ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko nesoMgaqo-siseko saMagunya okuHlalulisa uRhulumente

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika urhulumente opheleleyo igunya elipheleleyo kurhulumente ngokuhlaliswa kwendalo nokuvunywa kwamazwe asemzini. Noko ke, amagunya ahlala ekho amapolisa alawula ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, impilo nentlalo-ntle (_igunya elinokusetyenziswa ngabalawuli ukubumba iziphumo ezinxulumene nokufuduka. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba imithetho karhulumente ebandakanya ukufuduka ixhomekeke ekucacisweni ukuba ayangqubana nomthetho karhulumente, kodwa ikwayamkela nokuba amagunya anokuthabatha izenzo ezixhasa okanye ezongezelele imigudu yomthetho. Olu lungelelwano lunika abalawuli iqonga elinamandla ukuze bandise okanye bathintele amalungelo abo baphambukeli abavelayo okanye bafumane ukhuseleko kwimida yabo.

Ibamba elisebenza kwisakhiwo sentsebenziswano yentsebenziswano yesizwe, apho amasebe karhulumente kunye norhulumente adla ngokuhlanganyela iimbopheleleko. Umzekelo, phantsi komthetho wokunyanzelisa ukufuduka noMgaqo-siseko wesizwe , amagunya angangena 87 [g] izivumelwano [ ezithi zifake urhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni onyanzelela ukunyanzelisa ukufuduka. Irhuluneli ingakhetha ukusukela, ukulinganisela, okanye ukuphelisa izivumelwano ezinjalo. Ngaphezu koko, irhuluneli ingavakalisa izinto ezingxamisekileyo zokubuyisela izimali kukhuseleko lomda, njengoko zibonwa eTexas naseArison, okanye ukusebenzisa igunya labo lokuvala umthetho ophazamisa ukuhambelana kwelayisense okanye ukurhoxatyelwa kwegunya eliphezulu. Irulathi yephondo le-gronanti yombuso yelizwe elilawula urhulumente elilawula urhulumente, inguququququlurrel, ingunjane yegunya eliphambili, ingunxa yo

Abalawuli Abaphambili Abakhoyo

Imiyalelo nemiyalelo yegunya

Irhuluneli ezilawulayo zingakhupha imiyalelo yokuba abameli abangqalileyo besizwe bamkele ezona zinto zibalulekileyo okanye bakwale ukusebenzisana namagunya okufuduka asekuhlaleni. Ngokomzekelo, iGawulayo waseKhalifoniya uGavin Newsom wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo ngo-2019 owandisa i-odonga lezwe California Values Act, ethintela urhulumente kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni ukuba kungasetyenziswa izinto zokusebenza, ukuphengulula, ukuncimisa, okanye ukuxhasa abantu ngabanye ngokweenjongo yokufuduka. Ngokuphikisana noko, iRon Deantins (201) yawisa umyalelo olawula i-Oversity) efuna onke amagunya esizwe asebenzisana nomthetho wokusebenza ngokuzeleyo ekungeneni kwemithetho yokufudulwa kwabantu abasebenzi abarhwebi.

Ulawulo loqingqo-mali kunye nokuHlaliswa kwezibonelelo

Isicelo serhuluneli soqingqo-mali singanikezela amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kumda wokhuseleko, imali yokhuselo esemthethweni kubaphambukeli, okanye iinkqubo zokudibanisa abaphambukeli. Ngokuchaseneyo, iGunya laseTexas Greg Abbott lasebenzisa i-Lone Star [[FLT: 0]] i-Operation Lone Star [] ukulungiselela ukunikezela amawaka eTexas Department of Public Safetyerers kunye namalungu e-Olders kumda, inkxaso yephondo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iGunala laseNew York i-Kathy Hochulthio wahlulela iinkonzo ezingoo-20 000 000 (izigidi) ukuxhasa iinkonzo ezisemthethweni zokufumana iinkonzo zolwimi, inzuzo yokunganikwa kwabantu abahlala eMedica.

