Imboniselo yesiseko somGaqo-siseko wesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

ISebe eliLawulayo lifumana ukhuseleko lwalo lobuzwe kunye nemicimbi yamanye amazwe kwiSiqendu II soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. elithi lifake “Ugunya elilawulayo” kuMongameli lize libakhethe njengoMlawuli . Esi siseko sinika uMongameli igunya lokuqhuba ulawulo lwezolawulo, ukulawula imikhosi yemikhosi, nokulawula imikhosi exhasa le misebenzi. Ngokungafaniyo neSebe leMigaqo-mthetho elilawulayo, elenzelwe ukuqwalasela nokumela, iSebe eliphetheyo lakhiwe ngesantya, ngomanyano, kunye nokugqibelela okubalulekileyo ekusabeleni ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezimanqamlezi zezizwe ngekota kunye nezisongelo. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, umgangatho wegunya elikhulu kula mimandla, ukubunjwa, ukutshintshwa kwemfazwe, ukutshintsha kwelizwe lonke, kunye nokukhutshwa kwelizwe leUnited States.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lale mihla liphumeza ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe ngomnatha womnatha wamasebe, abameli, kunye namaqumrhu akhuthazayo. Ezona zibalulekileyo ziquka iSebe loBurhulumente, iSebe Lokhuselo, iBhunga Lokhuseleko Lesizwe (NSC), i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), kunye ne-Ofisi yoMlawuli wesizwe we-OSCIIIIN (ODNI). Iqumrhu ngalinye lisebenza phantsi kolwalathiso lukaMongameli kodwa likwasebenza njengesenzo sokuhlola ukunyanzela okanye ukungazinziswa ngokufuna umanyano lwe-intersona (NSI). Ukuqonda indlela ezi zinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo zingundoqo ekuqondeni kwenkqulunk ’ ehlabathiniswe nge-U.

Iimbopheleleko Zokhuseleko Lwesizwe

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe aluquki ukhuseleko kuphela kwizisongelo zomkhosi kodwa lukwaquka nokhuseleko lwempahla yezoqoqosho, izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo, kunye nelizwe laseMelika kwiintlobo ezibanzi zeengozi. Igunya loMongameli njengoMphathi uNxulumani uNxulumani . uNxulumani . Nguwona mcimbi ubonakalayo, kodwa amandla olawulayo akwabelana nokuqokelelwa kobukrelekrele, ukulwa nokhuseleko lwezentengiselwano, kunye nolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka. [FLT:] IBhunga loKhuselo loKhuselo lwesizwe [[[[FLT]:1] likhonza njengentloko yoMongameli ngenxa yokuqwalasela le miba, kuzisa kunye amagosa aphezulu asuka kurhulumente ukuya kuphuhlisorhulumente ukuze aqhube inkqubo yokulungelena nokulungelena.

Igunya lomkhosi kunye noMthetheli ­

UMongameli akabhengezi mfazwe .ukuthi igunya lilela kwI yeNgqungquthela phantsi kweQumrhu I, kodwa angayalela ukuba umkhosi wase-U.S. uyakwazi ukulwa ngaphandle kwemvume yowiso-mthetho. Le nto ibingumthombo woxinezeleko oluzingisileyo phakathi kolawulo noMgaqo-siseko. Isigqibo seWar Powers sowe- 1973, sidluliselwe phezu koMongameli Nixon, sifuna ukuba uMongameli waMandla azise kwiyure ezingama-48 zokuqhuba imikhosi exhobileyo nokuyisusa emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iNkomkomkelo ivume ukuba kuqhubeke inyathelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oomongameli bobabini baye baphikisa isigqibo somGcimbi-mGwa-siseko, kwaye iimfuno zayo ziye zaphikiswa.

Imizekelo yezenzo zomkhosi ezilawulwayo iquka ukungenelela kukaMongameli Obama eLibya ngo-2010, uMongameli uTrump 2020 ekuhlaseleni kukaNjengele waseIran uQasem Solemani, kunye noMongameli Biden inkxaso yeUkraine emva kokuhlasela kweRashiya kwama-2022. Kwimeko nganye, uMongameli wasebenza phantsi kwegunya labo elingokomGaqo-siseko njengoMyaleli ­ u- ­ . Ngamanye amaxesha, ngamanye amaxesha kunye nangaphandle koko ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esicacileyo. Ingxoxo emalunga nemiqathango yalo negunya iyaqhubeka ibumba umthetho nomthetho wokhuseleko wesizwe we-U.S.

