Ukuqonda Ukusasaza Iindleko Zonxibelelwano Kumazwe Asasazwayo

Isizukulwana samanani sizele ngabemi ngemiyalezo yezopolitiko, emininzi yayo elungiselelwe ukulawula kunokuba yazise. Phakathi kwezixhobo ezichuliweyo kwizixhobo zengcungela yezobupolitika kukuvota okunyanzelisayo. Ngokungafaniyo novavanyo loluvo lokwenyaniso oluqokelela ugcino-lwazi, lunyanzelela ukuba lujikele uvavanyo olunemikhwa echuliweyo yokuvota ngenkcazelo echuliweyo ebonakala ngathi yeyobundindi. Njengoko ulwazi lwezo zentlalo lunwebeka ngokukhawuleza kwizixhobo zezentlalo kunye nezixhobo zokukhupha impembelele, amandla okubona ezi migudu yoluvo ingubuchule obugxeka abantu. Ingingingcuthe yakha imikhwa enamandla yokucinga inokuzikhusela ekusebenziseni nasekunikeleni iziphumo zembali eziphambili.

Uphando olucinezelayo alululo olutsha. Belusetyenziswa kuphulo lwezopolitiko kangangamashumi eminyaka, kodwa ukunyuka kweerodocalls, ukuthunyelelwa imiyalezo, kunye nophando lwe-intanethi kuye kwazenza zasasazeka kakhulu. Ukuqonda oko kubangela uphando olunyanzelayo, indlela yokuqonda iindlela zokubhenela, nendlela yokusabela xa udibana nomnye umntu onamandla okuxhathisa iingcamango zobupolitika nokufuna ingqibelelo kwintetho yezobupolitika.

Yintoni Kanye Kanye Eyona Nto Ingcoliswa Luncwadi?

Uhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo lububuchule borhwebo obuzinziswe njengophando loluvo lukawonke-wonke. Injongo yalo ephambili asikokuqokelela iimpendulo ezinyanisekileyo kodwa kukuguqula iimbono zomntu ophendulayo ngokuzichanaba kwinkcazelo elayishwe okanye imibuzo evuselelayo. Iintlangano ezikhokelelwayo zilandela imilinganiselo engqongqo yendlela yokusebenza/i-random engqinelanayo, amagama angathathi cala, kunye nokunika ingxelo ecacileyo. Uphando oluninzi, kwelinye icala, lusebenzisa imibuzo ekhokelayo, iindawo ezibubuxoki, kunye nezizathu ezingokweemvakalelo ku "pfififi" impendulo kwisigqibo esimiselweyo.

Uphando olucinezelweyo lubuza umbuzo ofana nolo, "Ukuba ubusazi ukuba uCandite Smith utyholwe ngokurhoxisa imali evela kuncedo, ubuya kuphinda uyixhase?" Nokuba isityholo sibubuxoki okanye asinakubekwa ngqiqweni, ukuchanabeka nje kwityala kungonakalisa igama lomntu ovotayo. Le ndlela isebenzisa isiganeko sengqondo esaziwa ngokuba "ngumphumela wokonwabisayo" kunye "umphumela wobuxoki" ---okanye uchazwa ngokucacileyo uthetha ukuba unyani naxa engekho.

Uphando lwezopolitiko olusemthethweni luqhutywa yimibutho enjengeGallup, iPew Research Center, kunye namaziko emfundo adumileyo. Olu hlolisiso lupapasha indlela yophando, ubungakanani, kunye nomda wempazamo. Uphando lophuthutho, ngokwahlukileyo, luqhutywa ngamafemu athe angavumiyo ukuchaza imithombo yawo yemali okanye iinkqubo zoqokelelo-lwazi. I-American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR) igxeka ngokucacileyo ukunyusela ukuncitshiswa njengokwekeleyo kwaye ukonakaliswa kophando.