Ukusebenzisana Ngomthetho KaRhulumente

Irhuluneli zigqiba ukuba ziyangena okanye ziyayiphelisa na izivumelwano ne-U.S. I-mmigration kunye neNkcubeko (ICE). Ezi zivumelwano zivumela amagosa karhulumente aqeqeshiweyo ukuba enze imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa ukufuduka, efana nokuncitshiswa kwe-'abathinteli kunye nokukhupha izicelo. Ezinye iirhuluneli, njengabo baseKhalifoniya ne-Oregon, aziwavumeli amapolisa ukuba angene kwiizivumelwano ezinjalo. Abanye, njengoDesantis, bagunyaziwe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Igatya lokusebenza kunye nezicelo ze-inters [[FLT] [FLT] [3] izicelo ze-Information I ukusuka kwizicelo zomhla womntu ngamnye ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho. Imithetho efana nemithetho ehamba kunye nemiqatha, ngaphandle kokuba ixeshisiwe, i-etho, efuna ukudiselwa kwabanye abantu abamele ukudiniswa, njengeyo, efana, ekufuneka, njenge, e-

Ilayisenisi Yomqhubi Nobuchule Bokuchaza Umqhubi

Enye yezona nkqubo zibonakalayo zokufuduka kukufumana imvume yokuqhuba abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga. Ngonyaka wama-2025, 16 amaphondo kunye neSithili saseColumbia imisele imithetho enika abaqhubi iilayisensi zokuhamba nomgangatho wokufuduka. IGaveneli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo ukwandisa okanye ukunqanda ii-injini. Ngo-2023, umlawuli we-Minnesofeta Tim Walz watyikitha isibhengezo semali evumela abemi abangabhaliswanga ngokomthetho wokufumana imvume yomqhubi, ngelixa i-onqabileyo etyikitywayo, ngelixa iDesantis i-arensitive ingasebenzi namaphepha-mvume akhutshwe ngaphandle kwelayiseko-mthetho-yomthetho. Imithetho enjalo ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla yezigidi zabafuduki kunye nee-inshorensi, ii-inshorensi, ii-ances.

Imfundo Neengenelo Zoluntu

Imikhosi yephondo iphembelela ukufikelela kubafundi abangabhalwanga abaphumeleleyo kwizikolo eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente. Okwangoku, 20 yamazwe anikela ngamanani onyuselo ngokusemthethweni kubafundi abangabhalwanga, ngokufuthi ngemithetho esayinwe okanye exhaswe yirhuluneli. ETexas, iGaveral Rick Perry yasayina umthetho ka-2001 owawuphakathi kwabokuqala ukunikezela ngomthetho wesigqeba. Kutshanje, amabamba aye atyhala aqhubela phambili ulwando okanye imiqathango. Ngonyaka wama-2024, iGunala-mkhosi uLaura Kellay u-toto walwamrhulurgo olungalwangalwanga abafundi ekufumaneni imvume yokuphuma kwesizwe, kodwa i-irse-acestern.

Isenzo sophando lwetyala lolohlulo lomgangatho karhulumente

IArizona neSB 1070

I-SB 1070 yase-Arizona, eyasayinwa nguRhuluneli uJan Brewer ngo-2010, yayingomnye wemithetho karhulumente enobundlobongela yokunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwelizwe kwimbali yale mihla. Lo mthetho wafuna ukuba amagosa amapolisa amisele ukuba abantu bafuduke ngexesha lokumiswa okusemthethweni ukuba babenokukrokrala ukuba babekweli lizwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Kwakhona yayenza ukuba ibe ngumthetho wesizwe ukuba ube ukho ngaphandle koxwebhu olufanelekileyo. Umthetho wabangela ukuba impikiswano yesizwe, iintombi, kunye nombangongo oPhakamileyo owathiya ityala ingxwelethwe ngamalungiselelo amaninzi njengoko umthetho karhulumente uthe ngokomthetho. Kodwa umthetho “wandibonisa amaphepha akho” alungiselelwe, kwaye wamisela umzekelo wokukhuphela umthetho we-Alabatha e-Alaba, eGeorgia, naseMzantsi Koloni. Umlawuli we-Brewertherine wakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-SBB70 ye-ography njengoko kuboniswe intetho yesizwe.