Ubuntlola kunye nokuhlanganiswa kolwazi

Isebe eliLawulayo lixhomekeke kwiNtlalo-ntle (IC), ukuququzelelwa kwamasebe kunye neeofisi ezili-18, ukunikela ulwazi olufunekayo kwizigqibo zesandi. ICIA igxininisa ekuqokelelweni kobulumko bamanye amazwe nasekugqumeni; i-NSA inobuchule bokuchaza; kwaye iFBI isingatha izisongelo zasekhaya kunye nochaphatho lwe-National Intelligence (DNI), ikhabhinethi yesikhundla esiphezulu esenziwe emva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, iquququzelela i-IC kwaye isebenza njengomcebisi oyintloko wezobunonophengululi zikaMongameli.

Ubuntlola abuxhasi nje kuphela imisebenzi yomkhosi kodwa buxhasa uthethwano lwezobuzwe, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kunye nokuthintelwa kobunqolobi. Ubukhulu bemeko yobulumko budla ngokwahlula inkqubo yempumelelo ekungaphumeleli okuyintlekele. Ngokomzekelo, uqikelelo oluphosakeleyo lokuba i-Iraq inezixhobo zokutshabalalisa abantu lukhokelele ekuhlaseleni ngowama-2003. Ngenxa yoko, iSebe elilawulayo lifake imali eninzi ekuhlalutyweni, ekujongeni, nasekulungiseni utshintsho ukuze kuphuculwe ucosele ucoselelo nokuphelo. Office yoMlawuli weSikhundla sesizwe [[[FLTY:1]] ikhuthaza “Ukhuseli lonyaka loMkhuseli woMkhulu” oluye luye lwabangela ucelomngeni olungxamisekileyo olubhekeneyo kukhuseleko.

Ukhuseleko Lwasemakhaya Nolawulo lweziphene

ISebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS), elasekwa ngo-2002, liqinisa ukhuseleko lomda, ukunyanzeliswa kwabahlali, ukusabela kwentlekele, kunye nokhuseleko lwezothutho phantsi kwesebe elinye elilawulayo. Ukudalwa kwalo kwaphawula ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona okungundoqo kukarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ngenxa yohlaselo lwe-9/11. UMongameli, ukutyhubela i-DHS kunye neFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), unoxanduva lokulawula ukusabela korhulumente kwiintlekele zemvelo, iziganeko zabanqolobi, kunye nezifo ezimandla-‘indywalathi ezenze zabonakala ngokukhethekileyo ngexesha leNquluko iKatrina ne-CHOVAD.19.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu likwalawula ukuma kwesizwe ngekhompyutha ngokusebenzisa i-Cybersecurity kunye ne-Infractal Security Agency (CISA), esebenza ngecandelo labucala ukukhusela izibonelelo eziphambili. Njengoko iintshaba zamanye amazwe zisebenzisa uhlaselo lwekhompyutha ukuphazamisa unyulo, ukuba iprojekthi, okanye ukuphazamisa amandla ombane, indima kaMongameli ekumiseleni icebo lekhompyutha nokugunyazisa ukhuseleko okanye imisebenzi ye-intanethi yezombhexele-intanethi iye yaba yinxalenye engundoqo yokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle kunye nokusetyenziswa

UMongameli ngumphathi-mikhosi oyintloko wesizwe, onegunya lokuqonda oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, abamisela oothunywashe, kwaye bathethane ngezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Ngoxa iNdlu yeeNtlanga ingaqinisekisa izivumelwano kunye nokuvunywa kwezivumelwano ngabaninzi abangama-2 76 350, uMongameli angasayisayi tyikitya “izivumelwano zokubulala” ezingafuni mvume yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu. Ezi zivumelwano, ezigubungela yonke into ukusuka kurhwebo ukuya kulawulo lwezixhobo, ziye zanda ngenxa yokuba zivumele iSebe eliphethe iSebe elilawulayo ukuba lisebenze ngokukhawuleza kunemvume yesivumelwano.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

