Ingxaki yamanzi egqugqiselw yimeko-bume, ukwanda kwabemi, kunye nokwaluphala kwezakhiwo . "isebenzisa inkqubo entsha yokuyila inkqubo."Phakathi kamashumi eminyaka, inkqubo yamanzi ixhomekeke kwiingxelo ezizingisileyo, kwimbali, nakwimilinganiselo yokusebenza. Namhlanje, ukudityaniswa kogcino-lwazi kunye nobugcisa kuphinda kuvumelane ngendlela oorhulumente, oomatshini, imibutho ekhoyo, kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe edweliswe, iphumeleze, isebenzise, kwaye ivavanye imigaqo yamanzi. Olu tshintsho lunceda ukutshintsha ekulawuleni amanzi njengemiqobo yemeko yasekuhlaleni, njengenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo, inzululwazi yemeko yezoqoqosho, ubuchule, uqoqo lwentlalo, kunye nentlalo-ntle.

Ngokusebenzisa izivo zokwenene zexesha, uluvo lwesatellite, uqikelelo lwezichaphazelo, kunye neeqonga zamanani asebenzisanayo, abenzi benkqubo bangalindela imbalela, ukuncipha kwamanzi okufuziselayo, ukuva iziganeko zongcoliso ngeeyure kunokuba ziiveki, kwaye banike amalungelo amanzi ngokuchanekileyo okungathethekiyo. Isiphumo asikokuphuculwa nje okugqithisileyo kodwa kukuphinda kubonwe kokungaphindiswa kwenkqubo yamanzi, ukuba izixhobo ezingaphantsi zisetyenziswe ngokuqikelelwa, ngokungenakulinganiswa, nangokukhanyele.

Isiseko: Isizathu Sokuba Ugcino - lwazi Lubaluleke Kulawulo Lwamanzi

Inkqubo yamanzi isoloko ifuna ulwazi. Kodwa isikali, isigqibo, kunye nokuhamba kwexesha kogcino-lwazi olukhoyo namhlanje azikho ezicatshuliweyo. Ugcino-lwazi oluchanekileyo, oluneemeko lunika iscreen salthick eyinyaniso kulo lonke ixesha lomjikelo wenkqubo: uchazo lwengxaki, uhlalutyo, ukhetho, ukwenza izigqibo, ukuzalisekisa, kunye nolawulo olulungelelanisayo.

Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo, abenzi bemithetho basengozini yokuyila imithetho esekelwe kwimigaqo epheleleyo yohlolo, amanani asetyenziswayo aphelelwe lixesha, okanye iintelekelelo zemozulu ezibuthathaka. Ngokuphikisanayo, xa ugcino-lwazi luqokelelwa, lwahlulwa, lunye, lutyhila imilinganiselo ebeya kuhlala ingabonakali. Umzekelo, ujongo oluphezulu lobunjani bamanzi lungachaza imithombo yokukhupha i-algal enegalelo kwintlabatha eyingozi, inceda ukusetyenziswa kolawulo olungcono kunokuba igubuyisele imimiselo ekwahlulele bonke abalimi ngokulinganayo.

Iintlobo ezingundoqo zogcino-lwazi lwamanzi

Inkqubo yamanzi yanamhlanje isuka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yedata, nganye inika uluvo olukhethekileyo lomjikelo wamanzi nokudibana kwabantu nawo:

  • [[NTL:0] ugcino-lwazi lwenzululwazi ngendalo – umsinga oqukuqelayo, amanqanaba angaphantsi kwamanzi, imvula, ikhephu, kunye nomlinganiselo wokuphefumla. Ezi zizinto ezingundoqo ekuqingqeni uqingqo-mali kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili imbalela.
  • [[NTL:0] Ubunjani bemilinganiselo ye- – imilinganiso yemichiza, yebhayoloji, kunye neyomzimba (pH, i-trate, i-nitrate, izinyithi ezinzima, ii-patroges) ezigqiba ukuba ukufaneleka kokusela, ukuzihlaziya, okanye impilo yendalo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa nokufunwa kogcino-lwazi – ukusetyenziswa okunemitha ngecandelo (ugcino-lwazi, ushishino, indawo yokuhlala, amandla), imvume yokurhoxa, kunye nokubuya. Olu gcino-lwazi luquka ukwabiwa kwemilinganiso kunye neenkqubo zogcino-lwazi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isakhiwo sogcino-lwazi olusebenzayo – imeko yamadama, imibhobho, izitya zonyango, imijelo, kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela; ukusebenza kwesikhululo sepompo; isimo sesivalo; ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwenkqubo yamanzi.
  • [[UMHLA] Ugcino-lwazi lwentlalo nezobuzwe - – iziboniso zolwando lwabemi, iinguqu zokusebenzisa umhlaba, umsebenzi wezoqoqosho, kunye nokuchanabeka koluntu okunceda ukuqokelela amanzi afunekayo kunye neempembelelo ezilinganayo.

Ukufudusa ezi ndawo zogcino-lwazi zahlukeneyo kufuna amaqonga olawulo logcino-lwazi atyebileyo, imigangatho eqhelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo eziqinisekisa ubunjani bogcino-lwazi, ukuqinisekiswa, kunye nokufikeleleka. Imimandla emininzi yakha utshintshiselwano logcino-lwazi lwamanzi okanye izikhundla ezisemgangathweni (iindawo ezisemngciphekweni apho abameli, izinto eziluncedo, kunye nabaphandi banokubelana kwaye bafikelele ulwazi olungaguquguqukiyo.

Ubuchule bokuguqula umgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi

Ubugcisa busebenza njenge-injini eguqula ulwazi olukrwada lube bubulumko obusebenzayo. Iiklasi eziliqela zobugcisa ezihamba kunye zinempembelelo enkulu.

Uluvo olukude kunye nohlolo olusekelwe kwisatellite

Iisethelayithi ezifana ne-GRACE (Gravity Recovery kunye novavanyo lwemeko-bume) kunye nothumo lwe-Sentinel oluvela kwi-European Space Agency lunika uhlolo lwemeko-mlinganiso yomhlaba jikelele kutshintsho logcino lwamanzi, ukufuma komhlaba, kunye nobubanzi bamanzi. Abenzi bomthetho bangaqwalasela ii-aquifer ezigqunyweyo ngaphandle kokuthembela kwimilinganiselo esekelwe emhlabeni evela kumazwe amaninzi.

IoT kunye nenethwekhi yomenzi woluvo ngaphakathi kwe-Sutu

I-Internet yezinto (IoT) yenze ukuba ii-mters ezixineneyo, ezineenkxalabo eziphantsi zoluvo ezibekwe kwimilambo, emithombo yogcino-lwazi, imibhobho, namasimi. Ezi ziva-luvo zidlulisela idata yexesha lokwenene kumgangatho wamanzi, amazinga, uxinzelelo, kunye nemilinganiselo entle ehamba nge-cell okanye itellite. Iimitha zamanzi kumgangatho wendlu ziyakwazi ukuva ukuvuza, zinika abathengi iziphumo ezithelekisa imilinganiselo esebenzayo egcina ugcino-mente. Kwizolimo ze-mo yezulu, izimvo zobumanzi ezidityani zidityaniswe neziteyingi kunye nezitishi zemozulu zivumela ukucwangcwa okucwangciswe kakuhle, ukunciphisa amanzi okusetyenziswa nge 20/40% ngexesha lokulungisa izikhungo zemveliso zamanzi zikhupha iprojelo-mastivereyi.

