphandayo: Ukuhlolisisa Izigqibo Zenkundla Esezantsi

Urhulumente ngamnye unenkundla yamatyala kunye nenkundla enye egwebayo enokuhlola izigqibo eziphantsi zenkundla, kwaye inkundla ephakamileyo isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo, nangona amanye amazwe esebenzisa amagama awahlukeneyo, kwaye uninzi lwamazwe lukwaneenkundla eziphakathi, ezinokuhlola izigqibo zeenkundla zokuvavanya kwimeko yokuqala.

Kwisiqingatha sikarhulumente kunye nenkqubo karhulumente, kukho izintlu ezibini, kunye nenkundla yokuqala edibeneyo, enokuba kumgangatho wesithathu kwimigangatho yeqela lesibini, idla ngokuchazwa njengenkundla ephakathi. Ezi ntendelezo ziphakathi ziphatha isambuku sesibheno, ziqwalasela izigqibo zenkundla zokuvavanywa kweempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Iinkundla Eziphakamileyo ZeLizwe: Igunya Lokugqibela

Iqondo elilandelayo lenkundla efumana ityala linkundla echaza ityala engohlukeneyo yeenkomfa zokugqibela; yinkundla ephakamileyo apho ityala linokuthathwa khona ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye ezi nkundla ziphakamileyo zokuchophela ityala zisoloko zibekwa ityala, "iinkundla ezinyukileyo" kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngamanye amaxesha kukho amagama ahlukeneyo eenkundla zezombuso, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayiyoyona iphakamileyo `````Sapleme'''' inkundla yamatyala, enokuthi idide idide idide njengoko uninzi lwamazwe esebenzisa eli gama ukubhekisa kwinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo, kwaye iNkundla yezibheno yephondo yinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo.

Kwimimandla emininzi, iqela eliphulukana netyala linikwa ilungelo elipheleleyo kumgangatho omnye wohlolo lweziphelo, kodwa naziphi na iimpinda ezilandelayo zenkundla ephezulu zisemthethweni, kwaye kwinkqubo enenkundla ephakathi, ummangalelwa owenziwe ngetyala elibini, ilungelo elipheleleyo lokuhlola kuphela kwinkundla ephakathi, kwaye ukuba loo nkundla ingenza isigqibo ngokuchasene naye, ummangalelwa angacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba ihlole ityala lakhe, kodwa kufuneka enze oko kuphela ngemvume yayo.

IiNkundla zeRhulumente ziphikisana neNkundla yoLawulo: Ukuqonda Ityala

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zinegunya elibanzi yaye zinokuphulaphula iinqobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zamatyala asenkundleni, kuquka yonke into esuka kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho apho umntu othile etyholwa ngokwaphula umthetho kwentsapho okanye kwiimbambano zobuqu kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni (umz., iimpikiswano ngelifa okanye ukuphulwa kwamatyala esivumelwano). Oku kulawula ngokubanzi kuthetha ukuba imicimbi emininzi engokwasemthethweni ojamelana nayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla iya kusingathwa kwiinkundla zephondo.

Ukubeka ityala enkundleni karhulumente, omnye kufuneka avume ukuba kukho ukwaphulwa komthetho wesizwe okanye umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. — la ngamatyala aphakamisa "umbuzo wetyala," kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente zikwava uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwetyala elibandakanya "ukwabiwa kwabemi" apho ityala liphakathi kwabemi bamazwe awahlukeneyo kunye nomonakalo osenokubakho ngaphezu koo-R345 000. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkundla zikarhulumente zaziwa njengeenkundla zolawulo jikelele, nto leyo ethetha ukuba umntu angaphakamisa nayiphi na into phantsi korhulumente okanye umthetho worhulumente, ngaphandle kwalawo aphantsi kolawulo olupheleleyo lwenkundla yorhulumente.

Amalungelo Akho Asisiseko Angaphakathi Kwinkqubo Esemthethweni

Njengenxaxheba kwinkqubo yomthetho karhulumente, ukhuselwa ngamalungelo amaninzi omgaqo-siseko aqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukuqonda la malungelo kubalulekile ukuze uzikhusele kwaye uqinisekise ukuba okusesikweni kuyaphunyezwa.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko Phantsi koHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine sithetha ngeenkalo ezininzi zobumi kunye namalungelo abantu, kunye namalungelo aqhele ukusetyenziswa- kunye nalawo asetyenziswa rhoqo -- ibinzana elikwisiphekezo semithetho, "ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho", ezibala ibala elibala elibala kakhulu kwiimeko ezininzi zephawu, kuquka iBrown v. Board of Education (racialcation), Roe v. Wade (amalungelo okukhutshwa kwakhona), Bush. Gore v. Reed (ukhuphono), Reed v. Reed (ucalustre), kunye neYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya. Bakke (ukwahlulelwane kwimfundo).

Akukho rhulumente uya kwenza okanye unyanzelisa nawuphi na umthetho oza kuvala amalungelo okanye ukukhusela abemi baseUnited States; kwaye akukho mbuso uya kuhlutha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; okanye akhanye nabani na ekulawuleni kwakhe ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwemithetho. Olu khuselo lungundoqo luqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bavela phi okanye bakwimeko enjani.