Imodeli Engcwele Yesizwe SaseKhalifoniya

Ngokwahlukileyo, iKhalifoniya phantsi kweRhuluneli uJerry Brown kunye noGavin Newsom kamva bazimise njengenkokeli yesizwe ekukhuseleni abaphambukeli. I-2017 California Act [Umthetho we-Owufaneleyo] (SB 54]) ayiwuvumeli urhulumente kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni ekusebenzisaneni namagunya alawulayo ekungeneni kwelizwe kwiimeko ezininzi, ivalela ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zikarhulumente zolawulo lokunyanzelisa ukufuduka, kwaye ibeke umda wokwabelana ulwazi lobuqu. Isikhulu esingu-Newsmom sasayina imithetho enika umelo olusemthethweni olulungiselelwe abaphambukeli abaza kujoliswe ekugxothweni nasekunikezelweni kwempilo ephantsi ekungangeni. Le migaqo-mthetho ijongenemingeni esemthethweni kulawulo luka-Trump kodwa i-odmignotencel, i-oldingssss symist sydies.

Amanyathelo Okuqalisa Ukhuseleko Lomda waseTexas

IRhuluneli yeTexas uGreg Abbott wenze ukhuseleko lomda lwaba yimbambano echazayo. Ngo-2021, wakhupha i-Lone Star , ethumela amawaka ee-odoli kunye namalungu e- National Guarders kumda wase-Mexico, kwaye wabeka ikota i-10 lamawaka ezigidi zemali karhulumente kwimali kunyaka ka-2024. Umsebenzi waquka ukubanjwa kwabafuduki kunye nokurhaxhwa kwemilo kumthetho, njengokungawi kwetyala nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukurhwaphithizela , ukuphumelela kokunyanzeleka kolawulo lwengingqini. I-Abottp yakhokela iSebe lokhuseleko laseTexas ukumisa ucingo kunye nemidangathotho ye-mthetho e-Rongeeat, eyakhokelela ekungqubanisweni ngokusemthethweni nolawulo lwe-mthetho-Elgovingle.

Imithetho Engathathi Nto YaseFlorida

IRhuluneli yaseFlorida uRon Desantis wasayina umthetho owatyikitywa ngowama-2023 owasikela kakhulu amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni okwamkela iinkqubo zengcwele. Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba zonke izigulana zaseFlorida ezingama-67 zisebenzisane ne-ICE, zivale ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente ukulungiselela ukukhusela abafuduki abangabhalwanga, kunye nokungabi namali yokufumana imvume yokuqhuba imoto ekhutshwayo ebhankini. Kwakhona ugunyazisa ukuba izibhedlele ziqokelele ulwazi lwezokufuduka kwabaguli kwaye zilunike ingxelo yelizwe lokufumana imvume yokufuduka. UDeSantis othe nangaphezulu kwemali ye-omatilo-omatilo-o-mazwe azinikeleyo, kunye noomatiloshe abafudukayo abafudukayo abavelayo besuka eTexas ukuya kwi-Vineyard naseRo-cramouth njengengxelo yezopolitiko. Oku kunyanze i-Florida ivavanye ityala lombuso lwesizwe esifuna ukukhuselwa phambili koburhulumente sasekuhlaleni.

Impembelelo Yezobupolitika Nentlalo YeRhuluneli Enikwe Igunya

Kwimimandla Efudukayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezorhwebo yelizwe ichaphazela kakhulu ubomi bemihla ngemihla bafuduki, bobabini ababhalisiweyo nabangabhalwanga. Iinkqubo zobuGcisa kumaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya neNew York] inciphisa uloyiko lokugxothwa ngexesha lonxulumano lwamapolisa oluqhelekileyo, ikhuthaza amaxhoba abaphambukeli namangqina ukuba axele ngaphandle koloyiko lweziphumo zokufuduka. Ngokuchasene noko, imigaqo-mthetho enzima kumazwe anjenge-Arizona ne-Florida idipontiye yanxulunya idityaniswe ukuhla kokugcinwa komthetho, ukuphepha iinkonzo zikawonke wonke, uxinezeleko oluphezulu kwizindlu zabaphambukeli. I-2020 isifundo se-Roktrovity yeza yokhuseleko lwasemgalelo [[FLT] ifumaniswe ngokwemithetho engqongqo yemithetho, abaphambukeli abaphambukeli abambalwa befuna ukungenelwa okanye ukungenelwa kwabantwana babo, xa kungenelwa iinkqubo zabo, iRhuluneli zikawonke-wonke-wonke-mthetho, xa kuthelelwa na