Iinkqubo zolwazi lwe-ecoographic (GIS) kunye nohlalutyo lobukho benqanawa

Iqonga elidibanisa ugcino-lwazi olugubungela ugcino-lwazi ngezantsi, ukunyuka, ukuna kwenqanawa, ubunzima babemi, izibonelelo, iimaphu ezidityanisiweyo zokwenza iimaphu ezibonisa ulwalamano olululo lobugqhinga ukuze lulungele umgaqo. Umzekelo, ukubeka imimandla edityanisiweyo yamanzi angaphantsi kwamanzi kunye noluntu olusweleyo kungagxininisa imiba yokulawula imekobume, ukukhokela ungeniso kwezinye iimpahla okanye iinkqubo zemali. Abaphathi-madayo abanyibilikisi-manzi basebenzisa i-GIS ukufuzisela iziphumo ezikhulayo zosetyenziso kunye nokwenza iinkqubo zokuthengisa apho abahlalishicisela abahlayo bahlawula abalimi abahlali betyala ugcino lwemi.

Ukufunda oomatshini nokuxela kwangaphambili

Ubukrelekrele obenzileyo (AI) kunye nokufundwa komatshini (ML) yinkqubo yamanzi ahambayo esuka kukwenza uqikelelo. Iimithetho-mthetho eziqeqeshwe kugcino-lwazi lwembali zingaxela kwangaphambili ukuqukuqela kweeveki ngaphambili, ukuqikelelwa komgangatho wamanzi ogqitha, kunye nokukhutshwa kobugocibo obulungileyo kwedangatye ledangatye elikhutshwayo lokulawula umkhukula, amandla okunyusa amanzi, kunye nokuhamba kwemekobume. Iimodyuli zobuchule bokufunda ziyasetyenziswa ekuhambiseni amanzi ngokuzenzekelayo kwiinkqubo zokusebenza, ukunciphisa inkunkuma esebenzayo. Abenzi benkqubo yobuchule bakuqala baqala ukusebenzisa i-AIIAI-drensivence yemeko-ma, ukwanda komgalelo lwabemi, kunye nongenelo lwemiqatha, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yemiqathango, ukwenza izigqibo ezimandla phantsi kokungaqiniseki kwesigqibo.

Iiplatifomu zamanani zokwabelana ngogcino-lwazi kunye nolwahlulo

Mhlawumbi ezona bugcisa zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yeqonga edibanisa abavelisi bogcino-lwazi nabasebenzisi. Izenzo zogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo njenge USGS Ater Data yoMhlanga kunye ne-Global Water Watch (intsebenziswano yeZiko Lehlabathi Lemithombo kunye neGoogle) yenza i-hydrologing nomgangatho wamanzi ufumaneke ngokukhululekileyo. Urhwebo lwamanzi kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamazwe luvumela ukuba zisebenzisane ngokukhuselekileyo, zikwazi ukulungelelanisa umanyano lwengingqi ngexesha lembalela. La maqonga akhuthaza ukuvela koluntu olunexabiso lokwenene lwamanzi, amanqanaba eenqanawa, amazamgangala, ukwandisa nokunika ubuchule bokwakha kunye nokunceda iingca ezinika amandla okusebenza.

Ufundo lwetyala: Ugcino-lwazi kunye nobuxhakaxhaka obusebenzayo

Ukuze ubone indlela ezi zixhobo eziguqulela ngayo kwiinkqubo zokwenene, qwalasela imizekelo emininzi ebalulekileyo evela ehlabathini jikelele.

