Ukuqonda Ukusasaza: Sisixhobo Sokusebenzisa Ubuchule

Uphando lophulo-hlolo lumela enye yezona ndlela zikhohlisayo nezithandabuzekayo kwiphulo lezobupolitika. Ngokungafaniyo nohlolisiso loluntu olusemthethweni olufuna ukulinganisa indlela abavakalelwa ngayo, lunyanzelela ukuba basebenzise abaphengululi ngokubondla ngomkhethe okanye ngobuxoki phantsi kophando. Inkqubo engundoqo icacile: umfoti ubuza utho lwemibuzo ethwele ngokufihlakeleyo okanye ngokugqithisileyo enyanzela ukuphendula kwimbono emiselwe kwangaphambili. Olu nxulumano aluphando; lungachananga olufihlakeleyo njengengqokelela yogcino-data. Igama elithi "push cocation" ngokwalo liqala ngoo kwango 1990, kodwa ukuqheliswa kwale, ukuqhuba emva koko, ukuphendula i-tevo esecaleni kwe-telectivetting nocingo olucekeleleneyo.

Kwintliziyo yabo, uphando olunyanzelayo lusebenzisa umgaqo osisiseko wengqondo: isiphumo sokonakaliswa. Xa umntu eva amazwi akhabayo aphindaphindwa kumongo we "Tyhili," intengo ifumana imbonakalo yokuthembeka ngenxa nje yokuba ibuzwa. Oku kudala isinqumlisi esiyingozi engqondweni yovoti, imisa inkcazelo ephosakeleyo okanye egqithisileyo njengento anokucinga ngayo. Umvoti akakhathali ukuba iimpendulo eziphendulayo; usukelo kukutyala imbewu yokuthandabuza, umsindo, okanye uloyiko oluza kuchaphazela izigqibo zexesha elizayo zovoti.

Umbuzo Wokubhudla

Uvo - mbono lwesithethe lusebenzisa ubundilele, amagama alungelelanisiweyo. Umzekelo: [[FLT: 0]] uzakuyibeka njani indlela yokuphatha kwesavesi soqoqosho? Kulungile, kulungile, kulungile, kulungile, kuhlwempuzekile??. Uvavanyo lokunyanzela, noko ke, luza kubuza: "" Angekenzeki ukuba uzakuvota i-Senator Smith ukuba uyazi ukuba uvota ukunyusa irhafunquiso kwiintsapho eziphakathi amaxesha amathathu? . Oku kuphakamisa isibakala (ingxelo yovolo) kwaye kufaka iifreji, ngelishwa nje wonke. Umbuzo ngokwawo usoloko uquququze ulukelo, ukhutha ulwazi olunjalo, oludityaniswayo oluthiweyo, olushwayo lwemibango olungento yobomi bobuqu okanye iziphumo zobuqu.

Ubugcisa obusetyenziswa kakhulu buquka:

  • [[Ulwimi:0] Ulwimi olulayishweyo: Amagama afana "loli," "imposiso," "radical," okanye "ingozi" afakwa kwimibuzo kwimpendulo ye stickus.
  • Imisebenzi engachananga: Imibuzo ithatha izibakala ezingaqinisekiswanga, ezifana: " Ucinga ukuba indlela ka-X yokuphatha ihlazo lohlazo lohlahlo-mali ibingalunganga? xa kungekho lihlazo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uthutho olukhethiweyo: kuphela iimpawu ezingalunganga zotshaba olukhankanyiweyo, lo gama impumelelo yazo ingahoywa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuphinda ulwelo: imibuzo emininzi iqinisa umxholo omnye ongalunganga ukusuka kwi-engile ezahlukeneyo, inika impendulo ephendulayo ngomyalezo.

