Indima Yobuzwe Ekuxoleleni Izithethe ZamaJapan Ezitsala Asekunene

Ubuzwe bebusoloko bungumandla aqhubela phambili kwezobupolitika zamaJapan, ngokukodwa phakathi kwamaqela atsala asekunene. Ukusuka kwiMeiji Resolution ukuya kumhla wangoku, iingcamango zobuzwe ziye zaphembelela izigqibo zenkqubo kubume bomkhosi, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, imbali, kunye nolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Nangona ubuzwe bunokukhuthaza ikratshi lohlanga nolawulo, bungabangela ungquzulwano namazwe angommelwane kwaye buyenza ibe nzima indima yehlabathi lonke. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela ubuzwe obuye baguqula ngayo imimiselo yamaqela asekhohlo asekunene eJapan, iimpawu ezingundoqo zale migaqo-mthetho, kunye nempembelelo yawo kwimicimbi yamazwe asekuhlaleni nakwamanye amazwe.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yobuhlanga BaseJapan

Ubuhlanga baseJapan bavela njengomkhosi onamandla ngexesha leMeiji Reconsole (1868-1912), xa ilizwe lakhawuleza laluguqula ngokukhawuleza lwalo lwaba seburhulumenteni balo. Iinkokeli zakhuthaza imvakalelo yomanyano lwesizwe nekratshi lokukhuphisana namagunya ombuso waseNtshona. UmGaqo-siseko weMeiji ka-1889 wachaza umlawuli njengomqondiso wezwe, kwaye urhulumente weShinto wasetyenziswa ukuhlakulela ukunyaniseka nokwaziwa kwesizwe. Ubuzwe bolwandiliseko lwawo lwaqukumbeleka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kunye nokuthatyathwa kwesizwe yiTawa (18595), ukuthatyathwa kwe-Korea (1995), kunye nogonyamelo lomkhosi eTshayina naseMzantsi Asia ngexesha loo1930.

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ukoyiswa kweJapan kwakhokelela ekumisweni komgaqo-siseko wemfazwe omiselwe yiKhomishini yoBukhosi bemfazwe. Inqaku lesi-9 layilahla imfazwe laza lalela ukugcina umkhosi unamandla emfazwe. Noko ke, iimbono zobuzwe zaqhubeka, ingakumbi phakathi kwamalungu abambelele kwisithethe ajonge umgaqo-siseko njengowasemzini. Ngexesha lemfazwe, amaqela asekunene atsalwayo, ngokungakumbi iLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), eye yalawula ixesha elininzi ukususela ngo1955, kwaye iye yazama ukuhlaziya okanye ukuchaza kwakhona ezi zigweba zizinto zomthetho wesizwe ezithi jikelezo.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zepolitiki yesizwe elungileyo

Ukugxininisa Kulongamo Lwesizwe

Amaqela atsala asekunene eJapan ngokusoloko egxininisa ukubaluleka kolawulo lwesizwe, ngokufuthi ebeka izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nemibutho njengezinto ezisongela ukuzilawula kwamaJapan. Oku kuquka ukuthandabuza kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ukugxekwa kwento ebonwa njengenkxwaleko yemfundo okanye imbali, kunye nokuchaswa kwemibutho yolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Umxholo wolawulo ukwathetha ngengxoxo yeSenkaku/Diaoyu, kunye nemikhosi yesizwe egxininisa kwilixanduva elipheleleyo leJapan nelo naliphi na iTshayina.

Uphengululo Lwembali

Uphawu lobuzwe baseJapan obutsala ilungelo lobuzwe bubuhlanga obungokwembali − ukuzama ukuphinda kuchazwe izenzo zemfazwe zeJapan ngokulula okanye ngokungeyomfuneko. Oku kuquka ukuthoba okanye ukukhaba izenzo zenkohlakalo ezifana neNking Massacre, ukuxhatshazwa kwamabhinqa, kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Oopolitiko kunye noosomashishini besizwe baphikisa ukuba imbali yeJapan iye yaboniswa ngokungafanelekanga yi "mascochist" iincwadi zencwadi zabagxeki kunye nabagxeki bangaphandle. Ngenxa yoko, umphumo, amaqela axhasa ngokulungileyo encwadi esetyenziswa, ukuhlasela iYasukuni Shries (ekuphakamisa imfazwe evalelwe ukufa kuquka izigwebi zemfazwe), kunye nokususwa kwentelelo ezikhutshwe ngurhulumente zangaphambili.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: Ukuze ufumane ushwankathelo lwembali yokuzihlaziya eJapani, bona iPhondo lembali eJapan: Reformist and the Comfort Women Isk nguMikroith Kim (IAsiya-Pacific Journal).

