IsiHlaliso Seshumi Nenye Nomlinganiselo Waso Wale Mihla

ISigunyaziso sokwahlulwa kolawulo oluphezulu lweSizwe silandela isiseko saso somgaqo-siseko kwiSinyuko seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyaziswa ngo-1795. Isivumelwano sezomthetho se-United States asiyi kuthathwa njengesokwandisa nayiphi na ipatroli esemthethweni okanye elinganayo, iqaliswe okanye imangalelwe yi-United States yiMinicato yelinye iLizwe, okanye yiMithethoba okanye iMida okanye iMiba ePhawulayo yalo naliphi na ilizwe laMazwe Langaphandle." Xa umbhalo wayo ubonakala unciphile qhaqha ngokungena emkhosini okanye ngokusemthethweni, ngaphandle kokuba uvumelwane ne-Rhulumente okanye urhulumente.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi angamashumi, oku kuthintelwa komzimba kunyusiwe ukuze kungagqunywanga nje kuphela urhulumente kodwa kwakhona “izandla [zi] zelizwe” "iinkonzo, izixhobo, kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo ngokunempumelelo njengamalungu esizwe. Kwinkqubo zobuchule bempilo, ukuba isibonelelo sifanelekile na njengento ekhoyo yesizwe exhomekeke kwizinto ezifana neqondo lolawulo lukarhulumente, umthombo wemali yayo, nokuba umgwebo onxamnye nayo uya kuhlawulwa ngoovimba bemali bezwe. Bona Iquall Lenk Lenk

Indlela iinkqubo zokhuseleko lwempilo ezinokungena ngayo kwimfundiso yoLawulo

Iinkqubo zonyango lwezempilo zesizwe zithatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo: izibhedlele zaseyunivesithi kawonke-wonke, amasebe empilo karhulumente asebenza kwikliniki, izibhedlele zengingqi ezisebenza ngokusemthethweni, kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifana namakhaya amagqala okanye izibhedlele zengqondo. Kwimimandla emininzi, ezi ziko zithathwa njengezixhobo zikarhulumente kwaye ngaloo ndlela zinandipha ukukhusela ulawulo olufanayo njengorhulumente ngokwakhe. Abalawuli abafuna ukuwamangalela ukuba asebenzise kakubi amayeza, ukungakhathali, okanye ukufa okuphosakeleyo ngoko bajongene nombuzo wokuqala: ngaba urhulumente uthe wawayeka la mandla okuzikhusela kulo msebenzi?

Impendulo isoloko ixhomekeke kwiqhinga lomthetho likarhulumente okhethekileyo. Umzekelo, amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela izenzo zokumangalela ezivumela ukumangalelwa kwamalungu karhulumente kodwa abeka iimfuno ezingqongqo eziyimfuneko ngokungqongqo . njengokufaka isaziso setyala kwifestile emfutshane, ukulinganisela ilahleko, kwaye afuna ukuba eli tyala liviwe kwinkundla ekhethekileyo (njengenkundla yamatyala). Amanye amazwe ahlala kufutshane nesixhobo sokukhusela abasebenzi bempilo kawonke-wonke, ashiye amaxhoba engenayo nayiphi na indlela yonyango loluntu.

Umahluko ongundoqo: Umahluko ongundoqo: i-Federal v. uLawulo oluPhakathi lweRhulumente

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba nangona urhulumente wephondo enokhuseleko loburhulumente (ofakwe inxalenye nguMthetho weFederal Tort Anitiess), ukhuseleko lolawulo lukarhulumente lungumqobo owahlukeneyo nowomelele ngakumbi. IsiHlanze-Mpanziso seshumi Elinye sisebenza kuphela kumazwe, hayi kurhulumente wesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, amaziko angaqinisekisa ukuthintelwa kwiinkundla zawo zorhulumente njengomba womthetho wesizwe, ozimeleyo kuMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesi-11.

Izahluka-hlukeneyo Kulawulo oluPhakamileyo lweRhulumente

Phezu kwazo nje iikhaka ezibanzi, maxa wambi iirhanisi zinokukoyisa ukukhusela ulawulo phantsi komnye wezi ndawo zintathu zingaziwayo.