UMthetho woLawulo lwamanzi asemhlabeni ozinzileyo waseKhalifoniya (SGMA)

Iqatshelwe ngo-2014 ukuphendula amashumi eminyaka yokuwasebenzisa kakhulu amanzi, i-SGMA inika imiyalelo yokuba amasebe ahlala phantsi asebenze kakuhle aphucule inkqubela-phambili (njenge-GS) alungiselela ukufikelela ulungelelwano olude lwexesha phakathi kotsalo kunye nokuvuselelwa. Ukufakela kuxhomekeke kugcino-lwazi: iGS njengoko kufuneka ijonge umgangatho wamanzi asemhlabeni, ukuncipha, nobunjani bamanzi; imodeli yeebhedi zabo; kwaye inikela ingxelo ngenkqubela nyaka ngamnye. Isebe leMibhobho yamanzi laseCalifornia linika uncedo lobuchule kunye nogcino-lwazi olukwindawo apho kupapashwa khona ulwazi. Ubugcisa obukufutshane nokuchonga okude kusetyenziswayo ukuthomala, izimvo ezintle, kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi asemhlabeni; iimodeli zazo; iimodeli zazo zokulungele ukutshintsha ukwenziwa kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi. Ngaphandle kwezi nkqubo ze-data, i-SGMA zihlala.

IGridi Yamanzi Akrelekrele YaseSingapore

I-Singapore, isixeko esingenamanzi amdaka, sakha enye yeenkqubo zamanzi aphucukileyo ehlabathini. Inkqubo yaso yamanzi iphakathi "kwindawo apho kubanjwa khona i-"Four National Taps" (ukufuduswa kwamanzi, ukurhoxiswa kwamanzi aphezulu, kunye nokukhutshwa kolwandle). "ingalawulwa ngenkqubo yamanzi a-Diveter aqokelela ulwazi olusuka kuma-200 000+ amathambo anqamlezileyo, amadamu, kunye nezityalo zonyango. Izixhobo zokufunda amanani axela ukuba amanzi ayafuneka, zibone ukuba amanzi avuza ngexesha lokwenene, kwaye zisebenzise amandla aneleyo. Inkqubo yendalo ifuna ukunyanzeleka kokulondoloza amanzi (umz., izilinganiselo zamanzi ezifakelwe ngokusuka kusetyenziswa.

Imithetho yesakhelo samanzi asetyenziswayo nesakhiwo esilumkileyo

I-EU igunyazisa ukuba amalungu e-Water Framed Dride Direction (2000) aphumeze "imeko entle" kuwo onke amaqumrhu amanzi kulawulo lomlambo odibeneyo. Ukuxhasa le nkqubo, i-EU yaphuhlisa iNkqubo yolwazi lwamanzi yeYurophu (WISISE).Isiseko sogcino-lwazi esahlulweyo esinee-aggrees zogcino-lwazi oluvela kuwo onke amalungu. Olu bugcisa-luqukelela iimaphu ezithelekisa ubume bamanzi, uxinzelelo, kunye nemilinganiselo, ukwenza ukunqamleza umda kunye novavanyo. Iplatton ixhomekeke kwimigangatho yogcino-lwazi olulungelelanisiweyo (umz. I-InSPIRE) kunye nokutshintshisana ngogcino-lwazi olusuka kumaziko eencwadi. Olu hlobo lobugcisa-luquluquluko lolwano lwezinzo lwenziwe lwesizwe lwenziwe lwenziwe loonontanga lwendawo ukuba lubonise ukuthobela kunye noncedo lwemithetho eYurophu.

Ucelomngeni Lokufudusa Ugcino - lwazi Nobugcisa Kumgaqo - siseko Wamanzi

Naphezu kwesithembiso, indlela ukusuka kulwazi olutyebileyo ukuya kumgaqo-nkqubo izele yimiqobo. Ukubona ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekucebeni kakuhle.

Ulawulo logcino-lwazi, ukhuseleko nokhuseleko

Njengokuba iinkqubo zamanzi zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu, zikwanokuba ngamaxhoba angakumbi. Iinkqubo zokulawula ezibhekileyo zingakhulula amasango edama okanye zingcolise amanzi okusela. Ugcino-lwazi olukurhoxiswa kweefama ngamanye amayeza lungachaphazeleka ngokwentengiso. Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka bamisele imithetho ecacileyo yokuba nogcino-lwazi, ulawulo, kunye nemigangatho yokufikelela kwikhompyutha. Uxinzelelo phakathi kogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo ukwenzela uluntu olulungileyo namalungelo ayimfihlo abasebenzisi bamanzi (ikakhulu kwezolimo) lufuna ukwenziwa komthetho.