Ukomeleza Utshintsho Lomkhosi NomGaqo-siseko

Amaqela atsala asekunene asoloko enyanzela umkhosi omkhulu, onamandla ongakumbi kunye nowesi-9 ogqitha kwiQumrhu ukuvumela imikhosi edibeneyo kunye nomkhosi oziphethe ngokupheleleyo. Phantsi kokhokelo lweShinzo Abe (066-2006 kunye no-202020), iLDP idlulise umthetho ngo 2015 ophinde wachaza iGatya 9 ukuze ivumele iJapan izenze ilungele ukuzilawula ngokwayo ngokweqela kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo. Isizwe siyijonga lento njengenyathelo "lonke" indima yomkhosi waseJapan, ivumela ukuba ithathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwimisebenzi yokhuseleko nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, ingakumbi neUnited States. Amanye amaqela, njengaseJapan Convensionation Partition (Nipronin), ekwayinoi, ebizwa ngokuba ngabantu abangaphandle kwempembelelo.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: IBhunga elikwiManyano zaMazwe angaphandle linika uhlalutyo olululo lwengxoxo yokhuseleko yaseJapan: " iNkqutyana yoMkhosi neNkqutyana yoMgaqo-siseko yaseJapan".

Ulondolozo lweNkcubeko nokwaziwa kwesizwe

Imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe ikwagxininisa ukulondolozwa kwezithethe zamaJapan, ulwimi, nezithethe. Oku kuquka ukukhuthaza inkqubo yolawulo, izithethe zephondo lobuShinto, kunye nobugcisa besithethe. Amaqela alungileyo asoloko echasa ukufuduka nezithethe zesizwe, ephikisa ukuba ayazidambisa inkcaso yesizwe. Baxhasa imithetho engqongqo yobumi kunye nemilinganiselo yokufunxa abemi basemzini. Kwimfundo, baxhasa imfundo yokuziphatha kunye nemfundo yolawulo olugxininisa uthando ngohlanga nokuhlonela umlawuli.

Ubuzwe Bezoqoqosho

Ngelixesha kusoloko kujongwa phambili, ubuzwe bukwavela kwiqonga elilungileyo. Oku kuquka iinkqubo zorhwebo lokhuseleko, inkxaso kushishino lwasekhaya, nokungaqiniseki ngezivumelwano zorhwebo zamahala eziya kunceda iTshayina okanye iSouth Korea. Amaqela ohlanga alwa nomkhosi wobuzwe maxa wambi achasa iTrans-Pacificial internerial (TPP) okanye olunye uthengiso oluninzi, luphikisa ulawulo lwezoqoqosho lwamaJapan. Noko ke, ubuzwe bezoqoqosho bungalawuleki ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nezithethe nokhuseleko, ingakumbi kwi-LDP, exhasekwembali ixhasa ukurhweba okunelisa.

Isiphumo

Imigudu yokuHlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko

Eyona mpembelelo ithe ngqo yempembelelo yesizwe kukunyanzeleka okuqhubekayo ukuhlaziya umGaqo-siseko wamaJapan. I-LDP iye yapapasha ukubuyiselwa kwedrafti ukususela ngo-1990, konke okuthi kucebise utshintsho kwiManqaku 9, 96, kunye nezinye. Ngo-2020, iAbe icebisa ukongeza igalelo lokuqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iMikhosi yokuzithethelela, nangona inkqubo ethintelwe ngenxa yokuchaswa kwezobupolitika kunye nokungavumelani noluntu. Uxinzelelo lwesizwe luye lwakhokelela ekucacingisisweni kwakhona kweQumgaqo 9 ngomthetho weBhabhinethi, ukuva ukupheliswa okusesikweni. Oku kuye kwanyusa impikiswano malunga nokukhukuliseka kokurhoxa kwemithetho kunye nolawulo lwesebe.