Ilungelo Lakho Lokuhlala Uthule Yaye Umela Ngokusemthethweni

Unelungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka, kwaye ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisa elo lungelo, ufanele uthethe ngokuvakalayo. Olu khuselo nxamnye nokuzikhusela kumthetho waseMelika ligumbi lesiseko senkqubo. Unelungelo lokuthetha negqwetha. La malungelo ayasebenza nokuba ulingqina, ummangalelwa, okanye uncinwa nje ngabasemagunyeni.

Bonke abantu base-U.S., enoba ngummi okanye abangowamagcisa, banamalungelo athile phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye neminye imithetho, kuquka ilungelo lokungavumi ukufuduka okanye amapolisa ukuziphengulula, inqwelo-mafutha yakho okanye ikhaya lakho, ilungelo lokungathethi nto ngokuvakalayo (oko ufanele ukukutsho ngokuvakalayo ukuba ufuna ukwenza imithambo), kunye nelungelo lokuthetha negqwetha ngaphambi kokuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo.

Ilungelo Lokucela Nokuhlanganisa

Ilungelo lokucela liquka ukukwazi ukuchola okanye ukukhupha iileta, ukutyobela iileta, ukutyobela, ukupapasha amanqaku, okanye ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano ukudlulisela isigidimi kurhulumente worhulumente, welizwe, nowasekuhlaleni, yaye iinkundla ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokucela naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ($) lokubulala, elomthetho, okanye elokugweba.

Inkululeko yokuhlanganisana ngoxolo nokucela urhulumente lilungelo elibalulekileyo elisetyenziswa ngabemi njengendlela yokubandakanya amagunya anyuliweyo nokuwaphendulisa. Eli lungelo liye labaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu nokusesikweni kwentlalo.

Inkqubela efanelekileyo nokhuseleko olulinganayo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahluthe nabani na wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Oku kuthetha ukuba unelungelo lokuphawula amatyala angokwasemthethweni anxamnye nawe, ithuba lokuviwa enkundleni, nelungelo lokugwetywa kwetyala lakho ngumgwebi okanye umgwebi ongakhethi buso. Isiqinisekiso esilinganayo sokuba umthetho uza kusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, ngaphandle kocalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, kunqulo, okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo.

Iimbopheleleko Zakho Njengomthabathi-nxaxheba Kwinkqubo Esemthethweni

Ngoxa unamalungelo amaninzi kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni, ukwaneembopheleleko ezibalulekileyo ezincedayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza kakuhle kwaye isebenza kakuhle kuye wonke umntu.

Ukungqinelana neMithetho yeNkundla neMidlalo yoMgaqo-siseko

Xa ubandakanyekile ekuqulunqeni umthetho, unembopheleleko yokuthobela imiyalelo yenkundla, ukuya kuma kumatyala acwangcisiweyo, nokulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zomthetho. Ukungathobeli imiyalelo yenkundla kungaphumela kwimiphumo enzulu, kuquka ukudelelwa kwezityholo zenkundla, ityala, okanye kwanemvume yokubanjwa.

Ukuba ufumana igalelo okanye i-subpoena, kufuneka uphendule ngokufanelekileyo. Ukungawahoyi la maxwebhu asemthethweni akuzukuwenza ahambe kwaye angenza ugwebo olungagqibekanga nxamnye nawe okanye ezinye iziphumo ezingalunganga. Ukuba unezizathu ezivakalayo zokuba ungakwazi ukuthobela umyalelo wenkundla okanye ukubakho ekuchotshelweni, kufuneka uqhagamshelane nenkundla okanye igqwetha lakho ngoko nangoko ukucela ulungiso okanye ukuqhubeka.

Ukunyaniseka Nokunyaniseka Ekuqhubekeni Kwasemthethweni

Enye yeembopheleleko zakho ezibalulekileyo kukuthetha inyaniso kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisemthethweni. Ukuxoka phantsi kwesifungo kungulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu olunokuphumela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kusebenza enoba uyangqina njengobungqina, unikela inkcazelo kwinkundla, okanye ufungisa ityala kwinkundla.

Kwanangaphandle kobungqina obusemthethweni, ukunikela inkcazelo engeyonyaniso kumthetho, ukubhala iingxelo zobuxoki, okanye ukufaka amaxwebhu obuxoki kungaphumela ekumangalelweni. Ngamaxesha onke nyani kwaye nyaniseke kwindlela yakho eqhubana nenkqubo engokwasemthethweni, kwaye ukuba akuqinisekanga ngendlela yokuphendula umbuzo okanye inkcazelo omele uyinikele, qhagamshelana negqwetha.

Inkonzo YaseJury: Indima Ephambili

Ukusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala yenye yezona mbopheleleko zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yethu yezomthetho. Xa ufumana isimemo sokuchophela ityala, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka uvele ngaphandle kokuba ukhululekile ngokusemthethweni okanye ubonise ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. Inkonzo kaJury iqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bafumana ityala elisesikweni lichotshelwe ngoontanga babo, elilelona lungelo libalulekileyo kwinkqubo yethu yokugweba.

Ngoxa umsebenzi wejaji unokuba nzima, udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ingqibelelo yenkqubo yethu engokwasemthethweni. Abaqeshi abaninzi kufuneka banikele ixesha lokusebenza kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, yaye amanye amagunya anika imbuyekezo kubachopheli-chopheli-cholacholi. Ukuba ukukhonza kwinkundla yejaji kuya kubangela ubunzima bokwenene, unokubacela ukuba ulibazise okanye, kwezinye iimeko, ukhululwe.