Imizekelo Yembali Nengenakukhanyelwa

Uphando lophulo-goqo aluyonto intsha. Ngelixesha isimo salo sangoku sasasazekayo kwiminyaka yowe-1990 ngokunyuka kwee-rodocalls kunye nokurhweba ngocingo, iinguqulelo zangaphambili zavela kunomathotholo kunye noshicilelo. Umzekelo, ebudeni beminyaka yee-1930, amaphulo ezobupolitika asebenzisa "uphando lwamatshana" oluye lwabangela imibuzo exhobisa ngabom ukuvelisa imixholo elungileyo. Noko ke, ibinzana elithi "uphendlo lwemputha" lathandwa ngexesha lomongameli wempulathe wonyaka ka199996, apho iphulo lokubhexa ukuphethuza ukubhexa ukuva okunga malunga nobomi bomntu omphikisayo.

Elinye lamatyala aziwayo eyenzeka ngexesha lonyaka ka 2000 uMzantsi weRiphabhuliki yaseMzantsi Carolina, apho iphulo likaGeorge W. Bush latyholwa ngokusebenzisa uphatho lokunyanzela ukucebisa ukuba uJohn McKain wayebe nomntwana ongomnye (ingcamango yobuxoki). Kamva, ngo-2004, iphulo leU.S. i-Tom Daschle loMphathi ucel wajoliswe kwimiba yokuhlola ngokungeyonyaniso. Umva phayaa, ngexesha lonyulo lo-202020.S., u-votiventite e-Primp yaxela ukuba ufumene unxulumano olubuzwayo: [[FLTLT:0]" ukuba wayazi uJoe Biden utyholiwe kukungalelwa kwenkohlakalo yikomiti yeBhinte, ubuyamvotela?

Ngaphandle kwe-United States, uphando olunyanzelekileyo luye lwabonwa eUnited Kingdom, eKhanada, e-Australia nase-Indiya. Ngo-2019, unyulo lwe-odoccalls lwaseKhanada lwabona izinto ezizizizimfakela ukuba zisuka eKhanada kodwa ngenene ziqulethe iingxelo ezingakhiyo malunga nengxelo yemekobume yomntu. Umsonto oqhelekileyo ngulowo unyanzela uphatho lusebenza kakhulu kwimibutho esondeleyo okanye kwindawo ephantsi kwenkcazelo echaphazelekayo, apho ipesenti encinane yabavotiweyo inokuphenjezelwa ngolwazi olunye oludidayo.

Unikezelo lwentelekelelo: ukuntywila nzulu kwi 2000 South Carolina ingxamiseko yovolo, bona ingxelo i Shahington Post ka 2000 [.

Imimandla engokwasemthethweni neyobungwevu

Uphando lophando lophulo-phulo lukhona kwindawo ekwindawo ethambekileyo. E-United States, alukho semthethweni ngokwe-se, kuba uMphengululo wokuqala ukhusela intetho yezopolitiko, kuquka iindlela zephulo elikhohlisayo, lo gama nje zinganqumli kwintswela okanye ukuqhatha. Noko ke, amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho efuna ukuchazwa okanye ukutyhilwa kokuba unxulumano luvela kwiphulo lezobupolitika. IKhomishoni yoNxibelelwano ye-Federal (FCC) ithintela iminxeba ezenzekelayo kwiminxeba yasemaphandleni ngaphandle kokuba umamkeli uyavuma, kodwa iminxeba yezobupolitika ithintelwe phantsi koMthetho we-Lifonsel Consure Protection Protection Act. Kodwa inyanzela abaqhubi abacekisi abasoloko be-'injini okanye "diva" abafongfoods besuka kwiindawo zamazwe aphesheya, benza ulawulo olunzima.

Ngokwentelekiso, uphando olunyanzelisayo lugwetywa yimibutho yophando olungoogcisayo. I-American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) iyakugxeka ngokucacileyo ukucinezelwa kokucinezelwa, ichaza ukuba "akukho kuvota" kwaye "akufanele kuxelwe kumagunya afanelekileyo" kwaye abacebisi abaninzi bezobupolitika bayaziphepha, besoyika, ukuba zityhilwe zityhilwe. Kodwa, ukufowuka okungaziwayo komnxeba kunye nobunzima bokuzichaza ngokuzivumela ukuba zisetyenziswe kumaqela obhexelel ’ ityala elincinane.

