Inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zomthetho sisixhobo solawulo-bume olusebenzayo, esibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho, imizekelo, kunye nokutolikwa kwezomthetho. Entliziyweni yale nkqubo kukho uhlalutyo olugwebayo olunolwazi olungokwasemthethweni, oluthi luvavanye ubugosa bomthetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Eli nqaku linikela ulwandiso ngendlela imisebenzi yokuhlola ikomiti, indlela izigwebo zenkundla eziveliswe ngayo, kunye nempembelelo ehlala ihleliyo ezi zinezi zigqibo kwibutho labantu. Ngokuqonda ezi zenzo, abemi bayakwazi ukuxabisa ngakumbi iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelaniso ezikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye omthetho kwaye bawuxhase ngayo umthetho.

Ukuqonda Impinda Yomgwebo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji ligunya elinikwe iinkundla ukuhlolisisa enoba umthetho, inkqubo, okanye isenzo solawulo sihambelana nomgaqo-siseko. Lo mgaqo usisiseko ekulondolozeni umthetho, uqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe likarhulumente eligqitha imida yalo. Ngaphandle kokuhlola okugwebayo, izikhulu zemithetho okanye izigqeba eziphezulu ezingoogqwesileyo zinokuwaphelisa amalungelo asisiseko. Amandla awaphelelanga ngokupheleleyo; iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zihlola kuphela amatyala apho kukho impikiswano yokwenene nalapho iqela limele limelanelo ukumangalela.

Imvelaphi Neziseko Ezibalaseleyo Zembali

Ingcamango yohlolo lwetyala yamiselwa ngokuqinileyo eUnited States yimeko yephawu Marbury v. Madison (1803). IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wagxininisa ukuba “ngokungathandabuzekiyo liphondo kunye nomrhumo wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho.” Esi sigqibo sabeka isiseko sendima yejaji ye-jaji njengetolishi ezimeleyo yomgaqo-siseko. Amanye amazwe aye amkela iindlela ezifanayo: kumthetho ofanayo, ngoxa imithetho yezomthetho yamakhaya idla ngokunikezelwa kweenkundla zomthetho-mgaqo-siseko, njengoko inkundla yezomthetho-mthetho wesizwe yeJamani ibonakalisa ukuzinikela komthetho womthetho ozimeleyo.

Inkqubo yeNdlela yeNkqutyana yoHlola i-Ofisi

Ukuhlaziywa kwesigwebo kuvela ngoludwe lweenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo:

  • Ukukhetha: Iinkundla zisoloko zisebenzisa ubuchule ekukhetheni amatyala ezakuva. Zibeka ingqwalaselo ephambili yetyala eliphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yesiseko somGaqo-siseko okanye apho iinkundla ezisezantsi zifikelele kwiinkcazelo eziphikisanayo. KwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-certitoari, kufuna ubuncinane abagwebi abane ukuvumelana.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukubeka iziqendu: Izahlulo zingenisa iinkcazelo ezifutshane ezichaza iimpikiswano zazo, imizekelo engqinelanayo yomthetho, kunye neenkcazelo zomgaqo-siseko. IAmicus curiae (“umhlobo wenkundla”) ishwankathela ukusuka kumaqela enzala okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente zisenokugcinwa ukuze zinikezele iimbono ezongezelelekileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimpikiswano ezi-Oral: Abagwebi baveza amatyala abo phambi kwenkundla, imibuzo ecacileyo evela kubagwebi. Le ntlanganiso ibalulekile ekucaciseni iingongoma ezicacileyo nokuvavanya amandla engxoxo nganye.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho esesikweni idibana kwingqungquthela yabucala ukuze kuxutyushwe ngetyala. Ivota ngokusemthethweni, kwaye ityala eliphezulu kuninzi linika umsebenzi wokubhala uluvo.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Ubhalo lwe-Opinion:[ Inkundla ikhupha isigqibo esibhaliweyo esichaza indlela eqiqa ngayo. Iimbono ezinkulu zimisela imodeli yeqhinga, ngeli lixa zingenayo kwaye ziphikisana iimbono zinika ezinye iinkcazelo ezinokuphembelela amatyala exesha elizayo.