Ukufak ’ Inxeba Kwizinto Ezingcolisayo

Ukuqaphela uphando olunyanzelisayo kufuna ukuqonda ubuchule obukhethekileyo obusetyenziswayo ukuqhatha abantu abaphenduliweyo. Ezi ndlela zidla ngokungaqondakali, zibangela ukuba kube nzima ukuzibona ngaphandle kweliso eliqeqeshiweyo. Ngeli ngezantsi zizinto ezixhaphakileyo kuphando olunyanzelayo.

Imibuzo Enzima Nekhokelayo

Imibuzo efakiweyo iqulathe ulwimi oludidayo oluchukumisayo oluqhubela umphulaphuli kwimpendulo ethile. Umzekelo: "Uyayixhasa na imithetho echaphazelekayo kaCandidate Jones eya kurhwaphiliza izikolo zethu? Igama "ii-radical" kunye nento yokuzibanga engakhutshelwanga yenziwayo yenziwa ukuxhokonxa intsabelo engalunganga. Imibuzo ekhokelayo ichazwa ukuba impendulo ethile ilungile okanye ilindelekile: "Uyavumelana ukuba icebo lika-Candidate Johnson ligqithise kakhulu kuluntu lwethu?

Amarhe Obuxoki Okanye Angenakuphikiswa

Uphando lonyuso lwemipu ludla ngokunikela iingxelo njengezibakala ezibubuxoki, ezigabadeleyo okanye ezingenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ngalomzuzu. Umzekelo: "Nika uTaylor ovote nxamnye nenkxaso-mali yamagqala kathathu, unakho ukuvotela umchasi wakhe? Ngenene, umvoteli usenokuba uvote kwinguquko entsonkothileyo egqwethiweyo eyangachazwanga kakuhle. Ukunyanzela ukuba umntu aphendulwe engenaxesha lokukhangela. Eli cebo lisasaza inkohliso kwaye lisebenzise ukunqongophalaza ityala lomntu ovotayo ukuba aqinisekise oko kuthethwayo.

Ukuchukumiseka Nokunkwantyiswa Zimvakalelo

Iimvakalelo zigqitha ngendlela esengqiqweni. Uphando lokutshintshwa ludla ngokuphumela kuloyiko, umsindo, okanye umsindo. Imibuzo ingabhekisa "imigaqo-nkqubo eyingozi," "iingozi kwindlela yethu yobomi," okanye "izinto ezifihlakeleyo" ngokuzibamba ngokungenathemba iimvakalelo ezingalunganga, uphando lunciphisa amathuba okuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba ekuhlalutyeni okucokisekayo. Olu buchule busebenza ngakumbi kwiindawo ezikwindawo eziqhekekileyo.

Ifakwe ngaphakathi okanye ingaphandle kwe-data

Uphando lungakhankanya amanani akhethwe ngokukhetha ukupeyinta umfanekiso ongalunganga womvo okanye umkhuphi. Umzekelo: "Isicwangciso serhafu sika-Davis singanyusa isantya se 80% yeentsapho(iii) ezikuxhalabisayo? Amanani anokuba yinyaniso kwiqela elithile lengeniso enciphileyo kodwa achazwe njengenyani jikelele. Ngaphandle komongo, umbathisi wamkela inani elilahlekisayo njengommeli opheleleyo.

Ukuphosa nokukhupha iziphumo

Uphando loqhushululu lwenziwe ngocoselelo ngemibuzo engqondweni. Imibuzo yangaphambili ibeka isakhelo esidimazayo, kwaye imibuzo elandelayo yakhela kulo mkhethe. Umzekelo, imibuzo yokuqala emininzi ingabalaselisa iimpawu ezingalunganga zomvoteli, kwaye emva koko ubuze umbuzo wokugqibela: "Emva kokufunda ezizibakala, ungacinga ngokuvota omnye umvoteli?" Ukulandelelana kuqalisa ukuphendula ngendlela engalunganga. Legitmate igostersss arlate arcel arlate artic translate syndings artics synding.