ISebe loRhulumente, elikhokelwa nguNobhala woRhulumente, liphumeza inkqubo yangaphandle yoMongameli ngemibutho yangaphandle, nge-accounting, kunye nee-oventies phantse kwilizwe ngalinye. Oomatiloshe baseMelika bamela izilangazelelo ze-U.S. banxibelelana, banikezela ngezivumelwano, kwaye banikezela nge-76969gropcatecate enika izibhengezo zenkqubo. UMongameli umisela isandi sokuqhubana norhulumente we-‘Climation, ngokubandakanya i-Paris (ekuyo i-U.S. wadibana noMongameli Obama kwaye kamva wadibana noMongameli Biden emva kokurhoxala okufutshane), okanye ukudlula “kuMkhosi wokuqala we-America" Bigateralism, njengoko kulandelwe nguMongameli Trump.

Ulawulo lwezindululo lukwaquka “ulawulo-mthetho olumanyeneyo,” apho uMongameli adibana khona neenkokeli zamanye amazwe ukuze acombulule iingxabano okanye omeleze izivumelwano. Ingqungquthela yase-U.S.-North Korea ngo-2018 kunye no-2019, iCamp David Access ezaphulwa nguMongameli Carter ngo-1978, kunye nentsebenziswano eqhubekayo neJapan ne-South Korea iyimizekelo ephawulekayo yendlela ukubotshwa komongameli okungalolonga ngayo ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe kumgangatho ophezulu.

Iingxubusho Nezivumelwano Zezizwe Ngezizwe

Amandla esivumelwano abonisa ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko phakathi koMgaqo-siseko kunye noMgaqo-siseko wamasebe. UMongameli ucebisana ngesivumelwano, kodwa usiba nesivumelwano emva kokuba ikota icebisa kunye nezivumelwano ezimbini ezithi zigqitywe. Izivumelwano ezinkulu ezifana ne-North Atlantic Treaty Treaty (1949) kunye neNew STARTT Treaty (2010) ziwususe ngokunempumelelo lo mgqaliselo uphezulu. Ezinye, njengeComperehensive Nyukliyam, i-Accounting, ayifumani mvume yokufumana iNQumrhu. Umthetho oweleyo uthintela iNkanga. Ngokufuthel, oomongameli basebenzisa izivumelwano zezikhulu zeSivume se-Act (iran uxampyubhule) benziwe njengesivumelwano sezopolitiko ye-Olba ukuba usebenze ngaphandle kwesivumelwano se-Rometmotial.

Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba kugxekwe abaphengululi nabenzi bomthetho abathi iyakujongela phantsi ukuvelela kwengqungquthela. Abaxhasi bale zivumelwano bangqina ukuba izivumelwano zegunya ziyimfuneko kwihlabathi elihamba ngokukhawulezayo apho ukudityaniswa kwesivumelwano kuthatha iminyaka. Indlela elawulayo yenza ukuba oomongameli abalandelayo barhoxe kwizivumelwano, njengoko uMongameli uTrump wenzayo kwimicimbi yaseIran ngo-2018.

Iintlangano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye neMibutho emininzi

I-United States lilungu elisekiweyo leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, i-NATO, i-World Trade Organization, kunye nezinye iiqumrhu ezingenakubalwa. UMongameli umisela abameli be-U.S. kwezi ntlangano kwaye umisela iqondo lokubotshwa kwe-U.S. ngokomzekelo, i-U.S. ibonelela ngentlawulo yemali enkulu kuqingqo-mali lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kwaye ithumela ikomkhulu layo eNew York. UMongameli ukwayila kwakhona iceba leBhunga loKhuselelo lwe-UN, apho i-U.S.

Ngemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lingasukela iinjongo ezingenakufezwa lilizwe elinye: ukudibanisa izigwebo, ukwabelana ngoncedo loluntu, ukuseka imilinganiselo yempilo yehlabathi, nokugcina izivumelwano. Imigudu yolawulo lwamaBiden yokukhuthaza amaqabane e-NATO ukuxhasa i-Ukraine, kunye nokunyanzelisa ulawulo lweTrump ukufumana amalungu e-NATO ukuze andise iindleko zokuzikhusela, ibonisa indlela iziphumo ezininzi eziqhutywa ngumongameli.