Imfundo Nembali

Iincwadi zoncwadi ezivunyiweyo zikarhulumente ziye zaba yindawo yedabi kwiimbono zobuzwe. Abapolitiki abanobunani baye bafuna ukuba iincwadi zinciphise iimbekiselo zezenzo zemfazwe kwaye endaweni yoko zibalaselise impumelelo yemfazwe yaseJapan. INkonzo yemfundo, ezikhutshwayo, zisoloko zixhasa uhlaziyo lwesizwe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugxekweni kwababhali-mbali belizwe namazwe ngamazwe. Umzekelo, inkqubo yovavanyo yonyaka ka-2014 ikhokelela kwiincwadi ezithi zawajongela phantsi "Intuthulelo" inkqubo yenkqubo, ebangela ukuqhankqa i-'umva kwe-South Korea naseTshayina.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: Ingxelo yamaLungelo oluntu ichaza ifuthe lencwadi yokuhlaziya: [[FLT: 0]" ILemfens Women ne Japan’s Nationalistic Turn"[[FLT: 1].

Itempile Yasukuni Nepolitiki Yomfuziselo

Abalungiseleli abaphambili kunye namalungu ekhabhinethi abasoloko betyelela iYasuni Shrine baluphawu olunamandla lobuzwe. Indlu engcwele ibeka malunga nezigidi ezisisi-5. I-5.5 zigidi zemfazwe efileyo, kuquka 14 izaphuli-mthetho zemfazwe. Ukutyelelwa ngamagosa, ingakumbi i-Abe ngo-2013, kujongwa njengokuxhaswa kwembali yoguqulelo kwaye kubangela ukuba agwetywe ngamandla eTshayina naseMzantsi Korea. Amaqela asekhohlo akhusela olu tyelelo njengombandela wokuhlonela imfazwe yelizwe lifile kwaye akwala inkqele ukugxekwa kwamanye amazwe njengenkxwa kwimicimbi yangaphakathi. Le mpikiswano iyaqhubeka ichaphazela unxulumano nolwano lwamazwe aseJapan kunye noluvo lwasekuhlaleni.

Impembelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe

Ulwalamano neTshayina noMzantsi Korea

Imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe iye yaluphazamisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ulwalamano lweJapan nabamelwane bayo. Izikhalo zembali, ezixhatshazwa ziingxelo zohlaziyo kunye notyelelo lwezinyusi, zidala ukungathembani. Iimpikiswano ezimanyumnyezi ngeSikaku/iDiayu Islands ziqiniswa yintetho yesizwe, zisenza kube nzima ukulalanisa ngokwezobupolitika kulo nawuphi na urhulumente waseJapan. Ngokufanayo, ukuchasa intuthuzelo kuhlala kuseyindawo yokuxambulisana noMzantsi Korea, phezu kwayo nje i-2015 isivumelwano sokuba abaninzi eMzantsi Korea bazibona benganele. Amaqela afumananga intlola okanye imbuyiselo angakumbi, aphikisa ukuba iJapan sele ithetha ngezonobuzwe kwaye abagxeki baphenjelwa yimi.

IU.S.-Japan Alliance

Ubuzwe eJapan bunempikiswano nomanyano lokhuseleko lwamazwe angaphandle e-U.S. kunye, ngamanye amaqela atsala asekunene axhasa ngokuphandle ukuhambelana njengendlela yokunyusa ukhuseleko lwamaJapan nokulwa nokwanda kweTshayina. Kwelinye icala, ezinye iziqalelo zesizwe ziyayicaphukela iJapan, kwaye zibiza ukhuseleko oluzimelayo lwamazwe angaphandle. I-LDP inyanzelela ukunyanzeleka kwemithetho yezorhwebo yeqela loluntu ukuba lizifunele ngokwalo kunye ne-U.S. ivumela iJapan ukuba idlale indima enkulu kukhuseleko lwengingqi. Noko ke, injongo yomkhosi epheleleyo ekwi-United States kwaye ifuna umanyano ukuba ekugqibeleni ilandela inkqubo yezomthetho yezizwe ezingqungquthelanayo echasene ne-U.S.