Ukulungelelaniswa kunye neMigangatho

Ugcino-lwazi lwamanzi luqokelelwa ngamasebe amaninzi asebenzisa iifomati, amaqela, kunye nobuninzi bomlinganiselo wexesha. Ngokufuthi umlambo omnye ulinganiswa ngumbutho we-cubic mzuzu ngomzuzwana, umbutho worhulumente okwihektare-nyawo ngenyanga, kunye nesibonelelo esikwilitha ngomzuzu. Ngaphandle kokwamkelwa kwemigangatho (umz., i-data, i-AterML, okanye i-ISO 19156 umgangatho othelekelelwayo wohlalutyo kunye nemilinganiselo), i-data ehlala ikhomba kwaye ibiza imali eninzi.

Iindleko eziphezulu kunye neemephu zobuchule

Ukuseka iinkqubo zolwazi, ukwakha amaqonga ogcino-lwazi, kunye nabasebenzi boqeqesho kufuneka utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo. Amazwe akhulayo kunye noomasipala abancinane basoloko bengenako ikomkhulu kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. Ukuba ubugcisa-buqhubekekayo benkqubo yamanzi buba sisithethe, ibeka engozini yokwandisa isithuba esithe tye phakathi kwemithombo elungileyo naphantsi kwemiqathango ebuyiselweyo. Uphuhliso lwehlabathi lwemali kunye neenkqubo zokwakha amandla . Ngokunjalo nobuchule beBhanki yehlabathi, ubuchule obusetyenziswayo, kodwa azisanelanga.

Abaenzi-zigqibo bathemba oo-Analytics

Nangogcino-lwazi olugqibeleleyo, izigqibo zenkqubo zibandakanya urhwebo lwezopolitiko, amaxabiso agcina imali, kunye nezithintelo ezisemthethweni. Iimodeli zokufunda ngomatshini zisoloko zibizwa ngokuba zibhokisi ezimnyama"; ukuba abenzi benkqubo abangayiqondi indlela okuthenjiwe ngayo, basenokungakuthandi ukusebenza kuyo. Ukwakha intelekelelo i-Al, inkqubela yemodeli yokwabelana ngemodeli (umz., ukwabelana ngemisebenzi yokulungisa amehlo), kunye nenqwelo-nqwelo-moya ebonisa ukuthembeka phambi kokunyuka.

Icala lexesha elizayo: Apho ugcino-lwazi kunye nobugcisa busebenzisa khona inkqubo yamanzi

Xa ukhangela phambili, izinto ezininzi ziya kukwenza unxibelelwano logcino - lwazi nobugcisa ludibane ngakumbi nomgaqo - nkqubo wamanzi.

Amawele amanani eenkqubo zamanzi

Iwele lemivo linempembelelo, sisibuko esinamandla, sexesha lokwenene senkqubo yamanzi ephathekayo (umlambo, umjelo wamanzi oluncedo, okanye isityalo sonyango) esifanisa ukuziphatha kwalo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Abenzi bolawulo bayakwazi ukuvavanya iziphumo zomthetho omtsha wokusebenza kwedama, imbalela enkulu, okanye ukwanda kwabemi phambi kokuba bafezekise utshintsho kwihlabathi lokwenene. Izixeko ezifana neHelsinki neSingapore sele zikhakhile amawele enziwe ngamanani enkqubo yokusasaza amanzi. Njengomngxubeko lwe-ifithi, i-itye lenqanawa yemivo eqinileyo izakunceda "ayi-af" uhlalutyo lwenkqubo ekhoyo engakaze ibonwe ngokuthembeka.

