Isiseko Samalungelo Njengomthombo Wokholo Oluncinane

IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, imela njengenye yeziphumelelo ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko. Ezi ziphendulo zokuqala ezilishumi zenziwa ukuze kumiselwe igunya lorhulumente nenkululeko yabantu. Kunqulo oluncinane, olu xwebhu aluzange lungatshintshwanga. Lwaseka isiseko somthetho esivumela ukuba kuvele incinane, ingadibani, okanye iintloni, iintsalela, yaye lukhule ngaphandle kokutyunyuswa lunqulo olukhulu lwamazwe angaphandle. Ukusukela kumaBhaptist kunye namaQuaker ukuya kumaSikh anamhlanje, amaSulumane, namaLungelo kaYehova, uBill wamaLungelo alungiselele isiseko sonqulo olubanzi kuhlanga olo, yaye lunempumelelo yalo, ubuProtestantist.

Inkxaso eyanikwa yiBhili yamaLungelo ayizange ivele kwindawo engenamntu. Abaxhasi babeyazi kakuhle imbali yokuphalaza igazi yeYurophu yeemfazwe zonqulo, ii-information, kunye neecawa zikarhulumente ezatshutshisa abaphikisi. Amadoda anjengoJames Madison noThomas Jefferson ayekubone ngokuchanabeka konqulo oluncinane eVirginia namanye amazwe. Le ngxelo yembali yabaqhubela ekubeni bafake inkululeko yonqulo njengelungelo elisisiseko, hayi nje elikhutshwa ngurhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, iBhili yamaLungelo yadala imekobume esemthethweni apho iinkonzo ezincinane zazinokuzibanga zimi ngomlinganiselo olinganayo phambi komthetho, umgaqo oqhubeka uguqulela ngokucaciswa kwezomthetho kunye nowezomthetho.

Ukuqonda indlela iBhili yamaLungelo enziwe ngayo ukuba ikhusele iinkonzo ezincinane ngokusemthethweni kufuna kungekuphela nje ukuhlolisisa umbhalo weenguqu kodwa kwaneenkulungwane zokubekwa kwemithetho, ukuwiswa komthetho, nokutshintshwa kwenkcubeko okuye kwanika loo mazwi intsingiselo. Eli bali lelokuhambela phambili, ukuthintelwa, nokuqhubeka kwengxoxo, kodwa umanyano olungaguquguqukiyo luzibophelelelo lomgaqo-siseko ekukhuseleni isazela somntu nxamnye namandla amaninzi.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: ISiqinisekiso Esingumthetho Sokufumana Inkululeko Yonqulo

ISihlaziyo Sokuqala siqulethe eyona migaqo yomthetho ekhuselekileyo engqalileyo nenamandla kwiinkonzo ezincinane. Amalungiselelo ayo enkululeko yonqulo aquka izityholo ezibini ezahlukileyo kodwa ezinxulumeneyo: ukumiselwa kukaClaus kunye neFree Execle Claus. Zizonke, ziyila ikhaka lomGaqo-siseko elithintela urhulumente ekukhuthazeni unqulo oluthile okanye ukuphazamisana noqheliselo oluthile lonqulo. Kunqulo oluncinane, olu khuseleko luntluphembelela izisongelo ezibini: luthi ukuvunywa konqulo oluninzi olucekisa abanye, nokwalela umgaqo wonqulo oluncinane olusenokubonakala lungaqhelekanga okanye lungathandeki koluqhelekileyo.

Ukusekwa KukaClaus: Ukuba Nobundilele Nokungacaluli

Ukumiswa kweSibonelelo sikaClaus kufundeka ngokulula: "IKonsole ayiyi kwenza mthetho mayelana nokusekwa konqulo." Oku kuye kwachazwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo ithetha ukuba urhulumente akanakuvuma, anokuxhasa, okanye akhuthaze naluphi na unqulo ngaphezu kolunye. Kunqulo oluncinane, lo mgaqo usisiseko. Ithintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubuncwane boluntu ukuhambisela phambili ukholo loluntu, njengokuxhasa umthandazo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, okanye ukuxhasa imiqondiso yonqulo kwimpahla karhulumente ngendlela ecebisa ukuvunywa kwegunyazo ezisemthethweni. Lémon v. Kurtzman (118) useke isigqibo esinendima ephambili ehlala inempembelelo: umthetho, umele ungabi namngenisela phambili, kwaye umele ungaluququququze ulule unqulo.