Ukuhlonela Inkundla Neenkqubo

Iinkundla zisebenza ngokwemithetho neenkqubo ezithile ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile kwaye kufanelekile. Xa uvela enkundleni, kulindeleke ukuba unxibe kakuhle, ufike ngexesha, uzicime izixhobo ze-elektroniki, ubonise intlonelo kumajaji, abasebenzi benkundla, nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba. Isimilo esidaliweyo, isinxibo esingafanelekanga, okanye ukungahloneli inkundla kungaphumela ekususweni enkundleni okanye ekudelweni.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Inkqubo Esemthethweni KaRhulumente

Ukuqhuba inkqubo yomthetho ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukulungiselela, ulwazi, kunye noncedo lweengcali. Nanga amaqhinga angundoqo okusebenzisa inkqubo yomthetho ngokunempumelelo.

Ufuna Nini Umelo Lwasemthethweni

Ngeli xesha unelungelo lokuzimela kwityala elisemthethweni (elaziwa ngokuba "pro se"), oku akusoloko kucetyiswa ngaphandle kwiimeko ezilula. Ii-Attorney zinolwazi olukhethekileyo lomthetho, imigaqo yenkundla, kunye neqhinga elisemthethweni elinokuchaphazela iziphumo zetyala lakho.

Kufuneka ucinge ngamandla ngokuqesha igqwetha ukuba ujongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezibandakanyekileyo kwimpikiswano enzima yamakhaya, ukuqhawula umtshato ngempahla ebalulekileyo okanye ngemibandela yelungelo lokugcina umntwana, ukusingatha imicimbi yokucwangcisa impahla okanye ukuhlangabezana nokulahlekelwa kwamalungelo okanye impahla ekhethekileyo. Kwanokubuzana negqwetha kunokukunceda uqonde ukhetho lwakho kunye nemiphumo enokwenzeka yezenzo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuba awunamali yokufumana igqwetha, usenokuba ufanele ukuncedwa ngokukhululekileyo ngemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, iinkqubo zeprobo, okanye, kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, umkhuseli kawonke-wonke omiselwe yinkundla. Iintlanganiso ezininzi zebar zikwanika igqwetha iinkonzo ezinokukunceda ufumane igqwetha elisingatha uhlobo lwakho lwetyala.

Ukulungiselela Imbonakalo Yenkundla

Ukulungiselela kakuhle kubalulekile nayiphi na imbonakalo yenkundla. Qala ngokuyiqonda injongo yetyala noko kuza kulindelwe kuwe. Hlola onke amaxwebhu ayimfuneko, kuquka imiyalelo yenkundla, izingcelelo nobungqina. Hlela amaxwebhu akho ngokolandelelwano lwexesha uze uzise imibhalo yayo yonke into osenokufuna ukuyichaza.

Ukuba uza kunikela ubungqina, lungiselela ngokuqwalasela izibakala zetyala lakho kunye nazo naziphi na iingxelo ozenzileyo ngaphambili. Lungela ukuphendula imibuzo ngokucacileyo nangokufutshane. Ziqhelise ukucacisa iimeko ezinzima ngendlela elula. Ukuba unegqwetha, dibana nabo ukuze uxubushe ngoko umele ukukulindela nendlela yokukulungiselela.

Cwangcisa ukufika kwinkundla kwangoko uvumele ixesha lokuvavanya ukhuseleko, ukufumana inkundla echanekileyo, nokuziqamba phambi kokuba kuqaliswe intlanganiso. Nxiba ngendlela echwayitileyo neqhelekileyo . Zise iphetshana nepeni ukuze uthathe amaphetshana ngexesha lokuchonga.

Ukuqonda Amaxwebhu Asemthethweni Neenkqubo

Amaxwebhu asemthethweni anokuba nzima kwaye azaliswe ngolwimi lobugcisa. Zinike ixesha lokufunda ngenyameko nawaphi na amaxwebhu owafumanayo, kuquka izikhalazo, izicelo, impetho, kunye nemiyalelo yenkundla. Nikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwiinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo, njengokuba ukuphoswa kwexesha elimiselweyo kusenokuba neziphumo ezinzulu, kuquka ukuphulukana nelungelo lakho lokuphendula okanye ukunikela ingxelo yakho.

Ukuba awuluqondi uxwebhu olusemthethweni, musa ukulutyeshela. Funa uncedo kwigqwetha, kumbutho woncedo olusemthethweni, okanye kwisazulu senkundla esizincedayo ukuba ikho. Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zicetyiwe ngokukhethekileyo ukunceda abameli abazimelayo baqonde iinkqubo kunye neentlobo ezifunekayo.

Gcina iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zalo lonke uxwebhu olusemthethweni, kuquka iikopi zawo onke amaxwebhu agcinwe kwinkundla, ileta namagqwetha okanye amanye amaqela, amaphetshana avela kwityala lenkundla, kunye nee-tisi zomcimbi wetyala lakho. La maxwebhu anokuba luncedo kakhulu ukuba kuvela imibuzo kamva malunga noko kwenzekayo okanye oko kwavunyelwana ngakho.