Ishishini: Iintsana, Urhwebo noncedo

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe nemicimbi yamanye amazwe aziphelelanga kwizixhobo zomkhosi okanye zezobuzwe. Isebe elilawulayo lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ezoqoqosho ngezigwebo, inkqubo yorhwebo, kunye noncedo lwamanye amazwe. UMongameli angabeka izivumo phantsi kwemithetho enjenge-Intername Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), evumela umphathi ukuba athintele iimpahla zemali aze athintele ukuthengiselwana namazwe ajoliswe kuwo, amaqumrhu, okanye abantu ngabanye. Umgaqo wobungcwele wangaphandle, osetyenziswa ngokuchasene neIran, noMntla Korea, iRashiya, kunye neqela leephekulawuli.

Izivumelwano zorhwebo kunye nomthetho-mthetho worhwebo zikwawa phantsi kwe-pureview ephetheyo, ephantsi kwemibutho yabathunywa abaququzeli begunya. UMongameli angathetha ngokuncitshiswa kolawulo okanye amisele “ukhuseleko lwesizwe". Ii-jaji ezingaphantsi kweCandelo 232 loMthetho woTradentintintium, njengoko uMongameli Trump wenza kwintsimbi nakulwe-aluminum. Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle, olulawulwa yi-Arhente yeNphuhliso yezizwe zonke ze-Phondo (USAID), inika uncedo lwezoqoqosho nomkhosi kumahlakani, ixhasa ukukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasi, kunye nokunceda abantu ngokwemali.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Umgaqo-siseko oqhekeza ngabom amandla okhuseleko lwesizwe nemicimbi yamanye amazwe. UMongameli usenokuba ngumdlali ongundoqo, kodwa uMbutho ulawula ngemali, uvakalisa imfazwe, kwaye uqinisekisa amagosa angundoqo. Iinkundla, ngelixesha zisoloko zisemfutshane kwigunya elinegunya kwimigaqo yangaphandle, ziye zatyhalela emva, ngokukodwa kwi ulutsha oluncinane shell & Tube Co. v. Saveyer Ityala, elinqumla uMongameli uTruman ukuthatha izigambhulo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea. Kutshanje, iNkukhosi Ephakamileyo ixhakade abantu ababanjwa eGuankamo Bay ukuvavanya ukuva ukuva ityala, ukubeka ulawulo lweziko lwezolawulo lwezomkhosi emfazweni.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo ngobuchule bokuchotshelwa kweekomiti, uphando, amandla esingxowa semali, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwalo phezu koonobhala bobukhabharabhara, oomatiloshe, kunye neentloko zezikomfa. IKomiti yeNtsimbi yeeNtlanganiso kunye neNdlu yeeNkonzo zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zidlala imisebenzi esebenzayo ngokukhethekileyo. Abenzi bomthetho bangaphinda bamisele imithetho enyanzela ukusetyenziswa kwesebe eliphetheyo ngomzekelo, uMthetho weIran Nuclear Amentment Regionment Act ka 2015 ufuna ukuba uMongameli anikezele ulawulo lwe-nyukliya olungundoqo kwiBhunganiso. Ukongeza, iKomiti ye-Akhawulo yeSebe (GAO) i-APronsolati yeSebe eliphethe iSebe liyakwazi ukuqulungela imisebenzi yempatho, kunye nabaPhathiswa kwingcali nganye kwisebe ngalinye elingaphandle kwenkunkuma, ubuqhokolo, kunye nokuxhaphaza.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ndlela zobuchule, abahlalutyi bathi iBhunga liye lagunyazisa kakhulu umphathi ophetheyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ukugunyaziswa kokusetyenziswa komkhosi (AMF) okuye kwadlula ngo-2001 nango-2002 kuye kwasetyenziselwa ukuthethelela imisebenzi kumazwe angaphezu kweshumi elinesibini, kungekho gunya litsha. Imigudu yokuzinzisa okanye ukuhlaziya ezi zigunyaziso iye yavala ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ishiya uMongameli enesibanzi sokusebenzisa umkhosi.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano zinqabile ukuphinda zifake umongameli kwizigqibo ezingundoqo zamazwe angaphandle, njengalo liphi ilizwe elinokuliqonda okanye indlela yokusebenzisa imikhosi. Noko ke, ziyangenelela xa izenzo zolawulo zichasene namalungelo omntu ngamnye okanye imida esemthethweni. Ityala elibandakanya ukuvalelwa kwamajoni otshaba, ukujongwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, kunye nokuvalwa kohambo lweTrump lonke lufike kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kuqwalaselwe ubulumko obuphezulu ngelixa kuvuma igunya elibanzi likaMongameli kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lohlanga.