Umatshini Oyingcali Yengqondo Obangela Ukubhenela

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba uphando lokunyanzela luphumelela, umntu kufuneka ahlolisise uqhekeko lokuqonda. Isiphumo senyaniso [[FLT: 1] sinamandla ngokukhethekileyo: ukuchanabeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwintengo – kwanaleyo yobuxoki – ukwandisa amathuba okuba umntu angakholelwa. Uphando lotshitshitshi lusebenzisa oku ngokunika "isenzo" (ngokufuthi asiyonyaniso) kumbuzo, ngoko ivumela ukuphendula ukwenza oko. Kamva, nokuba ngaba bayayikhaba inkumbulo ye "fact" ishiyekile. Oku kungenxa yokuba kunyanzela ukuba uphatho lusebenzise kakuhle ekutyandeni iintetho ezingakhangelwanga zifuneki kwixhoba ukulwa ukuyenza.

Enye indlela yi[[QT:0] uqhekeko lobuzwe. Abantu banikela ingqalelo engakumbi kulwazi olungafanelekanga kunolulungileyo okanye lobundilele. Uhlolo lokunyanzela olubuzayo, " Ubuyayixhasa icebo lika-X lokunyusa irhafu? – nokuba isicwangciso asikho – sifaka unxulumano olungalunganga kwingqondo yovoti. Ukukhankanywa nje kwerhafu kuba sisiso esidityaniswe kumvotisi.

Ukongezelela, uphando lokunyanzela lusebenzisa ukuphanda . Umbuzo wokuqala kungcelele olunothotho ungaseka i-ankile enempembelelo kuzo zonke iimpendulo ezilandelayo. Ukuba uthotho olutyhalwayo luqala ngo, " uyavuma ukuba ingxelo yokuvota ka Y ibuthathaka ngendlela eyingozi? , ivota ngoku i-ikhonkle kwisakhelo esingalunganga. Nokuba kamva imibuzo ayithathi calathi cala, i-ankile iguqula uvavanyo olulandelayo.

ugcino lwezibonelelo: Isiphumo sengqondo sokuphinda-phinda kwinkolelo sibhalwe kakuhle. Bona iphepha le-Wkipedia kwisiphumo senyaniso esingacacanga[ kwisishwankathelo sezifundo ezingundoqo.

Indlela Ukusasaza Ingqalelo Engangeni Ngayo Kwiingxaki Ezimaxongo

Inqaku lokuqala liphawula ngokuchanekileyo ukuba uphazamiso lokunyanzela lusetyenziswa ukuphazamisa, kodwa olu phawu lufanele lwandiswe ngokunzulu. Kunxibelelwano olulungeleleneyo, "ukungakhathaleli" sisixhobo sephulo eliqhelekileyo. Xa umntlola efuna ukuphepha ukuxoxa ngevoti ephikisanayo, inkqubo ye-flip-flop, okanye imposiso, banokusebenzisa uphando olunyanzelisayo ukunyanzela amajelo eendaba nokuchasa ukuze basabele kwisityholo sobuxoki okanye umbango wenkqubo. Olu luhlobo lwemigibe yelingo yelithi [: umchasi: umchasi uziva enyanzelekile ukukhanyela intebo yobuxoki, nto leyo egcina ithetha ngobuxoki kusukelo lwamandaba.

Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lengxoxo emalunga notshintsho lwezonyango, iphulo lophando lingaqhubela phambili ukubuza imibuzo efana nolo: " Ubuwazi ukuba icebo lobugosa likaJones lezempilo liza kunqumla iinzuzo zabakhulu? (ukujija okanye ukuxoka okucacileyo). Iphulo lomphathi-mkhosi kufuneka lichithe ixesha kunye nobuncwane bokulahla ubuxoki, ngelixa umba wokuqala wotshintsho lwempilo uphela kwisaziso. Abacholathi, belangazelela ukugquma ingxabano, ukugquma imigaqo yangasemva kunye ne-forensiti. Isiphumo sikawonke wonke: ihlala ingekaxelwa ngemeko yokwenene yempilo yolungiso.