Ukunxibelelana Nenkundla

Zonke iingxoxo ezisesikweni nenkundla kufuneka zibe kokubhaliweyo nokulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Iinkundla ezininzi zineemfuno ezikhethekileyo ngendlela amaxwebhu amele ahlaziywe ngayo, agcinwe ngayo, asebenze nakwamanye amaqela. Ezi mfuneko zidla ngokudweliswa kwimithetho yenkundla yasekuhlaleni, edla ngokufumaneka kwi-website yenkundla.

Xa ufuna ukunxibelelana nenkundla, yenza oko ngeziqhagamshelanisi ezifanelekileyo. Musa ukuzama ukuqhagamshelana nomgwebi ngqo ngetyala lakho, njengoko oku kusoloko kuchasene. Endaweni yoko, ifayile ihamba ngokufanelekileyo okanye amanye amaxwebhu nomabhalane wenkundla. Ukuba unemibuzo malunga neenkqubo, qhagamshelana neofisi yomabhalane, kodwa qonda ukuba abasebenzi benkundla abanako ukunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni.

Hlala uqhuba kakuhle yaye uhlonela unxibelelwano lwakho nenkundla, amaqela aphikisanayo, namagqwetha abo.

Ukuqhuba Iintlobo Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zenkqubela Engokwasemthethweni

Inkqubo yomthetho karhulumente isingatha iindidi ezininzi zamatyala, nganye inenkqubo nengqwalasela yayo.

Izaphuli - mthetho

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aquka ukutyholwa ukuba umntu uphule umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. La matyala aziswa ngurhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) ngumntu (umlawuli). Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho anokuba ngamanye amatyala asuka kwizinto ezincinane eziphosakeleyo ukuya kwizenzo ezinzulu, kwaye iziphumo ezinokubakho ziquka ukuhlawulwa, ukuvalelwa kwetyala, nokuvalelwa entolongweni.

Ukuba ubekwe ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, unamalungelo abalulekileyo omgaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo kwigqwetha (kuquka igqwetha elimiselweyo ukuba awunalo ilungelo lokulifumana kwityala elikhawulezayo nelingokwabantu, ilungelo lokumangalela amangqina, nelungelo lokunikela ubungqina ekuzithetheleleni kwakho. Lasebenziseni la malungelo nize niqhagamshelane negqwetha ngaphambi kokuba nithethe nayiphi na into ebhekiswa kubaphathi-mthetho okanye kubatshutshisi.

Inkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho ibandakanya amaqondo aliqela: ukubanjwa okanye ukufakwa kwetyala, ukubonakala kokuqala, ukuququzelelwa kwetyala okanye ukuququzelelwa kwetyala, ukuququzelelwa kwetyala, ukuvavanywa kwetyala (ukuba alisombululwa ngesivumelwano), kunye nokugwetywa ukuba ligwetyiwe. Iqonga ngalinye lineenkqubo ezikhethekileyo nemihla elandelelwayo.

Ulwenziwo lwamaxwebhu

Amatyala amakhaya abandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwabantu, amashishini, okanye amanye amaqumrhu ajongene namalungelo asemthethweni kunye neembopheleleko. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zamatyala asekuhlaleni ziquka ukuxambulisana ngezivumelwano, ukungxwabangxwaba ngokweemfuno, ukuxabana ngokwempahla, kunye nemicimbi yomthetho weentsapho. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, amatyala adla ngokuphumela kwilahleko yemali okanye kwimiyalelo yenkundla efuna okanye ekwalela izenzo ezithile, kunokuba kugwetywe isohlwayo sezaphuli-mthetho.

Inkqubo yokuzingca iqala ngokuqhelekileyo xa elinye iqela (ummangalelwa) lifaka isikhalazo kwelinye iqela (ummangalelwa). Ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule ngexesha elibalulweyo, eliqhelekileyo ngokufaka impendulo okanye ngokuphendla. Amaqela abandakanyeka ekufumaneni, apho anikezelana khona ulwazi nobungqina obunxulumene netyala.

Many civil cases are resolved through settlement negotiations or alternative dispute resolution methods like mediation or arbitration, rather than going to trial. These alternatives can save time, money, and stress, and often result in outcomes that are more satisfactory to both parties than a court-imposed judgment.

Umthetho Wentsapho Ubalulekile

Amatyala angomthetho wentsapho abandakanya unxibelelwano olunxulumene nolwalamano lwentsapho, kuquka uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nenkxaso, ukuxhasa iqabane lomtshato, ukukhulisa umntwana wabanye, nogonyamelo lwasekhaya. La matyala anokuba luncedo ngokweemvakalelo nangokweentsomi, kuba abandakanya ulwalamano lobuqu yaye ngokufuthi achaphazela abantwana.

Kwiimeko zomthetho wentsapho, iinkundla zigxininisa kwiingenelo ezintle zabo bonke abantwana ababandakanyekileyo. Iimeko eziqwalaselwayo kwisigqibo sokufumana umntwana kubandakanya ulwalamano lomntwana nomzali ngamnye, ubuchule bomzali ngamnye ukulungiselela iimfuno zomntwana, utshintsho lomntwana kwikhaya nakwisikolo, maxa wambi izinto azithandayo umntwana ukuba sele emdala ngokwaneleyo.