Inzululwazi yemimimi kunye nogcino-lwazi loluntu

Inkqubela kwimivo ephantsi kunye nee-apps ze-cellam zinika abahlali amandla okuqokelela umgangatho wogcino-lwazi lwamanzi, umzekelo, ukuvavanya i-E. coli okanye umsinga wobushushu. Iinkqubo ezifana ne- e-EPA's Citizen Science[[ inyathelo kunye iSiko-Sikhupho se-Mousewatch Institute [[[FLT: 3]]] ibandakanya uluntu ekuhloleni imeyalo lwazo zobulali. Le mibhobho yotya ingaqinisekisa ukujongwa kwamagosa esemthethweni, kwaye ibamba abameli ababuza ityala i-data kwimithetho esemthethweni ifuna ulawulo oluphezulu, kodwa ikwakhela nolawulo lukawonke-demo-demokhrasi.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zamanzi oluPhakathiswe ngeAI (IWRM)

IWRM ibisoloko ibizwa ukuba ilungele ukudibana kweqela leenkamshelaniso. I-Al ingasebenzisa le njongo ngokuhlolisisa ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwezolimo, amandla, ushishino, kunye nemekobume yendalo ngexesha elinye ukuncomela iindlela zokwabiwa kobuchule obulungelelanisa iinjongo ezininzi. Umzekelo, iplatfomu ingalungelelanisa isizukulwana samandla eerona, ukufuduka kwentlanzi, kunye nokunkcenkceshela imfuno yethabo lomlambo wonke, ukuhlaziya ingcebiso ngokutshintsha kweeyure. Umlinganiselo onjalo womgangatho olungelelanisayo uyakuba limbombo wenkqubo yamanzi ekwiqondo lama-21 ephakathi kwemimiselo ehambayo, ingakumbi kwimimiselo ehambayo apho u-Genetwoption entsoko.

Vula ugcino-lwazi kunye nokucace gca njengezixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo

Kwixesha elizayo, iinkqubo zamanzi zisenokufuna impapasho yogcino-lwazi esemthethweni esemthethweni njengemeko yokwamkela imali kawonke-wonke. Umthetho ofana nowokuxela iimfuno zeKhalifoniya ukusebenzisa amanzi ukuxela sele inyanzela abasebenzisi bamanzi abakhulu abalimi ukuba banike ingxelo yokusetyenziswa korhulumente. Ukwandisa le miyalelo kuwo onke amalungelo abekwe emanzini kunye nokudibanisa ngawo ngexesha loqobo iibhodi zoqhawulo-mthetho kungenza ukubuyiselwa kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. [ Inkqubo yogcino-lwazi lwamanzi lwamanzi lwasehlabathini ixhasa ukubonakala okunjalo njengophuhlisophuhliso.

Isiphelo: Ukusuka kugcino-lwazi-oluqhutywayo ukuya kukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo

Ugcino-lwazi kunye nobugcisa asizo mbumbulu zesilivere zeengxaki zamanzi. Abakwazi ukuthatha indawo yomsebenzi onzima wezopolitiko, ingxoxo enika amaxabiso, kunye norhwebo olusekelwe kwisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi. Kodwa bangabuphucula ngokuphawulekayo ubungqina obusisiseko, iimpendulo ezikhawulezayo, kwaye benze iinkqubo ezilungelelanisayo nezihambelanayo. Ucelomngeni lwabenzi benkqubo yale mihla kukutyala ngobulumko kwiinkqubo zogcino-lwazi, ukwakha umntu kunye nobuchule bokuyila ukuzisebenzisa, kunye nobuchule bolawulo oluqinisekisa iinzuzo zokwabelana ngobubanzi,-neno------attings. Ngokuxhathisa ugcino-lwazi kunye nobugcisa obuneenkcacitho, inkqubo yamanzi yanamhlanje inokuhamba ngaphandle kokulawula nokulungisa i-machiza, ukuxhasa amanzi, ukuxhasa ngekamva lonke ixesha.