Indlela Yokufaka Uchuku Endle

Abahlali banokubhala uvavanyo lwengqondo ukuze bahlolisise naluphi na uhlolisiso abalufumanayo. Ezi mpawu zilandelayo zifanele ziphakamise iiflegi ezibomvu.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uxambo okanye ifleant engachazwanga: Umthumeli akanakubiza umbutho wophando onesidima okanye iyunivesithi. Bangathi basuka kwisiziko "lokufuna kwakhona" ngaphandle kobukho bukawonke-wonke.
  • Akukho nkcazelo yenjongo: Umvosi akachazi ukuba ugcino-lwazi luza kusetyenziswa njani okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kusini na. Uhlolisiso lomthetho lusoloko lunika olu lwazi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isandi esiphindaphindwayo: Imibuzo ibekwe ngamagama angqongqo, ithetha ukuba umphicothi kufuneka avumelane nembono ethile. Inzame eziphinda-phindiweyo zokuqhuba incoko kulwazi olungalunganga zisalathisi esinamandla.
  • Iphepha lemibuzo yamanani: uphando lokwenyaniso luqokelela ugcino-lwazi lwamanani (ingeniso, ingeniso, imfundo) kwiziphumo zobunzima. Uphando lorhuqelo lungafane lubuze imibuzo enjalo kuba lungenamdla kwisampuli ezimeleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iinketho ezinokungabonakaliyo: imibuzo eninzi inganika kuphela "uvumelane ngokunamandla" okanye "okanye into evumelanayo" ukhetho, ukushiya "ukudibanisa" ngokupheleleyo. Oku kunyanzela impendulo egqwethekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izityholo ezingachatshazelwanga: Olu hlolisiso lukhankanya amarhe, izityholo, okanye iimvelaphi ezingachazwanga ngegama "ezinganikezi bungqina. Ukuba ulwazi lubonakala lukrala kwaye lungenakutshintshwa, lusenokuba lukuvotho lokutyhalela.

Ukuba kukho nayiphi na kwezi flegi zibomvu, uphando luphantse lube luhlolisiso olunyanzelwayo. Inyathelo elilandelayo kukusebenzisa ingcinga enzulu ukuqinisekisa ukukrokra nokugqiba indlela yokusabela.

Ukusebenzisa Iingcinga Ezirhabaxa Ekutyhaleleni Iingcamango Ezibi

Ukucinga ngendlela erhabaxa kungumsebenzi wokuhlolisisa inkcazelo ngaphambi kokuba uyimkele njengeyinyaniso. Xa kufikelelwa ekunyanzeleni uhlolisiso, iindlela eziliqela ezingqalileyo zinokubanceda abemi balapho baqonde ukuba ikho into abayenzayo.

Umbuzo ngemvelaphi

Zisoloko ubuza: Ngubani oqhuba olu hlolisiso? I-academic yamaziko ophando, iifemu zophando ezingangeniyo kwi-partical, ii-process-adio ezinkulu ze-medias process projects shorts zazo shorts. Ukuba imvelaphi ayaziwa okanye ayivumi ukunikezela iinkcukacha, jonga uphando njengorhanela. phendla ngekhompyutha igama lentlangano kunye nenkqubo yophando. Umzekelo, iPew Research Center ikhupha uxwebhu olubanzi kubuchule bayo bokuhlola. Umqhubiso akazukunazo olunjalo. Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle:

Hlaziya Ilizwi Lemibuzo

Hlola umbuzo ngamnye wolwimi oluchukumis ’ intloko, olungachananga, okanye ukhetho olunyanzelwayo. Bhala umbuzo ngendlela yobundilele uze ubone ukuba intsingiselo yenguquko kusini na. Umzekelo, uphando lokunyanzelisa lungabuza, "Amathematilonti ayeka ukuchitha imali erhafu kwityala lerhafu kwimibutho yezityebi? inguqulelo yobundilele ingaba yile: "Uyawuxhasa okanye uxhase iibheyili zikarhulumente zemibutho?" ukuthelekisa ezi nguqulelo kutyhila ingxuba. Ukuba lo mbuzo ubonakala ucekisekile kunokuba uchaze, mhlawumbi ukhuphise ukhuthuzo.