Lo mqheba wokwenza ingxubusho usebenza ngenxa ye yokubeka umsebenzi we-media. Uwonke-wonke utyekele ekucingeni ngoko amajelo eendaba akugqumayo. Ukuba ukunyanzela kubangela impikiswano, loo mpikiswano iba yibali. Iphulo lobulumko linokuqhatha umjikelo weendaba ngokufaka ubuxoki obuvuselelayo kwindalo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Inkqubo Yezoqoqosho Iphenjelelwa

Ngo-2010, ebudeni bonyulo lwexeshana lobuzwe be-Democratic, abaninzi abathathi-nxaxheba bajongene nohlolo olunyanzeliswayo olwabuza: " Bekunokwenzeka ukuba uthathele ivoti i-Mphathi X ukuba uyazi ukuba uvotele ipakethe ekhuthazayo eyachitha amawaka ezigidi zeerandi zomhlawuleli-mali? Ipakethe yoncedo (iMelika neReinvestment) yagqithiswa ngo-2009 ukuphikisana noMphathi Omkhulu we-Recesionon. Ngoxa iingcali zezoqoqosho zazinengxoxo yokurhoxanduva ithe i-mali ekhuhliswa njengenkunkuma ecocekileyo. [[FLT] Umba wokwenene ufanele ube yimeko yezoqoqosho nendalo. Endaweni yoko, incoko yencoko ithe "ukuchitha imali – ukukhutshwa kwemeko yezoqoqosho" i-GDP]

Ngokufanayo, uphando olunyanzelekileyo luye lwasetyenziswa ukucheba ingqalelo kwimpilo. Iphulo elifuna ukuphepha ingxoxo ngeemeko ezikhoyo ngaphambili lingasebenzisa uhlolo olunyanzelisayo ukuqwalasela "indawo yolawulo yokufa" yentsomi ecetyiweyo, njengoko kwenzeka ngexesha lolo tshintsho lwempilo yowama-2009-2010. Igama elithi "ukufa kweqela" laqanjwa laza lasasazwa ngokunyanzela amaqhinga okuphanda, enyanzela abaxhasi botshintsho ukukhusela nxamnye nobuxoki, ngoxa umba - nyani - ngqalelo - okwandisa lwalusecaleni.

Ukuphenjelelwa Kwezinto Ezixhalabisa Imeko - bume

Imicimbi yemekobume ilula kakhulu ukunyanzela uphando kuba isoloko ibandakanya urhwebo oluntsonkothileyo lwenzululwazi kunye norhwebo lwezoqoqosho. Iphulo elichasene nokusetyenziswa kwekharbon lingaxhasa uhlolo olufuna ukunyanzeliswa olubuzayo: " Ubuyayixhasa irhafu yekharbon enokuthi iphakamise iindleko zakho zamandla ngonyaka? [inani elisoloko linyuswa okanye lisekelwe kwimibambo embi kakhulu. Ikhampani i-mente ixhomekeke kwinkqubo njengexabiso elithe ngqo, ingazihoyi inzuzo zexesha elide lokunciphisa ukhupho. Okwangoku, ingxoxo eguquguquyo malunga nekharbon, ii-campse, ii-skieting, kunye neenkqubo zemarike azikho. Umvoli ushini ushinwa ushiywe yimeko elula, engalunga-lulanga.

Oku kuyindlela esesikweni: ukuguqula ingqalelo ukusuka kwimeko yemozulu ekhoyo ingumngcipheko wemozulu ukuya kwixhala loqoqosho elifutshane. Uhlolo olunyanzelekileyo lomeleza ixhala, kwaye ijelo-ndaba ligquma "inkxalabo" ngamatyala aphezulu, hayi imfuneko yemekobume.

Ukwazi Nokumelana Nokrwelo Lobundlobongela

Kubantu abavotayo, abafundisi, neentatheli, ukuvuma uphando olunyanzelwayo linyathelo lokuqala ekuphembeleleni impembelelo yalo.