Imigangatho yempinda

Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yohlalutyo ngokuxhomekeke ekunene esichengeni okanye uhlobo lwesenzo sikarhulumente olucelwe umngeni:

  • Impinda yesiseko seRondal:[[[FT:1] Owona mgangatho usezantsi; umthetho uthathwa njengosebenzayo ngaphandle kokuba unxulumene nengqondo nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente. Ukusetyenziswa kwimimiselo yezoqoqosho kunye nomthetho omkhulu wentlalo.
  • Isininzi soMqokelelo: ifuna ukuba umthetho udibane ngokubhekiselele kwinjongo ebalulekileyo karhulumente. Isetyenziswa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ucalucalulo lwesini okanye uthetha ngentengiso.
  • Scrity Scrutiny: Owona mgangatho uphezulu; urhulumente kufuneka abonise umdla onyanzelisayo kwaye umthetho kufuneka ulungiswe ngokunqamlezileyo ukuze ufikelele loo mdla. Ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo asisiseko (umz., ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukuvota) kunye nokurhanela iinkalo (umz., uhlanga, imvelaphi yohlanga).

Indima Yenkundla Ekugqwetheni Umthetho

Izigwebo zenkundla zizigqibo zokugqibela ezinikezelwa ngabagwebi okanye amatyala kwiimbambano ezingokwasemthethweni. Ngasemva kokusombulula amatyala ngamanye, ezi zigwebo zidala imizekelo , imigaqo enika imigaqo emele ilandelwe ziinkundla ezincinci kwiimeko ezifanayo zexesha elizayo. Imfundiso ye stare decis[ [isiLatin ukuma kwemiba emiselweyo”] iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuxelwa kwangaphambili komthetho, nangona iinkundla zinokusibhukuqa ide xa amaxabiso enkonzo okanye ukuqonda komgaqo-siseko kuguquka.

Iindidi Zeembono Zokugweba

  • Inkcazo yoluvo lobuNcedo: Uluvo lwavumelanayo luninzi lwabagwebi, lumisela ukubophelela kwenkundla. Ukuqiqa kwayo kuba ngumzekelo.
  • Inkcazo evumelanayo: Ibhalwe ngabagwebi abangavumelaniyo noninzi, abachasanayo bakhanyela uluvo loninzi kwaye kamva banokuba sisiseko sokubhukuqa idedenti.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Inkcazo equkumbelayo: Ivumelana nesiphumo kodwa inika uqikelelo olwahlukileyo olusemthethweni. Izingqiniso zingaphembelela iinkundla zexesha elizayo xa zifuna ezinye iingqiqo.
  • Inkcazo yeCuriam: Uluvo olufutshane, olungasayinwanga olukhutshwe ngenxa yenkundla, olusoloko lusetyenziswa kwizigqibo ezingeyompikiswano okanye ezingquzulanayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uluvo lokwahlula: xa kungekho sizathu sinye sifumana uninzi, uluvo olunezinye iivoti lungalawula ukubamba kwayo okumxinwa kuphela, ishiyela iinkundla ezisezantsi zingacacanga.

Ulawulo Lophawu Lwasezweni Nempembelelo Yalo

Izigqibo zenkundla zingabuyisela ngokusisiseko uluntu. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yavakalisa ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke olungekho sigqeba, ibhukuqa i-“ecant kodwa ilingana” imfundiso kunye nokulawula umbutho wamalungelo abantu. Roe v. [[FLT] [107])) yamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko wokususa isisu, iguqula amashumi eminyaka engxoxo yezobupolitika neyomthetho. Obergebre. [2] [iiii-'i-'i-'.[FLT] i--RGOK] imisela ekunene kumtshato ofanayo nowe-edextive.

IFilosofi of Detamption: Activs v.

Ingxoxo ephakathi kokugweba nokuvala ityala ibonisa ukungavisisani okusisiseko ngendima efanelekileyo yejaji.

Ukugweba

Izenzo zomthetho zibhekisela kubagwebi abakulungeleyo ukubetha imithetho okanye ukwandisa amalungelo asekelwe ekuchaphazeleni imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu, maxa wambi egqitha kumbhalo okanye kwiinjongo zantlandlolo zomgaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi inyathelo lomthetho livumela iinkundla ukuba zilungise ukungathathi nxaxheba nokukhusela amahlelo angenabungozi. Abahlalutyi bathi liyakudodoba ukwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi ngokuthabathela indawo imithetho yabagwebi abamele abanyuliweyo.

Imithetho eLawulayo

Ukuthintelwa kwezeejaji kubongoza iinkundla ukuba zithobele amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya, zingenelele kwiimeko ezicacileyo zokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Abameli bakholelwa ukuba iinkqubo zedemokhrasi kufuneka zicombulule iingxubusho ezininzi zenkqubo kwaye abagwebi bafanele baphephe ukubeka iimbono zabo zobuqu. Le ndlela idla ngokuhambelana nenkcazo yoqobo okanye ukuguqulelwa kwemibhalo ngezantsi ngezantsi eendlela zokuchaza iinjongo zomgaqo-siseko okanye ukuchaza okucacileyo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwi iSibe se-Chect [FLT . (2010) isoloko ikhankanywa njengentlola imbono engaqhelekanga (ukugalela imida yelixa lokulwa), ngexesha LATAN] v. Texas [2003] [2003] [iimithetho egosayo)) ibonwa njengentlukwano kwimbono ebanzi. Izigqibo zisenokuquka [[FLT] Intlalo yomthetho-ntle ye-Mbali-ngathotho-nga yomthetho wolawulo, ukungafundwa kwe-omatilo ye-okthonga.