Le mfuneko yobundilele ibibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwimfundo. IBhanile (1962) kunye ne-Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)[FLT], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba umthandazo wesizwe kunye nokufundwa kweBhayibhile ezikolweni zikawonke wonke kwaphula umthetho wokumiselwa kuka-Clausceste. Ezi zigqibo zazidishwa ngexesha, kunye nezininzi zazimangalela iNkuquluko lokususa unqulo kubomi babantu bonke. Noko ke, ezi nkonzo zimbalwa, zaziyimimiselo eyimfuneko. Abafundi abangamaKatolika, abafundi abangamaKatolika, abafundi, abangakholelwa kubuYuda, nabantwana abangakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo, abazange banyanzelwe kwimeko yokuzinikela kobuKristu. Izikolo ezininzi ezikhoyo ze-Claus.

Ukumiselwa kweemeko zakutshanje kubhekiselwe kumatyala ka-Claus. ACLU (2005), iNkundla inikele iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kumongo. IMithetho elishumi eboniswa ku-Texas, ikhankanya imimandla yayo engekho mthethweni kunye nomongo wembali. I-ACLU (2005) [iNkumbuso], iNkundla yanikela iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kumo-mongo. Imithetho elishumi ebhaliweyo i-okanye i-Texas, ikhankanya iinjongo zayo ezikhoyo kunye nomongombo wembali. I-ACHLULAHS ezisezintendelezo zenkundla zaseKeybeystan ngenxa yokuba ukhuthazolwazi lwazonqulo nomo lwezonqulo olucetyiweyo. Kwizimeko ezincinci, igxininisa imibandela enzima yonqulo, kodwa ifuna ukususwa koorhulumente, kodwa ithetha ukuba kusetyenziswe igunya lonqulo loluntu.

I - Free Claus: Ukukhusela, Kungekhona Ukukholelwa Nje Kukukholelwa

I-Free Execle Claus ithi iBhunga aliyi kwenza "akukho mthetho onqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo. Eli lungiselelo likhusela ilungelo labantu lokuqhelisela unqulo lwabo ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko yahlula phakathi kwenkolelo nehambo. Nangona urhulumente engakwazi ukulawula iinkolelo zonqulo konke konke, inokuthi imisele imigaqo yonqulo ukuba loo mithetho iphumeza umdla worhulumente kwaye ilungiselelwe ngokungqongqo. Ityala eliqhelekileyo lingu- Reynolds v. United States (1879)[FL:1], apho imithetho yeNkundla ixhasa ukuvinjwa kwesithembutho, iqiqa ngelithi inkolelo yonqulo ayinakuthethelela isimilo esingekho mthethweni.

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iNkundla yasebenzisa uvavanyo lokulinganisela olwanika uxanduva olukhulu lokuqhelisela unqulo. .Verner (1963), iNkundla yathi imo ayikwazanga ukukukhanyela ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi kwi-Adventieast yosuku lwesixhenxe eyala ukusebenza ngoMgqibelo, iSabatha yakhe. Esi sigqibo sasifuna ukuba urhulumente abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo phambi kokuba uqheliselo lonqulo luzinziswe. Le ndlela yaqiniswa ku Wissinn. Yoderb [127:3] [iFLT], apho iNkundla yayalela ukuba abazali babo bangayinyanzelise abantwana babo kwisikolo esisibhozo, njengoko iqhuba izikolo eziphezulu ezithenjiweyo zaphula indlela yonqulo. Le ndlela yomthetho wonqulo oluphezulu nezo zikhuselwa kwizithethe eziphambili.

Umthetho watshintsha ngokuphawulekayo nge I-Employment Division v. Smith (1990). Kulo mzekelo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yayikholelwa ukuba ubundilele, imithetho esetyenziswayo isenokunyanzeliswa nokuba ixa ixabekile kunqulo, logama nje umthetho wawungajongi kwicala lonqulo. Ityala elibandakanya amaNative American aqhelekileyo asebenzisa intelligate kwimistia yonqulo kwaye awazange afumane iingenelo lokungaqeshwa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba urhulumente wayengenayo imbopheleleko yokunikela ukhuthulo lonqulo kumthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni. Esi sigqibo sabonisa isithintela umvano olukhulu kwiinkonzo ezincinane, njengoko sasusa uvavanyo olunyanzekileyo lwemithetho nemithwalo enzima kwimithetho yonqulo efuna ukunqanda ukhuseleko kumthetho wobugqeshosho.