Ukhuseleko lommandla kunye neposi yokhuselo

Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo yesizwe, iJapan iye yandisa ngokuthe ngcembe amandla ayo omkhosi. Uqingqo-mali lokhuselo lwama-2023 lufikelele amanqanaba abhaliweyo, luneenjongo zokufumana izixhobo ezijikelezayo ezinde ezingqukuva kunye nokuvelisa amandla okuhlasela. Amaqela ohlanga axhasa imfundiso etshayelela ukukhutshwa kwemfazwe kunye namandla okukhusela iziqithi ezikude. Oku kuhamba kubetha iTshayina neNorth Korea. Kodwa kuthethelelwa ziinkokeli zamaJapan ngokomthetho kwimekobume yokhuseleko olushushu. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiba yesizwe yemiba yokhuseleko kusoloko kusebenzisa izisongelo ukusuka eNorth Korea naseChina ukukhuthaza ulwando lwasemkhosini.

Imizekelo Yamaxesha Angaphambili Namanani Angundoqo

Ilifa LikaShinzo Abe

UShinzo Abe wayeyinkokeli ephambili yesizwe kwiJapan yanamhlanje. Imigaqo yakhe yezoqoqosho yatsalela ingqalelo yehlabathi lonke, kodwa inkcazo yakhe yesizwe ``````````Abenomic''''''''' kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulungisa'''. Ukuqinisa umkhosi, kunye nokuzinzisa ngokwembali----mthere-screctal'. Umbono ka-Abe we "Utukushii Kuni') wavuselela iqhayiso kwisithethe kwaye wazama ukoyisa ihlazo lemfazwe. Ukubulawa kwakhe ngo-2022 kwaba yinto eyothusayo, kodwa impembelelo yakhe iyaqhubeka kwi-LDP, apho ithenoyingi yakhe iyaqhubeka ixhasa ityala lesizwe.

Iqela Elinenkululeko Lokulawula Idemokhrasi Namhlanje

Phantsi koMphathiswa omkhulu uFumio Kisida, i-LDP iqhube iinkqubo ezininzi zobuzwe, nangona inendlela elungeleleneyo. UKisida uye walandela ukhuseleko oluphezulu kwaye uzimisele ukuphinda luhlaziywe ngomgaqo-siseko, kodwa ulumkile kwimicimbi yembali. Iqabane leLDP elingumbutho, iKomeito, lisebenza njengebreki yemithetho-buzwe egqithisileyo, kodwa iphiko elilawulayo elilawulayo lisaqhubeka liqhubela phambili usukelo lwalo lokuqala lweqela lohlanga "luhlanga oluqhelekileyo". Unyuko lwamaqela amaninzi athethayo esizwe phakathi kweLDP, njengo "Ulwamkela uQutho lomthetho-Mgaqo-siseko okhusela iJapan (Nhon u-opimor Mai), uqinisekisa ukuba imixholo yesizwe i-P.

IQela lokuBuyisela laseJapan kunye namanye Amaqela Asekunene

Izabelo ezifana neNippon Ishin no Kai (Iqela lokubuyiselwa eJapan) kunye neQela leKokoro (Kokoro) lamkela ubuzwe ekuhleni. IQela lokuBuyisela uluntu eJapan, eliseOsaka, abameli bomGaqo-siseko, ukhuselo olomeleleyo, kunye nokuzinziswa kwengingqi. Ikwaxhasa uxolelwano oluthe tye kwiTshayina. Amaqela amancinane esizwe asoloko esebenza ngaphandle kwemeko ephambili yezobupolitika kodwa anokuphembelela intetho kawonke-wonke ngoncedo lwezixhobo kunye nezenzo zobuzwilakhe. Umzekelo, iqela elinobuzwe elinobuzwe elininzi "Zaitakukayi" (Isenza iQela leQela Elikhethekileyo laBanga Abahlali beKoriya eJapan) ligxininisa ukuchasana nomthetho we-Kareamororigrackia, ukuphembele intetho yengxoxo ye-iphadia.