Imithetho emininzi ifuna ukuba kubekho ungenelelo okanye uqeqesho lobuzali kwiimeko zomthetho wentsapho ezibandakanya abantwana.

Inkundla Encinane

Iinkundla ezincinane zinikela inkqubo elula yokucombulula iingxabano ezibandakanya iimali ezincinane, ezidla ngokuquka amawaka ambalwa eerandi okanye ngaphezulu, kuxhomekeka kurhulumente.

Inkundla yamatyala encinane inokuba yindlela ephumelelayo yokucombulula iimbambano ngamatyala angahlawulwayo, umonakalo wempahla, ukwaphuka kwesivumelwano, okanye ukubuyiselwa kwemali yokhuseleko. Le nkqubo idla ngokukhawuleza kwaye ayibizi mali ininzi kunetyala eliqhelekileyo, namatyala adla ngokuconjululwa kwityala elinye.

Ukuphumelela kwinkundla yamatyala encinane, ulungelelanise ubungqina bakho, uzise onke amaxwebhu aphathekayo, ulungiselele ingcaciso ecacileyo necacileyo yetyala lakho, kwaye ukulungele ukuphendula imibuzo yejaji. Nangona iinkqubo zilula, kufuneka ungqine ityala lakho ngobungqina obuthembekileyo.

Iindima Ezikhethekileyo Kwinkqubo Esemthethweni

Ngaphandle kokuba liqela elikwinkqubo esemthethweni, usenokubizwa ukuba ube nenxaxheba kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni ngezinye iindlela ezibalulekileyo.

Ukukhonza NjengeNgqina

Ukuba unayo inkcazelo enxulumene netyala, usenokubizwa ukuba unikele ubungqina. AmaNgqina anokubizwa ngaliphi na iqela kwityala elithile, okanye ngamanye amaxesha yinkundla ngokwayo. Ukuba ufumene ipopu engaphantsi ukuze ingqine, umele uvele ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba uphikise ngokusemthethweni.

Xa unikela ubungqina, imbopheleleko yakho eyintloko kukuthetha inyaniso. Phendula imibuzo ngqo nangokunyaniseka, kodwa ungasebenzisi ulwazi olungaphaya koko kubuzwayo. Ukuba awuyazi impendulo yombuzo okanye awukhumbuli nto, akumkelekanga ukuyithetha. Musa ukuqagela okanye ukuthelekelela.

Ukuba unoxhala lokungqina, umzekelo, ukuba woyika ukuziphindezelela okanye ukuba ubungqina bungakubangela ungabi nalucalucalulo ngegqwetha elichaza indlela okhetha ngayo. Kwezinye iimeko, unokuba nelungelo lokukhusela okuthile okanye ungakwazi ukubeka amalungelo asemthethweni.

Imisebenzi Nezenzo

Njengejaji, unendima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni isigwebo. Abameli banembopheleleko yokuphulaphula ubungqina obunikelwa etyalani, bavavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina, basebenzisa umthetho njengoko ufundiswa ngumgwebi, baze bafikelele isigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina.

Ngexesha lokuchophela ityala, abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bagcine ingqondo ivulekile yaye bangabi nazimbono de bonke ubungqina bunikwe. Awunakuyiphengulula okanye uphande ityala lakho, thetha ngetyala nabani na ongaphandle kwenkundla, okanye nxibelelana ngetyala kwi-media yezentlalo.

Xa kuqwalaselwa, abachopheli-mthetho baxubusha ngobungqina kunye baze basebenze kunye ukuze bafikelele isigqibo. Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane, ngoxa kumatyala asekuhlaleni, amanye amagunya avumela izigqibo ezisekelwe kwisigqibo esisekelwe kwisigqibo esiphezulu. Isigqibo kufuneka sihlonelwe kwaye sijoliswe kubungqina nakumthetho, kungekhona kwiimbono zobuqu okanye kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ukuba ulixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho, unamalungelo akhethekileyo kwinkqubo yezomthetho. Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokuxelelwa ngetyala, ilungelo lokuviwa ngesigwebo nangezinye iinkalo ezinzima, ilungelo lokuhlawulela ilahleko ebangelwa lulwaphulo-mthetho, nelungelo lokuphathwa ngesidima nangentlonelo kuyo yonke inkqubo.

Imimandla emininzi yamaxhoba inabaxhasi abanokukunceda uqonde amalungelo akho, usebenzise inkqubo yobulungisa, ukungenelela iinkonzo zenkxaso, nokuthetha ngelizwi lakho kwiimeko. Iinkqubo zamaxhoba zisenokufumaneka ukuze zincede ukuhlawulela iindleko ezinxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho, njengemali yezonyango okanye umvuzo olahlekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhelekileyo Nendlela Yokulucombulula

Ukuqonda imibandela eqhelekileyo nendlela yokuyisingatha kunokukunceda uphephe iingxaki uze ukhusele izilangazelelo zakho.

Ukuhlangabezana Neendleko Ezisemthethweni

Imicimbi yasemthethweni ingabiza imali eninzi, kuquka iindleko zegqwetha, iindleko zemali zenkundla, iindleko zoogxamente, iindleko zobungqina, kunye nezinye iindleko. Ukuba uxhalabele iindleko, xoxani ngamalungiselelo omrhumo negqwetha lakho. Amanye amagqwetha asebenza ngokuphangalala (ukufumana ipesenti yokuchachacha kunokuhlawula ngexesha ngalinye), ukuthembisa iinkcitho, okanye ukunikela izalathiso apho asingatha kuphela iinkalo ezithile zetyala lakho.