I-Congress yaphendula . ngokugqithisa uMthetho we-Foctive Reconsolement (RFRA) ka 1993, ozibuyisele uvavanyo lwenzala olunyanzelekileyo lwemithetho karhulumente. RFRA ngokwayo yabekwa umda yiNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT:]] iDolot of Boerne v. Flores [[97:] [FLT], eyayikholelwa ukuba iNkathi i-Congressmes azina kumthetho ukuba ingakwazi ukubeka umthetho xa uthetha. Noko ke, i-RFRA ihlala ibalulekile kwimicimbi yorhulumente, kwaye uninzi lwawo olugqithisileyo phakathi kwendlela yomthetho we-Flascreeces, iyaqhubeka nomthetho wobume obuncinci boburhulumente bobugqeqeqe, iyaqhubeka nobume bemeko olungomthetho olungohlukeneyo lomthetho oluthe lwahlukeneyo.

Ityala Eliyintloko Lenkundla Eliphazamisa Unqulo

Ngaphandle kwamatyala asisiseko oMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Kwezinyuko, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yagqiba ngamatyala amaninzi awayechaphazela iinkonzo ezincinane ngokungqalileyo. ezi zigqibo ziye zamisela imigaqo ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele inkululeko yonqulo nemida yegunya likarhulumente. Ukuqonda la matyala kusenza siqonde indlela iBhili yamaLungelo eye yachazwa yaza yasetyenziswa ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngokufuthi ikhusela iinkonzo ezincinane kwanaxa iimeko zezobupolitika zazichasene nazo.

AmaNgqina KaYehova Nokwanda Kwamalungelo Okuzilolonga

Akukho qela lonqulo liye lafak ’ isandla ekuphuhlisweni kwenkululeko yokuzilolonga njengamaNgqina kaYehova. Ngeminyaka yee-1930 kunye nama-40, amalungu alo nqulo luncinane ajamelana nocalucalulo olusasazekileyo kunye nentshutshiso esemthethweni ngenxa yokushumayela kwawo nokungavumi ukukhahlela indwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba kufuneke utho lwamatyala oluxhasa ukuseka kwabo inkululeko yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nemigaqo yenkululeko yokuziqhelisela. [Centic] v.Connecticut [1940:1] [FLT], iNkukholelwa ukuba amaNgqina kaYehova akanakucelwa ukuba afumane imvume yokucela iminikelo yoncwadi yawo, ilawula ukuba iingcango-omfolo-yo-mshumayeli zikhusele intetho yonqulo. Oku kwakungumzekelo wokusebenzisa i-Free Creast Creaeaeaency kumazwe okhuselwayo, ukufikelela kwenkululeko yonqulo.

kwi-West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba amaNgqina kaYehova akanakunyanzeleka ukuba akhahlele iflegi yaseMelika okanye acengceleze iSifungo soMmeli weSikolo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, njengoko oku kwakuchasene neenkolelo zawo zonqulo nxamnye nonqulo. Uluvo lukaJaji Robert Jackson lwaluqulathe enye yeendinyana ezidumileyo kumthetho-siseko: "Ukuba kukho nayiphi na inkwenkwezi eqinileyo kwiqela leqela lethu lemiqathangomzi, kusithiwa, ephezulu okanye encinane, inokuthi ichaze oko kuya kuthethwa ngokwezopolitiki, ubuhlanga, unqulo, okanye ezinye imicimbi zoluvo." Le meko iqinisekisa ukuba uBill Jackson Jackson ukhuseleko lwamalungelo eenkonzo ezincinane ekungqubanisweni nonqulo lobuhlanga.