Iimbono Zabantu Namajelo Ezindaba

Nangona kungeyondlela yokuhlola umgaqo-siseko, uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nomatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo usebenza njengemiqathango enamandla kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Oomongameli abaqalisa iimfazwe ezingathandwayo okanye abachaphazelekayo kwiimeko ezimanqam zamanye amazwe basoloko bebona ukuthoba kwesantya solwakhiwo lwabo, okunokulinganisela amandla abo okusukela amanyathelo angakumbi. Isebe eliphetheyo kufuneka lihambe kungekuphela kwemida esemthethweni kodwa lihambele phambili kwinkundla yoluvo lukawonke wonke.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo Neendima Ezinokucocwa

Isebe Elilawulayo namhlanje lijamelene nemeko yesongelo eyahluke kakhulu kweyeMfazwe Yomlomo. Ukhuphiswano olukhulu lwamandla neTshayina neRashiya, ukunyuka kwabadlali abangengomalungu esizwe njengamaqela abanqolobi kunye neenkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezihamba mazwe ngamazwe, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, iindyikitya, kunye namaphulo okuchitha ulwazi, konke kufuna uthambeko kunye nesenzo sokulawula. UMongameli kufuneka alinganisele ulawulo olufutshane lwe-666term kucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo, ngalo lonke ixesha esebenza kwinkqubo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko ecetyelwe ukunqanda ukunyuka kobugqeba.

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye bavelisa ubuntsonkotha obutsha. Umkhosi wokuhlasela ngekhompyutha ungakhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ubangele umonakalo ofana nobeko mkhosi; imiyalelo yezolawulo kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe iye yaba yeyona ndlela iphambili yokumisela inkqubo yezobugcisa. Isithuba, ummandla ode wokuhlola ngoxolo, ngoku yindawo yemidlalo yemidlalo yomkhosi ekhuphisanayo, kunye nomkhosi we-U.S. Spaces /a entsha kumsebenzi kwiSebe loMkhosi woMkhosi woMoya.

Isebe eliphetheyo likwajongene neemfuno ezikhulayo zokuba licace kwaye liziphendulele. Izindululo zotshintsho ziquka ukufuna ii-AUMF ezintsha kwiimbambano ezithe kratya, ukuqinisa indima yeSivumelwano seNdlu yoLawulo, nokubeka imiqathango engqongqo kwizivumelwano zegunya. Kwangaxeshanye, abahloli abaninzi baphikisa ukuba ukuntsonkotha nesantya sezisongelo zale mihla zishiya uMongameli engazikhethi kodwa ekwazi ukubonakalisa ingqiqo ebanzi. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwesenzo esisebenzayo nesokuphendula kwidemokhrasi lusaqhubeka lulucelomngeni olucacileyo lokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Isiphelo

ISebe eliLawulayo liyinjini yokhuseleko lwesizwe nemicimbi yamanye amazwe aseMerika, enikwe amandla nguMgaqo-siseko ukuba enze ngokuqinisekiyo ekukhuseleni izilangazelelo zohlanga. Ukusuka ekuyaleleni ezona mikhosi zinamandla ehlabathini ukukhokela ingxubusho yezobuzwe nokusebenzisa izixhobo zezoqoqosho, uMongameli kunye nezixhobo zesebe eliphetheyo babumba ulungelelwano lwehlabathi lonke yonke imihla. Kodwa elo gunya aliphelelanga ngokupheleleyo. Inkqubo yabaseki benkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela okuzinzileyo (hlwisana nolawulo lwesizwe), uhlolo lwezomthetho, kunye nesixhobo esiphambili sikawonke wonke solawulo, zibonelela ukuba umsebenzi ophezulu uhlala uphantsi kubantu nomthetho. Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwegunya elintsonkothile kunye nokunyanzelwa kwelisebe kuyimfuneko kuye nakweli naliphi naliphi na ilizwe elifuna ukuyiqonda indlela eliyingozi lokuhamba kwelamntla eUnited States.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i U.S. iSebe lezobuzwe leengxelo zezobuzwe , izibonelelo zobuGaqo-siseko obunokwahlulwa , kunye iCouncil kwirect yezangaphandle kwemithetho-siseko yamazwe angaphandle [].