Kwabo bangakwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha, imibutho yoncedo esemthethweni inikela iinkonzo zesisa ezisemthethweni ukwenzela ukuba kufikelelwe abantu abafumana imali ephantsi kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha banelungelo lokufumana icebiso elimiselwe yinkundla. Iinkundla ezininzi zikwahlawula iindleko zemali zamaqela angenazigwebo agqibelele iifomu ezifanelekileyo.

Ukuqonda Nokuhlanganisana Kwabantu Abafileyo

Ukungawufumani ummiselo osemthethweni unokuba nemiphumo enzulu, okunokwenzeka kuphumele ekugxothweni kwetyala lakho, umgwebo ongagqibekanga nxamnye nawe, okanye ukuphulukana namalungelo abalulekileyo. Gcina ikhalenda enenkcukacha zayo yonke imihla, kuquka ukucwangcisa ixesha elimiselweyo, ixesha lokuphendula, kunye nemihla yokuva. Beka izikhumbuzo kusengaphambili kumhla ngamnye wokuqinisekisa ukuba unexesha elaneleyo lokulungiselela.

Ukuba uqonda ukuba awunakugqiba ixesha elimiselweyo, qhagamshelana negqwetha lakho okanye inkundla ngoko nangoko. Kwezinye iimeko, ungakwazi ukucela ulwandiso, kodwa oku kumele kwenziwe phambi kokuba ixesha lokugqiba lidlule kwaye kube nesizathu esihle. Ungaze uvele utyeshele ixesha elipheleleyo unethemba lokuba liza kuhamba.

Ukuhlangabezana Noxinezeleko Neengxaki Ezingokweemvakalelo

Ukumangalelwa ngumthetho kunokubangela uxinezeleko olugqithiseleyo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ulwalamano lwentsapho, izityholo zolwaphulo - mthetho okanye imali eninzi.

Yinyamekele impilo yakho yomzimba neyokomoya xa kuthethwa ngokusemthethweni. Gcina iindlela ezifanelekileyo, lala ngokwaneleyo, yenza umthambo rhoqo, uze utye kakuhle. Cinga ngokufuna inkxaso kugqirha okanye umcebisi onokukunceda ulungise iinkalo zeemvakalelo zakho. Thembela kubahlobo bakho kunye namalungu entsapho akho othembekileyo, ngoxa ucinga ngokungaxubushi ngeenkcukacha zetyala lakho ngokungafanelekanga.

Ukuqhubana Nemida Encomekayo

Iimbambano ezingokwasemthethweni zidla ngokubandakanyeka kubantu onxulumana nabo okanye onobuhlobo bobuqu, nto leyo enokwenza ukuba uhlale ungoogxa babo bonke abantu abaphikisanayo.

Ungaze ungene ekuhlaseleni, ekusongeleni, okanye ekusoyikiseni, njengoko oku kunokuphumela ekumangaleleni okanye ekukhuseleni ityala lakho yaye kusenokulitshabalalisa ngokunzulu ityala lakho. Ukuba ukhathazwa okanye usongelwa liqela elichasayo, bhala ezo ziganeko uze uzixele kwigqwetha lakho, yaye ukuba kufanelekile, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho.

Inkxaso yokulawula inkqubo yomthetho

Zininzi izinto ezikhoyo ezinokukunceda uyiqonde uze uyisebenzise kakuhle inkqubo yomthetho.

Iziko loncedo lokuzinceda leNkundla kunye nezibonelelo

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zisebenzisa amaziko okuzinceda anika ulwazi, iifomu, kunye noncedo olusikelwe umda kumathala azimeleyo. La maziko anikela iinkcukacha ezingeenkqubo zenkundla, uncedo olunxulumene neefomu ezigqityiweyo, kunye neekhontrakthi kwezinye ii-arhente. Ngelixesha abasebenzi kwezi ndawo bengenako ukunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni okanye ukukumela, bangaba zimithombo exabisekileyo yolwazi oluphathekayo.

Iiwebhsayithi zenkundla zisoloko zinee-website eziluncedo, kuquka imithetho yasekuhlaleni, iifomu, imiyalelo yokuqokelela imiyalelo, kunye nemibuzo esoloko ibuzwa. Ezinye iinkundla zikwanikela iividiyo okanye izikhokelo ezichaza iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo. Zisebenzise ezi zixhobo zamahhala ukuze uzifundise ngendlela esemthethweni.

Iinkonzo zoNcedo loMgaqo-siseko

Imibutho yoncedo esemthethweni inikela iinkonzo ezisemthethweni ezikhululekileyo kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi kwiimeko zamakhaya. Le mibutho igxininisa kwiimeko ezisisiseko ezifana nezindlu, umthetho wentsapho, iingenelo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nemibandela yokuthenga. Ukungabi namali kudla ngokusekelwe kwingeniso nakuhlobo lwembambano equlethwe ngumthetho.

Ezinye izikolo zomthetho zikwasebenza kwikliniki esemthethweni apho abafundi bomthetho, abalawulwa ngamagqwetha anamava, banikela uncedo olusemthethweni kuluntu.