La matyala agqitywa ngexesha lonxunguphalo olukhulu lwesizwe, ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II ekhuthaza imfuneko yokungqinelana nokuthand ’ izwe. Ukuvuma kweNkundla ukukhusela ukholo oluncinane olungathandwayo nxamnye nokunyanzelwa ngurhulumente kunye nentiyo kawonke wonke kwabonisa amandla eBhili yamaLungelo ukuphengulula iimvakalelo eziphambili. Kwizizukulwana ezalandelayo zeenkonzo ezincinane, amatyala amaNgqina kaYehova adala isiseko esisemthethweni esinokubhenela xa urhulumente ezama ukunyanzelisa ukuthobela izithethe ezichasene neenkolelo zonqulo ezinyanisekileyo.

Iinkonzo ZamaIndiya AseMerika Nokulondoloza Izithethe

Izenzo zonqulo lwamaMerika omthonyama ziye zaphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo engokomthetho ngenxa yokuba isoloko ibandakanya iindawo ezingcwele, ukusetyenziswa kwemikhwa, kunye noqheliselo olwahluke kakhulu kwizithethe zonqulo lwaseNtshona Koloni. IBhunga lamaLungelo lizikhusele, kodwa imbali esemthethweni iyaxubana. Ling v. Northwest Indian Cemery Devivision Association (1988) , iNkumbuso oPhakamileyo ukholelwa ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukwakha indlela edlula kwisakhiwo esingcwele selizwe, nangona ukwenza njalo kutshabalalisa izenzo zonqulo zeYuro, Karok, neToloweva. Inkundla yalophulo ibiqike ukuba i-Free Execlasss ayizikhusela iziphumo eziqhelekileyo zelizwe, kuphela ukunyanzela urhulumente.

Esi sigqibo sabalaselisa imiqathango ye-Free Express Claus Act ye-Free Claus ekukhuseleni iinkonzo zamaNative aseMelika ezidibene neendawo ezithile zomhlaba. Ukuphendula [[FLT: 0] Lyng kunye namatyala afanayo, iBhunga loMbutho wadlula i [ yase-American Indiyan Inkululeko yoLuntul (19978)[[FLT]]] kunye nokulungisa izakhiwo ezithetha ngeendawo ezingcwele nokusetyenziswa kwepethiyo kwimibhiyo yonqulo. Le mithetho ibonelela imigaqo engaphezulu kunaleyo ifunwa ngumGaqo-siseko. [[FLT:] Ilizwe lamaMerika] Elisebenzisa kunye ne-Intelligeements Acts ment eluncedo kakhulu, ifuna ukukhuselwa ngokufunyanisa igosazelo olungeluvo lwamanyeneyo [2.FUF.5:5]

AmaSilamsi, AmaSikh, Neemeko Zonqulo Ezibangela Iingcinga

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iimeko ezibandakanya iimpahla zonqulo ziye zavavanya imida yokuzikhusela ngenkululeko. Amabhinqa angamaSilamsi afuna ukunxiba i-hijab kumsebenzi, kwizikolo, kunye nezicwangciso zikarhulumente aye afaka izityholo phantsi koMthetho we-Free Expression Claus kunye no-Sihloko VII we-Civil Rights ka-19464, oweyisalela ukucalulana ngokonqulo emsebenzini. [iqela le-Equalt Offliction Commissionation Commm- v. Abercroption/asts, i-Fitch Vers, Inc.[125], iNkundla ePhaka , iNkundle yathiwe ikholelwa ukuba umqeqeshi-mali akanakulwa ukuba avume ukuqesha ibhinqa elingumSlamzim ngenxa yokuba lingubombomboso-m, ngaphandle kokuba umqeshishi wayenokubonisa ukuba aqhubele inkqubo yonqulo ebonakalisa.

Amadoda namaSikh namakhwenkwe aye ajamelana neembambano ezifanayo nezifunekayo zonqulo zokunxiba iingubo zentloko nokugcina iinwele zingagunwanga. Ukumangalelwa okuninzi kuye kwacel ’ umngeni imithetho yesikolo yokunxiba, ii-yunifomu zomkhosi, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yomsebenzi ethintelayo amaSikh ekugcineni ukholo lwawo. Hobt v. Hobs (2015) izigqibo ezibandakanya ibanjwa lamaSilamsi elalifuna ukukhulisa isiqingatha sendevu ngenxa yezizathu zonqulo. Inkundla yasebenzisa iRLUIPA yaye yathi intolongo ayinakunyanzeleka inkqubo yayo engekho mdlalo ilula ngaphandle kokubonakalisa inzala enyanzelekileyo. Ngoxa eli tyala libhekiswe ngqo kumaSilm, izicamango zayo ziye zasetyenziswa ekukhuseleni izinxibo zonqulo kunye nezenzo zobulungiselelo zonqulo zobuSkh.