Zazi Iimpazamo Ezinengqiqo

Uphando lophululo oluthe lwaxhomekeka kwinkohliso esengqiqweni kumaqhinga aphenduliweyo. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ziquka umququzeli (omela indawo yotshaba ukwenza kube lula ukuhlasela), ingxaki engeyonyani (ukunceda kuphela ukhetho olugqithisileyo xa kukho) kunye nesibheno kwiimvakalelo. Ukubona ezi ntlobo kunceda umvoti abone ixesha elidlulileyo lentetho. Kuluhlu olubanzi, I-Nkqubela-mali ye-Siphazamiso yi- inikela iingcaciso ezicacileyo nemizekelo.

Funa Uqinisekiso Lobuqu

Phambi kokwamkela nakuphi na ukuthelekelela okwenziwa kuphando olunyanzelekileyo, khangela imithombo ethembekileyo efuna uphando enjengeNkcukacha.org, iPritifact, okanye iSnopes. Le mibutho isebenza ngokuqwalasela iingxelo zezobupolitika kwaye ingakhawuleza ilahle izityholo zobuxoki. Ukuba ulwazi olunikelweyo aluqinisekiswanga yimithombo emininzi ezimeleyo, lujonge ukuba lungachasananga. Uphando oluphengululwayo lusebenza kakuhle kwintelekelelo yokuba abavoti abazukuthatha ixesha ukuqinisekisa oko kuthethwa.

Qwalasela Injongo Yovel

Buza isizathu sokuba olu hlolisiso lwenziwe. Ukuba usukelo lukuqokelela iimbono zokwenene malunga nembambano okanye umkhuphiswano, imibuzo izakubano olulungelelanisiweyo kwaye ibe yeyobundilele. Ukuba usukelo lubonakala lusasaza ulwazi olubi ngomnye umvotelwa okanye ukukhuthaza amacebo ahlukeneyo, uvolo lulula. Uphando olugunyazisiweyo lusetyenziselwa iinjongo zemfundo okanye ezobuntatheli; ukutyhalela uhlolo lusetyenziselwa ukubhiyozela iphulo lwasemfihlekweni. Umo kunye nocwangciso olucwangcisiweyo () rhoqo phambi konyulo-/lucebisa ngenjongo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yongcoliso lodubelo

Ukuqonda imizekelo yembali kunceda uqinise ubuchule bokwazisa. Uphando lorhuqelo lubhalisiwe kumaphulo amaninzi aphezulu.

Ukwanda Okuphambili Kwempembelelo Yama - 2000

Ngexesha lerejista yeeRiphabliki zowama 2000, engaziwayo ubiza abavoti eMzantsi Carolina benombuzo ofana nothi: "Ngaba ubuya kuba mancinci okanye ungayivoti uJohn McCaine ukuba uyazi ukuba unomntwana omnyama ongekho mthethweni? Ilishwa lobuxoki elibhekiswe kuMcKain waseBangladesh owamkelwayo. Oku kunyanzela ukuba kuveliswe uphando olunempumelelo kwaye kwenzakalisa ibali ngaphandle komfobeleli othe ngqo. Iphulo likaMcCain lanyanzeleka ukuba akhusele isigqeba, kwaye ungaziwa nohlobo lwezingcingo ezithi zesicelo esibekwe phantse ukuba angabi nakukwazi ukuphendula. Esi siganeko sicatshulwa njengomzekelo wokunyathela iziphumo ezitshabalalisayo.

Ukubhenela Kwiphulo Lobuongameli lika-2016

Ngexesha lonyulo 2016, uphando oluninzi lomgangatho ophantsi karhulumente oluphembelela abavoti abajoliswe kulo ngemibuzo ecebisa ukuba uHillary Clinton wayebandakanyeke kwizenzo ezimanyumnyezi ezingazange zivunywe okanye zixelwe ngokugqithisileyo. Umzekelo, ezinye iifowuni zabuza, "Ukuba ubuyazi ukuba uHillary Clinton wayesebenzise iseva ye-imeyili yabucala enolwazi olwahluliweyo, ubuya kumxhasa? Lo mbuzo wawunokuyiphendula impikiswano kwaye uyiphanda njengenyaniso. Uphando olunjalo lwalungasetyenziswangakhuphiselwanga nje ukucinezela inkxaso ye-Clinton kodwa kwakhona ukudinisa isiseko sakhe ngolwanolwazi oludityanisiweyo.