1. Isivumelwano sikaRhulumente okanye iWaiver

Amazwe angawaphazamisa ngokuzithandela amanyathelo okukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka ngomthetho okanye ngehambo yawo (umz., ukuthenga i-inshorensi yetyala egunyazisa ngokucacileyo isuti). Eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukusetyenziswa kwe-tort yesenzo sikarhulumente. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Ikhowudi kaRhulumente weCalifornia 76 810 et seq. – imvume ibhuti echasene nemikhosi kawonke-wonke yomonakalo obangelwa “yimeko eyingozi yempahla kawonke-wonke” kunye nezenzo zokungakhathali zabaqeshwa, phantsi kwexesha lenyanga ezintandathu zobundlobongela kunye nomonakalo woonobumba.
  • Inkundla yaseNew York yoMthetho we- - Imvume zithetha ngokuchasene nezibhedlele ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente, kodwa kuphela kwiNkundla yamatyala; iityala zabachopheli-tyala azifumaneki, kwaye umonakalo kwintelekelelo ezithile uyacinywa.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Taxas Tort Access Act[ – Abagonye inxeba elibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi okanye izixhobo ngokungakhathali, kodwa balondoloza ukukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi okanye izixhobo zezonyango ezichasene neziko lonyango lwe-odoli ezininzi ezichasene ne-odoli yase-ostrelürun (nangona ezinye izibhedlele ze-yunivhesiti

Ngenxa yokuba abaqhankqalazi bethathwa kancinane, abalawuli kufuneka bawumise ngobulumko lo mthetho ukuze baqinisekise ukuba imbono yabo ifikelele kweyabo.

2. AmaLungelo aBami Athe ngaphantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. ngo-1998

Congress, ngeNavil Rights Act ka-1871 (iqinisekiswe ngo-42 U.S.1998), igunyazisa iisuti ngokuchasene naye nabani na “umnini” ophantsi kombala womthetho karhulumente, ohluza umntu ngamnye wamalungelo orhulumente okanye asemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo yabanjwe ku [[FLT:] [ii-Michigan yeSebe lamapolisa [[FFL:1]], 491], u-U.S. 58 58 (19989), oku kuthi akuthethi kuthi “abalawuli” phantsi konyaka wama-69, kodwa amagosa esizwe abekwe kumandla awo asemthethweni oncedo olusemthethweni onikezelweyo olulunikezelo olungaqhelekanga kunikezelo olungaqhelekanga, ukuvalwa kwemiqatha lwendlela enyanzekileyo ([FLT.NT.2] i-Ex [FT.[1] [190])).

Noko ke, ngo1998 akavumeli umonakalo owenziweyo nxamnye norhulumente okanye abameli bawo. Ukuze afumane isiqabu semali, umchasi-mthetho kufuneka anike elinye igama igosa kumsebenzi walo (onokuthi ngoko abonise ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukukhusela ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwezono zomGaqo-siseko. Bona [[FLT: 0]]Doj Covil Rights Division: 42.SC. 76

3. Ukupheliswa

IBhunga lingawuyeka umgaqo-siseko wokuzikhusela kwesizwe xa lisebenza phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-mva we-14th WesiHlanzo ukunyanzelisa iziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, amalungiselelo okukhutshwa kwemida eMelika enoMthetho (ADA) kunye noMthetho wokubuyiselwa kokhuseleko axhaswe njengosebenzayo kwezinye iimeko, uvumela iisuti zomonakalo nxamnye nezombuso . Quka i-propati . "```````````''''''''''' ucalulalula ucalucalulo-calulo.'''. Bona u-Board of Trusteente of University of Alabacceb v v.[FLD], uGarth-FM) kunye nomthetho wezonyango (Umthetho-Exedromes.[3] kwisebe loluntu: 351]

Noko ke, ukuhlahlela akuzenzekeli; umngxuma kufuneka abonise ukuba iNkqutyana ibonisa ngokucacileyo injongo yayo yokuphelisa isiphene nokuba ukuhlahlela kuyavisisana noko kuchasene nomGaqo-siseko. Kulwazi lwempilo (grafe) olunxulumeneyo, eyona ndlela ithembisayo isoloko ibandakanya ukumisela amalungelo eziphene.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwemvelo Nolusebenzisekayo

Kwanaxa kusenokubonakala ngathi kusetyenziswa into ethile, ukuchasana nenkqubo yonyango karhulumente . . . . .

Phawula Iimfuno Zokuxela

Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna iirejista ezinokuba zezokuyila isaziso esisemthethweni sento ethethwayo ngexesha elifutshane. Ngokufuthi 30 ukuya kwi-180 iintsuku (emva komonakalo.) Ukungavumelani kuyingozi kwisuti, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi na iimfanelo. Isaziso kufuneka siquke inkcazelo yomonakalo, umhla nendawo, kunye nobungakanani bomonakalo ofunwayo. Le mfuneko inyanzelekile, kwaye iinkundla azisoloko zivumela ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yokungazi umthetho.