La matyala abonisa ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kweBhili yamaLungelo nemimiselo enxulumene nayo yokukhusela izenzo zonqulo ezincinane. Njengoko ibutho labantu baseMerika liya lihluka-hluka ngonqulo, iinkundla zifuneka ngokwandayo ukuba zilungelelanise inkululeko yonqulo nxamnye nezinye izilangazelelo ezisemthethweni ezinjengokusebenza kakuhle emsebenzini, ukhuseleko loluntu, kunye nokhuseleko lwasentolongweni. Umzekelo othe rhoqo ngowokuba iinkundla zifuna ukuba urhulumente nabaqeshi bawane ukuba balungelelene nezenzo zonqulo ezincinane ngaphandle kokuba zibonise isizathu esinyanzelisayo sokuba bangazenzi oko.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Neenkcazelo Eziguqukayo

Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olumiselwe yiBhili yamaLungelo luyaqhubeka luvavanywa ziimeko ezintsha kunye nezithethe eziqhelekileyo. Iinkonzo ezincinane namhlanje zijamelene nocelomngeni abangenakululindela, ukususela kumalungelo obuqu oonontlalo-ntle yonqulo ukuya kubuza malunga nokungamele kuthethwe ngemithetho yonqulo echasene nohlanga. Ukucaciswa okuqhubekayo koMphetho wokuqala kule meko kuya kugqiba umgangatho wexesha elizayo wenkululeko yonqulo kwiinkonzo ezincinane.

Ukukhulula Nomthetho Wokuchasa Unqulo

Enye yeengingqi ezithanda ungquzulwano zomthetho wenkululeko yonqulo wale mihla ibandakanya ungquzulwano phakathi koqheliselo lonqulo kunye nokuchasene nocalulo, ingakumbi i-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Ityala elifana AmaMastercard Tighthop, Ltd. v. Colorado Commission Commission yaMalungelo eSifo (208)[FLL:1] kunye [FLT]303]3 I-Creanivel LLC v. ivavanywe ukuba abanini bamashishini bangayifuni na inkonzo efanayo yemitshato esekelwe kwiinkolelo zabo zonqulo. Le meko ifaka ucangciso-coms olukhululekileyo ngokuchasene nemithetho yezokuziphatha ngokwesini.

Kuzo iinkonzo ezincinane, ezi meko zinikela uluvo olunzima. Kwesinye isandla, umgaqo wokuba iinkolelo zonqulo eziphezulu zinokuthethelela ukukhululwa kwimithetho esetyenziswayo ubalulekile ekukhuseleni imisebenzi yonqulo engathandwayo. Kwelinye icala, ukungakhutshelwa konqulo okuvumela ucalulo lungaphazamisa amanye amaqela amancinane, kuquka iLGBTQ+ abantu abangamalungu eenkonzo ezincinane. Inkundla ePhakamileyo izame ukuphelisa olu nxunguphalo ngokuqwalasela izibakala ezithile nokusebenzisa uhlalutyo olungqalileyo. [[FLT: 0]] iMasterbichop [ig], inkundla ifumanise ukuba iColoradorado Recument Com Comment Commission Comment Commissionsionty ibonise ukungamcinelangani kunqulo lwayo, ilwano ye-Free Execlecleecle. [[FF]]]

Ezi zigqibo ziye zagxekwa ngabathile njengezithi zidala ilungelo lonqulo lokucalula nokunconywa ngabanye njengezinto eziyimfuneko zokukhusela inkululeko yonqulo. Kwiinkonzo ezincinane, iziphumo zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba zimisela imizekelo enokusetyenziswa ukukhusela izithethe zonqulo ezincinane eziphikisanayo okanye ezingathandwayo. Ukuchazwa okubanzi kokungakhuselwa konqulo kusenokuwakhusela amabhinqa angamaSilamsi angafuni ukuxhawula amadoda ngenxa yezizathu zonqulo, amashishini obuOthodoki amaYuda asondeleyo kuMgqibelo, okanye amaNatinada Merika asebenzisa izithethe ezincinane kwimibhiyo. Kwanganiso efanayo, imigaqo esemthethweni ingacelwa ukuba athethelele ukucalula amatyala amanye amaqela, nto leyo ebangela ingxabano phakathi kwamatyala alwela amalungelo abantu.