Indlela Iinkundla Ezitolika Ngayo Imithetho NomGaqo-siseko

Ingqwalasela yezomthetho ayenzeki kwibala. Iinkundla zisebenzisa iindlela eziliqela zokuchaza intsingiselo yemithetho namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ukubhala Nokubhala Kwantlandlolo

I-Textalism igxininisa kwintsingiselo ecacileyo yombhalo obhaliweyo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemithetho. UbuDary bufuna ukuqonda intsingiselo yantlandlolo yomgaqo-siseko okanye injongo yabaqulunqi. IJaji uAntonin Scalia yayingumxhasi ophambili kuzo zombini ezi. Ezi ndlela zijolise ekumiseleni umda wendlela yokugweba kunye nezigqibo ze-ankile ngokweenjongo.

Umgaqo-siseko ophilayo

Le mbono ithi amabinzana abanzi omgaqo-siseko (umz., “ukuya phambili,” isohlwayo esingaqhelekanga” kufuneka itolikwe ngokubhekiselele kwimilinganiselo yoluntu kunye namaxabiso akhoyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi le ndlela ithintela uxwebhu ukuba lungabi seluphelelwe lixesha. Abahlalutyi bathi ivumela abagwebi ukuba babhale kwakhona umgaqo-siseko.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokulinganisa Iimvavanyo

Abanye abagwebi bacinga ukuba inkxalabo yokukhuphisana ixhomekeke kwizinto ezifuna ukuncedana, besebenzisa iimviwo zokulungisa iingxabano. Ngokomzekelo, kumatyala okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, iinkundla zisenokulungelelanisa umdla karhulumente wokhuseleko lukawonke wonke nxamnye nelungelo lesithethi lokuzichaza. Le ndlela iqhelekile xa kuqwalaselwa imo-mongo.

Inkqubo Yokumangalelwa: Ukusuka Kwityala Ukuya Kwinkundla Ephakamileyo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji ludla ngokufikelela kwincopho yomgangatho wokufumana ingqwalaselo ephezulu, apho iinkundla eziphezulu zihlola izigqibo eziphantsi zenkundla.

Indlela Yesibheno

  1. Umgwebo oPhambili: Iqela kufuneka libe nomgwebo wokugqibela ukusuka kwinkundla evavanyiweyo okanye umbutho wolawulo.
  2. Iphepha lesicelo elinomtsalane elinophawu lwe metal.
  3. [[UMTL:0] Ikhutshelwe kwiSibheno: Inkundla esezantsi ithumela ingxelo yetyala, kuquka iirekhodi kunye nobungqina, kwinkundla yetyala.
  4. [[UMTL: 0] Iintambo kunye nempikiswano yequmrhu: omabini amacala anikela iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo, kwaye inkundla ingacwangcisa impikiswano yomlomo.
  5. Isigqibo: Iqela labagwebi likhupha uluvo lokuqinisekisa, ukuguqula, okanye ukulungisa le meko ukwenzela ukuqhubekeka kwemicimbi.
  6. [[NKQUBO:0] Impinda ephinda-phindeneyo: kwiinkqubo ezininzi, iqela lingacela inkundla ephakamileyo (umz., iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.) ukuze liqwalasele, kodwa ezo zibongozo azifane zinikwe.

Ukubaluleka Kwezibheno Zokusebenzisana

Kwezinye iindawo, izibheno ze-interlocations ``ichallenges'' kwimithetho eyenziwa phambi komgwebo wokugqibela'. Zivumelekile ukucinezela imibuzo yomthetho. Ezi zinokuyicombulula imibandela engundoqo yomgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokulinda ukuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngeengxubusho Zezeejaji

Ukuhlolisisa isigwebo kusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ehlabathini lonke, okubonisa izithethe neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Imodeli YaseUnited States

I-U.S. inenkqubo elungeleleneyo apho nayiphi na inkundla yesizwe inokubandakanyeka kwingqwalasela egwebayo, neNkundla ePhakamileyo njengomchasi wokugqibela. Le mizekelo igxininisa amandla eenkundla eziqhelekileyo okuvakalisa imithetho engekho mthethweni.