  • Imibuzo ayingobundi. Ziqulathe iziphawuli ezifana “ukungaqiniseki,”“ ngaphandle,” “kwesinyithi,” okanye “kwesi sixhobo.”
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imibuzo inika ulwazi olungacelwanga. Uvolo olusemthethweni alukuxeleli oko kwenziwe ngulowo ucela uluvo lwakho kuqala.
  • Uvo lufutshane kakhulu (ekusoloko kukho imibuzo 2-4). Uphando loluvo lokwenene lusoloko lunemibuzo emalunga ne 10-15 ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi olunentsingiselo.
  • Umfonokazi akafuni ukuba bamela bani. Abavoti bomgunyathi bazakubonisa inkampani yabo okanye umxhasi (umz., “ngenxa yeYunivesithi kaX”). Abavoteli abaqhubi bathi bavela “kwinkampani yophando” okanye baxhonywe xa becinezelwe.
  • Unxulumano alwaziwa okanye lutsalwe. Akukho nani lokubuyela emva linikiweyo, okanye inani livaliwe.

Ukuba ufumana unxulumano olunjalo, musa ukuthabatha. Ungaphenduli nje. Ungaphenduli imibuzo, kuba kwanentonga yakho ingasetyenziswa njengogcino-lwazi ngabasebenzisi abanganyanisekiyo. Xela unxulumano kwi Commission yoNxibelelwano yeFederal (FCC) kwi U.S., okanye umlawuli wohlanga lwakho olinganayo. Ukongezelela, phawula ixesha nazo naziphi iinkcukacha ezicacileyo.

Ngomkhamo obanzi, amaphulo okufunda nokubhala amajelo eendaba anokufundisa uluntu ngomahluko phakathi kophando olusemthethweni nokunyanzela ukuvota. Izikolo, imibutho yamaqumrhu, kunye namajelo eendaba kufuneka aquke lo mxholo kwizixhobo zawo zemfundo. Okukhona abavoti beqonda lo mdlalo, kokukhona ungabalulekanga kakhulu ukuxhaphaza.

Indima Yemibutho Eyinyaniso

Abakhangeli-nyaniso abazimeleyo, abanjengePolitiFact.Check, neSnopes, basoloko bebhenca okuqulathwe ngungquzulwano. Xa uhlolo lokutyhalela luzisa intengo yobuxoki, abakhangeli-nyaniso bangayilahla, kwaye amaphulo angasebenzisa ezo zikhuphiso zokuyifaka kwi-inculcate. Umzekelo, ukuba uhlolo olunyanzelayo “X coverdate iingenelo zamagqala,” iphulo lingakhutshwa ngokunelisayo ukuchaphaza okanye lide uhlaselo oluqhathayo, lenze ukuba abavoti boyiseke kancinci ekutyhafinyeleni umyalezo wokucola. Oku kubizwa [[FLD:] ingcamango yokwenza uphando [FLT]

Icebo elingundoqo: kwimizekelo yentelekelelo yothotho lwento ekhangelweyo, bona FactCC.org's nqaku lama 2020 kwi Biden etyhalayo uphando [.

Impembelelo Yentetho Yedemokhrasi

Ukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kophando lokunyanzela kunciphisa ukuthembana kumaziko ophando kunye nezobupolitika. Xa uluntu lufumana unxulumano oluzishaya uphando kodwa luyinkohliso, luba lukrwada ngalo lonke uhlolisiso. Oku kukhokelela ekuphethuleni iqondo eliphantsi kwimivo esemthethweni, nto leyo enciphisa ucoselelo lwenkcazelo yoluntu. Idemokhrasi ithwaxwa xa abenzi benkqubo bemiqathango bengakwazi ukuqonda oko ngokwenene kufunwa ngumvo.

Uphando olucinezelayo lonakalisa intengiso yeengcamango. Kunokuba kukhuphiswe kwiinjongo ezifanelekileyo, amaphulo akhuphisana ngamandla okutyala ubuxoki. Oku kubangela ugqatso ukuya ezantsi: elinye iphulo lisebenzisa ukhuphiswano lokuziphindezela, umphikisi uziva enyanzelekile ukuba aziphindeze, kwaye umjikelo wonyulo usiba ngumthendeleko wenkohliso. IiVoter ziyayeka ukungenela, zijonge ezopolitiko njengendawo entle yokuyila ubuxoki.