Ezemali Nezomsebenzi

Iinkqubo zokurhweba ngokusetyenziswa kwe-offaignoration nazo zibumba amashishini engqesho karhulumente. Abafuduki abangabhalwanga phantsi banokufumana malunga 4.4% be-U.S. abasebenzi, kunye nokuxinanisa kwezolimo, ulwakhiwo, ulwakhiwo, nokunyamekela. Amazwe athintela ukuhambela phambili kwelayisensi yomqhubi okanye ukhuseleko lomsebenzi anokubona ukunqongophala komsebenzi ongundoqo. Umzekelo, emva komthetho wokufuduka kwe-Florida [2023], amaqela ezolimo abika ubunzima kwabasebenzi abaqeshiweyo, ngoxa abanye abemi abangakhangelwanga bashiya imo. Ngokuchaseneyo, ithi, ukunikezela kwelayiselo-layiselo-mali kunye nenkcelo yelizwe lamazwe asekuhlaleni anokubona ukurhoxakeka komsebenzi phakathi kwabafuduki kunye noqoqo bezoqoqosho. Ingxelo yengxelo ye-[Foctive [2]

KwiSizwe seSizwe

Iirhuluneli ziye zaba ngabadlali abaphambili ekulungiseni ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe norhulumente wesizwe ekufudukeni. Ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Trump, i-Dermocratic eKhalifoniya, eNew York, kunye neWashington zagweba urhulumente wesizwe kwiinkqubo ezifana nokuvalwa komsebenzi wohambo, ukuchophela ulawulo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokupheliswa kwe-DACA. Ngexesha lokulawula kweBhoden, amabamba eTexas, iFlorida, kunye ne-Arizona phondo ziye zamangalela utshintsho ukuze zinyanzelise izinto eziphambili, inkqubo yeparalole, kunye nemali eseleyo yomda. Ezi mfazwe zifike kumaxesha amaninzi eS. Ezi ngxelo zeNkulwano zikhulu zephondo, ziqinisa indima yooomantloko belizwe belizwe lokuhlola inkqubo yokufuduka. Uduladula-wa wase-Rhulumente, u-Ard nood , urhulumente osungulwe-Anti, ukwenziwa kwamaququququququ

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Nendima Yeenkundla

Phantse yonke inkqubo engundoqo yokufuduka iye yajamelana nocelomngeni olusemthethweni, oludla ngokuziswa yimibutho yamalungelo abantu okanye iSebe lezeMithetho yase-U.INkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngowama-2012 ilawula Arizora v. United States[ imisele ukuba awanakukwazi ukuyila amatyala ayo okufuduka okanye ukunyanzelisa umthetho wesizwe wokungena kwabantu ngaphandle komdla, kodwa angancedisa ukunyanzeliswa kwesivumelwano sentsebenzi yesizwe ngezivumelwano zesivumelwano sentsebenzi. Kamva izigqibo zeNkundla zamazwe ziye zaxhasa imithetho elawula ukugcinwa komsebenzi (umz. g., i- 2011 [[FLT.2]]] Cam yezomthetho worhwebo.[FLT][FLT]3] umele agunyaze agunyazwe ngumthetho womthetho osemthethweni, okanye agunyazise imvume yokuba angenelelo lwe-Arizona zindawo zokufuduko. Iinkundla zezo zoburhulumente ezisezantsi zasekuhlaleni zamazwe zamazwe zamazwe zamazwe zamazwe zisahlulwa

Ikamva Lomthetho Wokufuduka KukaRhulumente

Xa bejonga phambili, abalawuli belizwe basenokuhlala besemgangathweni womgaqo-nkqubo wokufuduka, ingakumbi njengoko iCongress iqhubeka isilela ukudlulisa utshintsho olubanzi.