Iimbono Zoluntu Nezixhobo Zokulwa

Imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe ayithandwa kakhulu ngamaJapan okuvota. Nangona abaninzi bexhasa ukuqhayisa kwemikhosi nekratshi lobuzwe, kukho nemvakalelo ephawulekayo yokungaphili-mfazwe, ingakumbi phakathi kwezizukulwana ezindala naphakathi kwabavoti abatsha. Impumelelo ye-LDP idla ngokuxhomekeka kakhulu ekulawuleni ukhuseleko, kodwa kwakhona ayibandakanyekanga kakhulu kwiingxoxo zembali. I-Electoral amandla abonisa ukuba izicelo zobuzwe zobuzwe ziyakwazi ukuququqela isiseko esithe ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo kodwa zisemngciphekweni wokuphambuka. Impumelelo ye-LDP isoloko ixhomekeke ekulinganiseleni izikhundla zesizwe kunye nezithembiso zentlalo-ntle. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuvela kweSigqenduva-Genegathe-Mganiso se-kude saseJapan (CD) njengenkcala yotshaba olusuka kujoyilwano lwesizwe, nangona i-ExpDP ihleli.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: Ugcino-lwazi loluvo lukawonke-wonke olukuhlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko lufunyaniswe yi Asahi Shimbun: " Izibuko lophengululo lomgaqo-siseko, Asahi Poll Show".

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Iinkqubo zobuzwe eJapan zijongene neengxaki eziliqela. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlaziywa kwembali kuphazamisa amandla athambileyo eJapan kunye nonxulumano lwamaGqila, ingakumbi neTshayina neKorea. Ekhaya, ukuqhubela phambili uhlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko kungabangela ukungqubana kwemibutho yoluntu nezobugxoba-xhakaxhaka. Ubuzwe bezoqoqosho bungangqubana nezoqoqosho zaseJapan ezixhomekeke kurhwebo. Ngaphezu koko, ukwanda kobugrogrisi baseMntla weKorea kunye nomkhosi waseTshayina kufuna ukhuseleko olungaphaya kwentelekiso elula. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ubuzwe bungasetyenziswa kakubi ukuthethelela ubuGropu kunye ne-Gavy, ukuthoba isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi eJapan.

Ukongezelela, imibutho yesizwe eJapan maxa wambi iye yanxulunyaniswa nokuthiya ukuthetha nokucalucalucalulo kwiintlanga ezincinane, ingakumbi abantu baseKorea nabemi baseTshayina. Ngoxa amaqela aphambili enqabileyo ephembelela ukuthuka, amaqela angenaluvotho-mthetho aphembelela ukulwa nentetho yentiyo kodwa azama ukulungelelanisa indlela yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye nemvisiswano. Ucelomngeni lwamaqela axhasa ilungelo lokulunga kwicala laseJapan lukukhuthaza ubuzwe obukhuthaza uxolo nempumelelo ngaphandle kokuphinda iimpazamo zexesha elidluleyo.

Isiphelo

Ubuzwe busenamandla ekulungiseni inkqubo yamaqela atsala asekunene amaJapan. Ukusuka ekuhlaziyweni kwembali nasekuguqulweni komgaqo-siseko ukuya kulwando lomkhosi nokulondoloza impucuko, iingcamango zobuzwe ziqhubela uninzi lwemibandela ekhuphisanayo kwezobupolitika zamaJapan. Ngoxa ubuzwe bunokuqinisa ukuma kohlanga nolawulo, bubangela ukuba lukhuni kolwalamano lweJapan nommelwane wayo kunye neengxoxo zangaphakathi ngembali kunye nemilinganiselo. Ukuqonda indima yobuzwe ibalulekile nayiphi na inkqululiso yemibutho yezobupolitika yaseJapan kwinkulungwane yama-21. Njengoko iJapan ijongene nemingeni yokhuseleko, ukunqongophala, kunye nokutshintsha komhlaba wonke, ukuqhubana kwemilo yesizwe kunye nenkcukubeko yolawulo lwangaphakathi luza kuqhubeka ukuchaza ikamva layo.