Ngaphezu koko, ukucinezelwa kwemivocago kuchaphazela ngokungathethekiyo abavoti abangenalwazi luncinci abanokukhangela inyani okanye baxhathise izibongozo ezingokweemvakalelo. Oku kunika uncedo olungafanelekanga kumaphulo okuwasebenzisa, ingakumbi kumaqela amancinane eepesenti apho amanqaku ambalwa anokugqiba isiphumo. Ngalo ndlela iqhinga lijongela phantsi umgaqo womntu omnye, ivoti enye, ngokusebenzisa ivoti kumgangatho womntu ngamnye.

Imigudu Yolawulo Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Amazwe amaninzi aye athabatha amanyathelo okuthintela uphando olunyanzelekileyo. Imithetho yonyulo yaseKhanada ifuna ukuba urhulumente wesizwe atyhilwe ngokungqalileyo ngokunyanzelisa unxulumano lwezopolitiko, kwaye iCRTC (iNkundla yeRadio-tetray kunye ne-Tetrancture Commission) ihlawulele iinkampani ukuba zifune unxibelelwano olukhohlisayo. I-Australia inemithetho efanayo phantsi koMthetho weSpam Act kunye noMthetho we-TeTRENCONCE. Ku-UNITES, urhulumente akakhange abekel'ichatshazanga ngokungqalileyo ingxinzelela, kodwa iNkunkulu yeNkundla yezopolitikitho iyazi iyazi iyazihlawula uLawulo lweziko-FLC.[FLTC:1]

Ubugcisa bunika zombini izisombululo kunye nocelomngeni. Ukubiza izixhobo zombane zingalandela amanani aphuthuzekileyo, kunye nee-apps ezihambayo ezifana no-Robo Killer kunye noNomorobo ucingo olurhanelayo. Noko ke, abacuphi bayaziqhelanisa ngokusebenzisa ilizwi-e-IP (VoIP) kunye nonxulumano olufutshane olunokubhaqwa. Umdlalo wekati-nemouse uyaqhubeka.

Ekugqibeleni, eyona ndlela iphumelelayo yokuzikhusela kukudityaniswa komthetho, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuphaphela kwe-media. Abacholacholi-ndaba kufuneka bahlolisise baze banikele ingxelo ngokunyanzelisa ukhuthuzo, bachaze amaphulo abekek'ityala xa kunokwenzeka. Abacebisi bezobupolitika kufuneka banyanzelwe ukunamathela kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha, njengaleyo imiselwe yi-American Association of Political Concalutions (AAPC). Abachongi kufuneka bafundiswe ukuhlala bethandabuza nokuxela iifowuni ezikrokrelezayo.

Isishwankathelo

Uphando lophulo-goqo lusisixhobo sonxibelelwano oluchukumisayo esizingqina siqokelela iimbono ezigqwethekileyo kodwa sisasaza inkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Umsebenzi wabo ophambili, ngokufuthi, kukususa ingqalelo yoluntu kwimibandela encinci ekwimpikiswano equkunjelwayo. Ngokusebenzisa iingcamango ezigqwethekileyo njengempembelelo yenyaniso engekho ngqiqweni kunye nokungaqondani, bayakwazi ukubumba iimbono ezicuthayo nezingaqondakaliyo. Imizekelo yembali evela ku-U.S. unyulo, iipolitili, kunye nezinye i-democracracs zibonisa ukuba eli qhinga liyazingisa kwaye liyachaphaza. Ngoxa imigaqo engomthetho nemithetho ihlala ingekho ngqiqweqweni, abafundisi-ma, kunye namajelo-media aphawula ukukhuthaza impembelelo yabo. Kuphela ngokufuna ukubonakala nokugxeka nokugxeka kwe-democrali.