  • Amadabi okuhlangula: Urhulumente wengingqi angafuna imithetho yombuso etshayelayo ephazamisana nezomthetho eziza kuqala, kodwa isiphumo siza kuxhomekeka kwiinkundla. Ulawulo lwamashumi amabini24 luxhaswa nguMjikelezo wesihlanu oxhasa ngamandla kaTexas okunyanzelisa imithetho yetyala ngokuchasene nabaphambukeli, icebisa ukuba amaphondo angenza iindima ezintsha zomthetho wolawulo.
  • Ii-complumts ze-Intertate: IRhulumane zingenza izivumelwano zengingqi ukuququzelela ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa okanye ukhuseleko lwabaphambukeli. Umzekelo, iPact yaseNtshona Koloni (iCalifornia, i-Oregon, eWashington) ixubushe ngeenkqubo ezidibeneyo ezisemthethweni nxamnye nezenzo zolawulo zoluntu loluntu.
  • Intshukumo yenyathelo imida . Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo elawulayo kwanda, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zingafuna ukulinganisela amagunya angowomntu. EOklahoma, umthetho wama 2024 ufuna irhuluneli ukufumana imvume yemithetho phambi kokungena nakweyiphi na ingu 287(g).
  • [[FLT: 0] Impendulo engokwabantu : Iirhuluneli kumazwe asemadabini zingandisa indima yazo ekunikezeleni indawo yokufihla intloko, unyango, kunye nezithuthi kubafuduki abakhululwa ngamagunya asekuhlaleni. Ngo-2023, iRhuluneli yaseNew York uHochul yavakalisa urhulumente wongxamiseko ukuqukuqela kwabafuni bekhusi, benyusa amawaka ezigidi zezindlu neenkonzo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubugcisa kunye nogcino-lwazi olwabelanayo: Irhuluneli zityhala ukusetyenziswa okunyusiweyo kolwabelano ngogcino-lwazi lwebhayoloji, abafundi bepleyiti yephepha-mvume, kunye neesiseko sogcino-lwazi ukuze zilandelele ubukho bomphambukeli. Amazwe afana noTexas neFlorida afaka imali kubugcisa ukwabelana ngesithuthi kunye nogcino-lwazi lwe-data kunye ne-ICE.

Isiphumo: IiRhuluneli njengeNdlela yoMgaqo-nkqubo woKhwebo

Abalawuli bezorhulumente abangoomatshini nje abasebenzisa umthetho wesizwe wokufuduka; bangabachaphazeli abasebenzayo bemigaqo echaphazela izigidi zabaphambukeli kunye nabantu abahlala apho. Ngemiyalelo yezolawulo, izigqibo zoqingqo-mali, imigaqo yomthetho, kunye nokulawula kwemithetho, iirhuluneli zingandisa amathuba abo baphambukeli okanye zithintele amalungelo abo. Ukuhlukahluka-hlukene kwesizwe kuya kufikelela ``ku-Arizona' ukuya kwingcwele yeKhalifoniya yaseKhalifoniya'", kubonakalisa ukwahlulwa okunzulu kwezobupolitika kwaye kubonisa amandla olawulo loluntu ekuvezeni iziphumo zenjongo yoluntu. Njengoko abafuduki behlala bengumba ophezulu wezopolitiki, indima yerhuluneli kule ndawo iya kukhula kuphela, yenza ufundo lwenkqubo yezolawulo oluphezulu lombuso lwezorhwebo lokufuduka lwamazwe olubalulekileyo kumazwe oluntu lwaseMelika olulungele ukuqonda umgaqo-mazwe okungena kwamanye amazwe.

Abo banomdla kuphando olubhekele phaya, i-Database yokwahlulwa komgaqo-siseko wesizwe inikela iinkcukacha kubemi abafudukileyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. [ IZiko lophando [[[FLT:] 3] rhoqo ipapasha ucalulo lwembono kawonke-wonke. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni bangajongana no [[FLT:]] iCornell Incanformation Informationism [.]. Ukuchonga kwemisebenzi ethile yerhuluneli kufumaneka ngokuphuma koluvo olufana kunye [FLT]