Ulawulo lwe projekti

Iiwebhsayithi ezininzi zinika ulwazi olusemthethweni kunye nezibonelelo. Iwebhsayithi yeNkundla yase-U. enika ulwazi olubanzi malunga nenkqubo yenkundla yephondo kunye nemigaqo engokwasemthethweni jikelele. Iiwebhsayithi zenkundla yezorhulumente zinika ulwazi oluchanekileyo kwinkqubo esemthethweni kunye neenkqubo zelizwe ngalinye. Isinxulumanisi seMelika Bar inika abathengi beenkonzo ezisemthethweni kunye negqwetha-ofisi.

Iiwebhsayithi zolwazi ezisemthethweni zinokukunceda uqonde iingcamango neenkqubo ezisemthethweni, kodwa khumbula ukuba inkcazelo esemgangathweni ayithathi indawo yamacebiso asemthethweni asuka kwigqwetha eliqhelene nemeko ethile.

Enye impikiswano

Iindlela ezizezinye zokusombulula impikiswano (ADR) kuquka i-mediation kunye nokuthambisa, zinganika ezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo ezinokusetyenziswa kuneligati. I-Mediation ibandakanya umntu wesithathu ongathathi-nxaxheba onceda amaqela afikelele isigqibo esamkelekileyo. I-Arbitration ibandakanya umenzi wesigqibo wobundilele ova ubungqina aze enze isigqibo sokubopha okanye esingabopheleli.

I-ADR ingakhawuleza, ingabizi mali ininzi, kwaye ingabizi kakhulu kunento yokuyichaza ngokwesithethe. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna okanye zikhuthaza i-ADR kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala. Nokuba akufunwayo, cinga ukuba i-ADR ingaba ifanelekile kwimeko yakho, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho ulwalamano lubaluleke khona okanye apho ufuna ukulawula iziphumo ezingakumbi.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho: Imigaqo Ebalulekileyo Ofanele Uyikhumbule

Njengoko uqhuba inkqubo yomthetho karhulumente, hlala ucinga ngale migaqo isisiseko ukuze ukhusele amalungelo nezinto onomdla kuzo.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho Uze uwasebenzise Ngokufanelekileyo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko kunye nawomthetho linyathelo lokuqala lokuwakhusela. Musa ukoyika ukuqinisa amalungelo akho xa kufanelekile, kodwa yenza oko ngentlonelo nangendlela efanelekileyo. Ukuba akuqinisekanga ukuba ilungelo elithile liyasebenza kwimeko yakho, thetha negqwetha.

Khumbula ukuba amalungelo ahambisana neembopheleleko. Ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho akuthethi ukuba ungawutyesheli umyalelo wenkundla, ungawuhloneli inkqubo yomthetho, okanye ubendakanyeka kwihambo engekho mthethweni. Sebenzisa amalungelo akho njengezixhobo zokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle kwinkqubo, kungekhona njengezixhobo zokulwa nayo.

Phendla InjiniName

Gcina uxwebhu olucokisekileyo lwazo zonke iinkalo zombandela wakho womthetho. Gcina iikopi zawo onke amaxwebhu, gcina zonke iileta, bhala amaphetshana ngexesha leentlanganiso kunye nofowunelo, kwaye uxwebhu lweziganeko ezibalulekileyo okanye iincoko. Olu xwebhu lunokuba bubungqina obubalulekileyo xa kuvela iimpikiswano ngoko kuthethwe okanye kuvunyelwane ngako.

Hlela amaxwebhu akho ngendlela elungeleleneyo, usebenzisa ulandelelwano lobalo lwexesha okanye iindidi ezivakalayo kwimeko yakho. Qwalasela ukugcina iikopi zomzimba nezomanani zikhuselekile. Uxwebhu olulungileyo lungenza umahluko phakathi kokuphumelela nokulahlekelwa kwemeko.

Yiba Ngonenzondelelo, Ungavuseleli

Musa ukulinda de iingxaki zibe yingxaki ukucombulula. Ukuba ufumana amaxwebhu asemthethweni, phendula ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba unemibuzo, funa iimpendulo kwangoko. Ukuba ufuna igqwetha, qala ujonge enye ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka kunokuba ulinde de kufike umzuzu wokugqibela.

Ukuzibophelela ngokuzingisa kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni kukunika ukhetho olungakumbi nemiphumo ebhetele. Ukusebenzisa izinto ngendlela elungileyo kudla ngokuphumela ekuphoseni ixesha elimisiweyo, ekukhetheni okulinganiselweyo, nakwimiphumo emibi.

Hlala Unesimo Sengqondo Yaye Ulindele Izinto Ezinokwenzeka

Ityala lidla ngokuphumela kwiziphumo ezigqibeleleyo kuye nabani na. Iinkundla zenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho nakubungqina obunikezelwayo, ezisenokungangqinelani nengqiqo yakho yokusesikweni okanye yokusesikweni. Qonda ukuba inkqubo yomthetho inemida yaye kwanetyala eliqatha linokuba neziphumo ezingaqinisekiyo.

Sebenza negqwetha lakho ukuze uhlakulele ulindelo olusengqiqweni ngetyala lakho, kuquka iziphumo ezinokwenzeka, iilori zexesha, kunye neendleko. Oku kuya kukunceda wenze izigqibo ezithe ngqo zokuba ungazinzi, uqhubeke uzama, okanye ulandele ezinye iindlela.