Ukhuselo lweNtloko njengeNtloko

Ngenxa yokuba ukukhusela ukukhusela kuyimeko elawulayo, kungaphakanyiswa nakweliphi na iqondo lovavanyo, kwanasemva komgwebo ongagqibekanga. Urhulumente unokutsala nomyalelo wamva nje we-Texas wokungalufuni ukhuseleko phantsi kwemfundiso yolungelelwaniso, elibazileyo iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Bona P.S. v. Texas Department of State Health Services, isigqibo sakutshanje saseTexas esibonisa indlela ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lobuqu olungaphazamisa ngayo isibhedlele soluntu ukuba sikhokelele.

Umonakalo Nokungalungelelani Kwemichiza

Xa ukhuseleko lwezokhuseleko lukarhulumente luzama ukuzithethelela, lusoloko luphosa iikepisi kumonakalo , maxa wambi zingaphantsi njenge R250 000 ngelinye ityala. Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo zemali ziphantse zingabikho phantse ziphela nxamnye nemikhosi yorhulumente. Ii Juries zisenokuba zikho ngokukhethayo ekuxhaseni ulawulo lukarhulumente, kwaye urhulumente angasebenzisa ubuncwane bakhe obukhulu ukunyusa ukhuseleko oluqhubekayo. Amagqwetha kufuneka aqwalasele ngenyameko ukuphucula okunokwenzeka kwiindleko zomcimbiso.

Ukumanyana Okufanelekileyo Kwabantu Abamkhuselayo

Ukuba umqeshwa uphendulisa umqeshwa (ugqirha, umongikazi, umlawuli) kubuchule bawo bokonzakalisa imali, ummangalelwa angawakhusela amagorha afanelekileyo kwityala. Olu khuselo lungawakhusela amagosa ukuba angawanyanzeli ngaphandle kokuba awephula kakuhle amalungelo omthetho okanye omgaqo-siseko umntu ofanelekileyo ebeya kuwazi. Kumongo wonyango, ukukhusela okufanelekileyo kudla ngokukhusela amakliniki awenza izigqibo zesibini, kwanaxa ezo zigqibo zikhokelela kumonakalo ombi. Utyekelo lwakutshanje lweNkuQumrhu eliPhakamla-mthetho lokwandisa ukukhusela ukufaneleka kwenza lo mqobo ube ngumqobo ophezulu.

Umahluko Karhulumente Nokutshintshatshintsha Kwemikhwa

Ukhuseleko loburhulumente ngumbandela womthetho womgaqo-siseko wesizwe nomthetho karhulumente, okhokelela kwiiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo ngaphaya kwemithetho.

Amazwe aneeWaivers ezibanzi

IFlorida, iGeorgia, neWashington ziye zamisela izenzo ezibanzi zokuzikhusela ekusebenziseni unyango olungekho mthethweni kwiphondo elinamacala asebenzayo. Umzekelo, uLawulo oluPhakamileyo lwe-Immunity Sigmentte (Fla Stat. 7668.28) luvumela ukuba kufikelele kwii-R240 000 kumntu ngamnye kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba i-R340 000 kunokwenzeka, kunye nokuzibiza kwamatyala e-ogractive ngenxa yomonakalo ogqithisileyo. Ngokomphumo, ukuhla-nyezwa ngokunxulumene neenkqubo zempilo zase-yunivesithi yaseFlorida kuxhaphazekile.

Ilizwe elinenarrow okanye i-Nyauvers

Ngokuchasene noko, amaxwebhu afana neNtshona Virginia noMzantsi Carolina ahlala ekhuselekile kwizibhedlele zikawonke-wonke. Kumaphondo anjalo, ekuphela kwendlela yokufumana uncedo kusenokuba kukufumana umGaqo-siseko phantsi konyaka wama-76 1983 okanye isuti echasene nogqirha oyingcali yezonyango (ukuba ayengenankathalo kumandla angengawo e-76). Ukunqongophala komchako kungabangela ukungalawuleki okucacileyo: isigulana esigulayo esibhedlele sabucala singaphilisa izigidi, ngoxa isigulana esinenzekeka karhulumente singenakwenzakala nto.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Kwinkundla