Ungcoliso lodubelo olungekho mgangathweni

Uphando lokuphulula alupheleli kwezobupolitika. Amanye amaqela ezorhwebo kunye nawobukhafula asebenzisa ubuchule obufanayo ukuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimibandela enjengenguquko yemozulu, ukunyamekela impilo, okanye uxanduva lwenkampani. Umzekelo, inkampani yezentlalo-ntle ingaqhuba "imposiso" ebuza: "Ifanele imisele ukhetho lwamandla ezintsalweni, nokuba inyusa iindleko? I-framing icebisa ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente siya kunciphisa inkululeko kwaye sinyuse iindleko, abaphicocileyo ukuba bachase ukuchasa umgaqo. Ukuqonda lo mgaqo nakuwo wonke umongo wolwazi wolwazi lwe-mediscovelic.

Impembelelo Yokutyhala Kwinkululeko Yolawulo - melo

Uphando lophando lophando lomonakalo lwedemokhrasi ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, basasaza ulwazi olugqwethekileyo olungcolisa ingxoxo kawonke-wonke. Iincwadi ezichanekileyo ezichanekileyo kulwazi olububuxoki okanye olugqwethekileyo zingayila iimbono ezisekelwe kubuxoki, zicuthe ukwenziwa kwesigqibo esifanelekileyo esiyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi. Okwesibini, zinyanzela ukuphembelela ukuthengwa kovavanyo kuncitshiswe kuvavanyo olusemthethweni. Xa abavoti bengenako ukwahlula uphando olunyanisekileyo kolusebenzisa uphando lukawonke-wonke. Oku kusenokukhokelela ekuthothothothotho lwezizo ezibalulekileyo, ukunciphisa ucoselelo lwendlela yogcino-data olunolwazi olunolwazi kunye nolawulo lobuzwi.

Okwesithathu, ukunyanzela uphando kuchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa nabavoti abanolwazi oluncinane, abanokuvuma izinto ezifunwayo ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kwandisa umsantsa wolwazi phakathi kwabemi abatshatelwe kunye nabo bangenzi nto. Okwesine, ukungakwazi kwamandla okunyanzelisa ukuhlasela abachasi ngaphandle kokuziphendulela. I-Vrearus squages ingasasazwa ngaphandle komngcipheko wokufumana izinto, idala imekobume enetyhefu ediza ukhuphiswano olunyanisekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, inyanzela ukuba utho lwentetho yedemokhrasi luthobe kakhulu kwaye yenza kube nzima ukuba abemi basebenzise intetho yabo ngobulumko.

Indlela Yokusabela Xa Udibana Nombhalo Ongcolileyo

Ukuba ummi ufumana uhlolisiso olukrokrelekayo, zikho iindlela ezakhayo zokusabela ngaphandle kokuba lixhoba lokuxhatshazwa.

Ungabandakanyeki Kwimibuzo Enzima

Landula nje ukuphendula imibuzo ebonakala igqwetha okanye equlathe amabali angenazingxengxezo. Yithi: "Andiphenduli imibuzo ekhokelayo" Okanye xhoma umnxeba, cima umbhalo, okanye vala umkhangeli. Ukuqinisekisa ubuchule kwaye unika umfono-fono ngempendulo, nokuba ayilunganga. Iinkqubo zovo oluninzi zizenzelwa ngokwayo; nayiphi na impendulo ibhaliwe.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Ingxelo enyanzela uphando kumagunya apho kunokwenzeka khona. EUnited States, uphando olunyanzelisayo lulawulwa phantsi kwemithetho yonyulo kumaphondo amaninzi. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo afuna ukutyhilwa komntu oxhasa inkxaso-mali yovotelo. Qhagamshelana nebhodi yakho yonyulo okanye i-gcisa-gosa-gosa-gosa le-ofisi. Ngaphezu koko, chaza isiganeko kwimibutho elandela uphatho lwezopolitiko, olunjenge- Intlangano yeMelika ye-Melika ye-Propunyment Precial , ephengulula imikhwa yokuphanda engekho mthethweni.