Ukubaluleka Kokwenza Icangci Esemthethweni

Indima yakho kwinkqubo yomthetho karhulumente idlulela ngaphaya kwamatyala akho okanye unxibelelwano. Njengommi, unembopheleleko ebanzi yokuxhasa nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo esemthethweni ekhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukuhlala Usazi Ngemibandela Engokwasemthethweni

Umnini-lizwe onolwazi ubalulekile kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi esebenzayo neyomthetho. Hlala wazi ngemibandela yomthetho echaphazela uluntu lwakho, urhulumente, nohlanga. Qonda indlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo neenkomfa ezichaphazeleka ngayo kwibutho labantu. Olu lwazi lukunceda ukuba ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kubomi bentlalo-ntle yabantu uze wenze izigqibo zolwazi ngemibandela yomthetho echaphazela wena.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi

Iinkalo ezininzi zenkqubo yomthetho zibunjwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo, kuquka abalawuli ababhala imithetho, yaye, kumaphondo amaninzi, abagwebi abanyulwayo kunokuba bamiselwe. Yiba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ngovotelwa, uqhagamshelane nabameli bakho ngemibandela engokwasemthethweni engombandela kuwe, uze uhlale ubandakanyeke kwindlela inkqubo yakho engokwasemthethweni esebenza ngayo.

Ukuba nenxaxheba kwakho kunceda uqinisekise ukuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iyaqhubeka isabela kwiimfuno nemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni eyisebenzisayo. Enoba ngovota, ngokunyusela, okanye ngokuhlala nje uxelelwe, imicimbi yakho yokuganana.

Ukuxhasa Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ukufikelela kumthetho ngumgaqo osisiseko wenkqubo yethu engokwasemthethweni, kodwa abantu abaninzi bajamelana nemiqobo yokufikelela kwiinkonzo zomthetho kunye neenkundla. Imigudu yokuxhasa ukuphucula ukufikelela kokusesikweni kwingingqi yakho, enoba ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela ngemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, ngokuxhasa iinkqubo zeprobono, okanye ngokuxhasa inkqubo yemigaqo enokwenza inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ifikeleleke ngakumbi kwaye ifikeleleke.

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni efumaneka kuphela kwabo banobuxhakaxhaka boovimba abaphezulu ayiyiyo nyani. Ngokuxhasa ukufikelela kumanyathelo okusesikweni, unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unokuwakhusela amalungelo akhe aze amazwi abo aviwe kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

Ukuhambela Phambili: Ulwalamano Lwakho Oluqhubekayo Nenkqubo Yasemthethweni

Unxulumano lwakho nenkqubo yomthetho karhulumente asisosiganeko sexesha elinye kodwa lulwalamano oluqhubekayo oluguqukayo ubomi bakho bonke. Ukuba uthetha ngombandela wangoku womthetho, ulungiselela imibandela ezayo, okanye ukuphumeza nje iimbopheleleko zoluntu, ukuqonda indima yakho kwinkqubo esemthethweni kukunika amandla okukhusela amalungelo akho kwaye ube negalelo kubulungisa kuluntu lwakho.

Umthetho usenokubonakala woyikisa yaye untsonkothile, kodwa ngokuyiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo, ngokwazi amalungelo neembopheleleko zakho, ngokufuna uncedo xa luyimfuneko, nangokuzibhokoxa usebenzisa inkqubo esemthethweni, uyakwazi ukusebenzisa indlela ephumelelayo yokusebenzisa indlela oyisebenzisayo uze uqinisekise ukuba ilizwi lakho liyaviwa.

Khumbula ukuba akunyanzelekanga ukuba uqhube inkqubo yomthetho kuphela. Ii-attorney, imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, amaziko okuzinceda, kunye nezinye izinto ezikhoyo ukukunceda. Musa ukuthandabuza ukufuna uncedo xa ufuna uncedo, kwaye musa ukuvumela uloyiko okanye ukudideka zikuthintele ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho nezilangazelelo zakho.

Njengoko uhambela phambili, qhubeka ufunda ngenkqubo yomthetho nangendima yakho kuyo. Imithetho iyatshintsha, imigaqo iyaguquka, kunye neengxaki ezintsha ziyavela. Ukuhlala unolwazi kwaye uthembise izakunceda uqhelane nezi nguqulelo kwaye uqhubeke uthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni ubomi bakho bonke.

Indima yakho kwinkqubo esemthethweni yorhulumente imicimbi ngezantsi, hayi nje kwiimeko zakho neengxaki, kodwa ngendlela ebanzi yokusebenza kokusesikweni kwibutho lethu. Ngokuqonda le ndima, ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho ngokunenkathalo, ukuphumeza iimfuno zakho, nokuxhasa ukufikelela kokusesikweni kubo bonke, ufak'unegalelo kwinkqubo esemthethweni enceda wonke umntu ngokusesikweni nangempumelelo. Kwinkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo ephathelele inkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yezomthetho nendlela edibana ngayo neenkundla zikarhulumente, tyelela i-[[FLT:]U.S. Inkundla yewebhsayithi yakho ye-webhsayithi[. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, uhlolisisa oovimba bakho umGenestive.