Imodeli yeNkundla zomGaqo-siseko yaseYurophu

Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, anjengeJamani, iItali neFransi, aneenkundla zomGaqo-siseko ezizodwa ezahluke ngokupheleleyo kwimithetho eqhelekileyo. Ezi nkundla zinegunya elipheleleyo lokuhlola ubulunga bemithetho, ngokufuthi ngokuhlola okungacaciyo (ucelomngeni oluziswa ngaphandle kwetyala eliqinisekileyo) okanye ngokuzihlola okucacileyo (ukusuka kwimigaqo-siseko yokwenene). Ngokwemizekelo, iNkundla yeJamani yoMgaqo-siseko, ilungelelanisa amalungelo asisiseko kunye namagunya karhulumente kwaye iye yakhupha izigqibo ezinempembelelo kwimicimbi eyimfihlo nesidima sabantu.

Indaleko Yomthetho Oqhelekileyo Nomanyeneyo

I-UK ayinawo umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo ngokwengqiqo yamaMerika, kodwa uhlolo lokugweba lukho phantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu kawonke-wonke awagqithi igunya lawo elisesikweni okanye enza ngendlela engenangqiqo. UMthetho wamaLungelo wobuNtu ka-1998 ubandakanya iNdibano yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu, ivumela iinkundla ze-UK ukuba zikhuphise izindululo ezingangqinelaniyo/ukungawiswa kwezenzo zePalamente.

Ucelomngeni Lokuhlolisisa Isigwebo Emhlabeni Wonke

Kwamanye amazwe, uhlolo lwezigwebo lujongene nokuchasa kwamasebe ezobupolitika. Ukupheliswa kwenkundla, ukukhutshwa, nokungahambelani nemithetho kusongela inkululeko yokugweba. Umzekelo, utshintsho lwakutshanje ePoland nase Hungary luye lwaphakamisa inkxalabo ngokukhukuliseka komGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zibalaselisa ubuqhetseba bomthetho.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwempinda Yezogwebo

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo, uhlolo lwetyala alunampikiswano. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ingowokungavumelani ncam nokungagqibeki kwemithetho edluliselwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinyuliweyo zedemokhrasi. Oku “kunzima kumazwe okuphela konyaka” kuye kwakhuthaza iingxoxo ezingeyokungalawulekiyo.

Ukubekwa Komthetho Nokuphendula

Abagwebi banandipha ubomi obulula okanye amabinzana amade kwiinkqubo ezininzi, bewakhusela ekuphenduleni kokhetho. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba le nkululeko yiyo kanye ewavumelayo ukuba akhusele amalungelo amancinane kwingcinezelo yabaninzi. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwedemokhrasi kunye nomgaqo-siseko luhlala lungapheliswa.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nezigwebo Zokugweba

E-U.S., amadinga eNkundla Ephakamileyo aye abonakalisa ucalucalulo kakhulu, yaye abalawuli basoloko belindele ukunamathela kwintanda-bulumko ethile egwebayo. Oku kuqhatha kobungozi kunciphisa ukuthembana kwabantu kwinkundla yokungakhethi buso. Iziqinisekiso eziphezulu nezigqibo eziphikiswayo zakutshanje ziye zagxininisa ngakumbi.

Ukusikelwa Umda Okusebenzisekayo

Iinkundla zixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukuze ziphumeze izigqibo zazo. Ukuxhathisa komthetho, ukuthomalalisa, okanye ukuvala intloko-mthetho kungaphazamisa impembelelo yezigqibo zomthetho. Umzekelo, emva Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[, urhulumente waseMazantsi walwa nokuhlanganiswa kangangeminyaka. Inkundla yayingenawo amandla okunyanzelisa, ifuna ungenelelo lwamazwe.

Isiphelo: Intsingiselo Ehlala Ihleli Yohlalutyo Olugwebayo

Ukuhlola nokumisela imithetho yenkundla kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi. Baqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente ahlala elinganiselwe yaye amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselekile kwanakwiimeko eziphambili. Ukusuka kwimodeli yeqela leziganeko zexesha elidlulileyo ye Marbury v. Madison[[] kwimpikiswano eqhubekayo engomsebenzi we-e-ethematili kunye nokuzibamba, indima ye-judiary ixhomekeke ekuhlangabezaneni nobunzima behlabathi eliguqukileyo. Ukuqonda le nkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho ibalulekile kuye kwafuneka kuye nabani na owaxabisayo umthetho. Ngokungena kule migaqo kwimfundo yoluntu, impikiswano kawonke, okanye ukuhlonela izigwebo zenkundla. [FF3] [F] ngokuphendla okunzulu, ukupheka kwe-evisgg.[4]