Fundisa Abahlobo Nentsapho

Xelanani ngolwazi olunyanzelekileyo olukukhuselwa kwi-intanethi yenu. Okukhona abantu beqonda ezi ndlela, kokukhona bengenampumelelo. Imizekelo yeposi kwi-media yoluntu (ngaphandle kokusasaza inkcazelo ephosakeleyo), xubushani iindlela zokucinga ezigxekayo, kwaye khuthaza abanye ukuba baqinisekise oko kuthethwayo ngaphambi kokuba bakwamkele. Ukuqokelela izinto kubangela ukuba unyulo luqine.

Ukuphenduliswa Kwetyala Ngemiphumo

Uphando olucinezelayo ludla ngokugunyaziswa ngamaphulo ezobupolitika okanye abaxhasi bawo. Abavoter bangafuna ukuba abatshati-nxaxheba bawagxeke ekuhleni amaqhinga anjalo baze baqinisekise ukuba abawasebenzisi. Iiofisi zephulo lokunxibelelana zibuze ngokuma kwazo ekuqhutyelweni kwemiba yokuvota. Ukuba umntu oza kubhaptizwa uhlala athule, ucebisa ukuba anyanzeleke. Abavoti abanolwazi bangenza inxalenye yesigqibo sabo sokuvota.

Ukuhlakulela Ingqondo Egxekayo Ngaphezu Kokucel ’ Ityala

Ubuchule obusetyenziselwa ukukhangela uphando olunyanzelisayo busebenza kwiintlobo ezininzi zenkcazelo ephosakeleyo `clickbait', imixholo ephambili, iinkcazelo ezixhaswe yiprojekthi, kunye nobunzulu bomkhwa. Ngokuhlakulela umkhwa wokubuza imithombo, ukuhlalutya ulwimi, ukuqinisekisa izibakala, kunye nokuqwalasela iintshukumisa, abemi baba nesibindi sokusebenzisa iinguqu kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Kwixesha lokuxinanonezelo, ukucinga okugxeka akuyomfundo nje; bubuchule bokuhlala bedemokhrasi.

Izikolo, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, namajelo eendaba anendima ekukhuthazeni ukufundwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha. Kodwa eyona mbopheleleko iphambili ixhomekeke kumntu ngamnye ukuba ahlale ephaphile. Ummi onokuthi abone uphando olunyanzelwayo ngummi ongenakuqhathwa lula. Ukuqinisa ubuchule bakhe kukomeleza idemokhrasi ngokwayo.

Isiphelo

Uphando lophulo-phulo lumela ikona emnyama yephulo lezobupolitika, qhaqhaqha, esebenzisa indawo yabavoti abathembekileyo ekuhloleni iimbono ezifihlakeleyo. Ngokuqonda oko kunyanzelisa uvolo, uvavanyo lobuchule babo bokuxhaphaza, kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela zokucinga ezichuliweyo, abemi bangazikhusela ekukhohliseni. Ukuqaphela imibuzo ethwele, ukubuza imithombo engaziwayo, ukuqinisekisa iziphakamiso ngezizathu ezithembekileyo, nokuqwalasela injongo yocococo zizixhobo zokwenyaniso ezinokusetyenziswa ngumntu ovota. Xa abemi abaneleyo bahlakulela obu buchule, banyanzela ukuphulukana namandla abo. Umntu osele exhobileyo ngeentsonolwazi oluchuliweyo, usoloko esoloko ekhuselekile nxamnye nenkqubo yolawulo olunenkcukuhle.

Ngexesha elizayo xa umnxeba uvakala uphanda ngohlolisiso olukrokrelekayo okanye umyalezo we-imeyili ubonakala ucela iimbono, yima uze usebenzise iindlela ezichazwe apha. Ucalucalulo lomzuzwana lwahlula ummi othenjiweyo kumbandela osetyenziswayo. Ulawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi luxhomekeke kulwazi, iingcungela ezigxekayo (/ kwaye oluqala ngamandla ukubona uphando olunyanzelayo.