Iinkundla zesiphaluka ezininzi zakutshanje zithetha ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo kwimibutho yokhuseleko lonyango loluntu efumana inkxaso-mali yezwe phantsi kweMedicare okanye iMedicaid. ISithili seshumi elinesibhozo, ngokomzekelo, esibanjwe benett v. IYunivesithi ye-Alabama Health Services Foundation[ [202] [2023])) ukuba inkqubo yezonyango lwaseyunivesithi kawonke wonke ayizange iphulukane nokhuseleko lwayo ngokwamkela nje imali yesizwe. Okwangoku, isekethi yesihlanu kwi v. iSebe lezempilo nezibhedlele lifuna ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango ezithe ngqo. [202]

Amacebiso Aluncedo Kwiintyatyambo Neeathorineya Zazo

Inyathelo 1: Funda Ukuba Ummeli UsisiXeko Sombuso

Asizizibhedlele zonke ezinegama elithi “isigqeba” ezifanelekelayo njengequmrhu lesizwe. Amalungiselelo azimeleyo, iibhodi, kunye nokuzihlaziya ngokwazo kungenza isibonelelo sibe “lulwahlulo lwezobupolitika” (njengengingqi) kunokuba sibe ngumbutho wesizwe. Amaqela ezobupolitika asoloko anemithetho yokhuseleko eyahlukeneyo. Uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwezixhobo zokulawula nokuxhasa ngemali lubalulekile.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Chaza abagxobhozi abalula

Hlola oko kuthethwa ngurhulumente ngokweziphakamiso, imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko, nayo nayiphi na imbali yowiso-mthetho. Khangela iinketho ezithile zezonyango olungekho mthethweni, uze uhlole ukuba urhulumente uye wayithenga kusini na inshorensi yetyala (ngokufuthi ethintela ukuthintelwa kwemeko). Kwakhona hlolisisa nayiphi na imithetho karhulumente enokuthi ithintele ukuthintelwa kwemijelo (umz., i-Emergency Medical Actal Act, EMTALA, iye yabanjwa ukuba ibangele unobangela wezenzo ezilawula ukukhusela kwemeko yezizwe ezithile).

Inyathelo 3: Fambisana Ngokungqongqo Neemfuno Zokuphawula

Ukuba ukhona umlahli, landela yonke imithetho yeprocedtura ebhaliweyo eletani. Thumela isaziso ngeposi eqinisekisiweyo, gcina iilisithi, kwaye quka zonke izinto ezifunekayo ngomthetho. Ukuba ummiselo ufuna uqinisekiso phantsi kwesifungo, fumana i-affidavit ebhalwe phantsi. Isiphene sobugcisa esinye . "Ingathi ugcina umva kosuku okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza umlinganiselo ochanileyo welahleko ```'''''.

Inyathelo 4: Zikhethe Ezinye Iingcamango

Ukuba ukukhululeka okuthe ngqo kwe-art kuvaliwe, qwalasela izibhengezo zomGaqo-siseko (umz., ukungakhathaleli kwangabom phantsi koMphetho-mvakaliso wesi-8 okanye weshumi elinesine wamabanjwa okanye izigulana ezibotshelelwe ngokungenanjongo) okanye izibheno phantsi kwe-ADA, i-Rehabilitation Act, okanye i-Afford Care Care Act, uMthetho we-ongeyo-76discranscrition. Ezi zikhalazo zikarhulumente zidla ngokusinda kwizikhuseli ezilawulayo ngenxa yokuba zihlala kwingqungquthela okanye engaphandle kwenxalenye ye-Young

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe luhlala lungomnye wemiqobo eyoyikekayo kwiinkqubo zoburhulumente zokuchaphazeleka kwempilo. Imvelaphi yalo yamandulo yomgaqo-siseko iye yaqiniswa ngamashumi eminyaka yolwando lwezomthetho, ishiya ii-polatics ezinemida encinane yendlela, iisuti ezikhoyo, okanye ii-constivementationtion, okanye ukuthoba ngokucokiseka okuthe ngqo kwemithetho yemithetho ye-ogracter. Ukuthobela ngokucokisekileyo kwimigaqo ye-projective. Kwizigulanazo ezifuna ubulungisa emva komonakalo wezamayeza, imimandla esemthethweni ifuna icebiso elikhethekileyo, i-Practioctive i-active systeinsss, inkundla yezomthetho netyala, iyaqhubeka nokutshintsha okuncinane kwimfundiso yezongalo-yongamele itshintshe ngokuphawulekayo ukufumaneka koncedo lwemeko phakathi kwe-Inglase-IS, kunye nemithetho yemithetho yezonganiso, kunye nemithetho ephethe.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, bona i- I-CORnell LII i-preset yokhuseleko lobukhosi kunye ne Iprojekthi ye-Oyez yeprojekthi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekwizikhundla zempilo-ntle