Isinxibo Sonqulo Kwizikolo Zesidlangalala Nasemsebenzini

Imibuzo ephathelele isinxibo sonqulo iyaqhubeka ivela kwizicwangciso zemfundo nezomsebenzi. Abafundi abangamaSikh baye bajamelana nemiqathango yokunxiba ii-kirpans (iimela ze-ceremonial), abafundi abangamaSilamsi baye bathintelwa ekunxibeni ii-hijab kukhuphiswano lwezemidlalo, kwaye abafundi abangamaYuda baye bohlwaywa ngenxa yokunxiba ii-rammouse. Isiseko somthetho esimiswe yi-Free Execle Claus, i-RFRA, kunye nemithetho elwa nohlanga-discrine inika isiseko sokuvavanya le miqathango, kodwa iziphumo zisoloko zixhomekeke kwizibakala ezithile kunye neiyantlulo ezithile.

IKhomishini ye-Openstration Commission (EOC) ifuna abaqeshi ukuba bamkele izithethe zonqulo ngaphandle kokuba benze oko kubangela ubunzima obungafanelekanga. Lo mgangatho uye wasetyenziswa ukufuna indawo yokuhlala yeentloko zamaSilamsi, iintloko zeSikh kunye neendevu, ii-Yarmacks, nee-rastasc brackers. Noko ke, ukhokelo lwe-EEOC alunawo amandla omthetho, kwaye iinkundla ziye zafikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukhuseleko, izibophelelo ezimfaneleko, nezinxano zabasebenzi bomsebenzi. uphatho lophando lwamaYuda, kunye ne-Arastalves.

Kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, i- Imigaqo yonqulo kwiZikolo zikawonke-wonke ibonelele ngenye indlela ecacileyo kodwa i-licaci lihlala liqhelekile. Abafundi banelungelo lokunxiba impahla yonqulo njengenxalenye yokuqhelisela unqulo ngesisa, phantsi kwemiqathango esengqiqweni esekelwe kukhuseleko okanye ekuphazamisekeni. Kwizikolo ezimbalwa, ezi thetha ukuba azinakukwazi ukukhupha isambatho sonqulo esisodwa ngaphandle kokuba kukho inkxalabo ekhethekileyo nengqiniciweyo yokukhusela. Noko ke, izikolo zinokunyanzelela ukuba imigaqo yokunxiba esetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kuqheliselo lonqulo olunzima, olufuna abafundi ukuba bafune indawo yokuhlala.

Ingqikelelo yengqikelelo kunye nemeko yomhlaba wonke

Indlela yokukhusela iinkonzo ezincinane ngamaLungelo ininzi. Ngokungafaniyo namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu agcina iicawa ezisekiweyo okanye iinkqubo zonqulo ezisemthethweni, iUnited States iyakwalela ukusekwa konqulo olusemthethweni. Oku kudala imeko esemthethweni apho zonke iinkonzo zilingana khona phambi komthetho, nangona kusetyenziswa wona, uninzi lonqulo ludla ngokungenelwa kwizithethe nakwiinkonzo. Ukuthelekisa amava aseMerika namanye amazwe agunyazisiweyo kugxininisa amandla nemiqathango yemithetho ekhusela iinkonzo ezincinane.

EFransi, umgaqo we uchazwa njengoluthiyelo lokunxibeka konqulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, kuquka ukuvalwa kokunxiba imiqondiso yonqulo ecacileyo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke. Oku kuye kwachaphazela ngokugqithisileyo amabhinqa namantombazana angamaSilamsi anxiba iintloko, kunye namaSikh anxiba iintloko. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaMelika akhusela ilungelo lokunxiba impahla yonqulo, ajonge intetho ekhuselekileyo nendlela yokuziqhelisela. Lo mahluko ubonisa ukugxininisa ngamandla kokukhusela intetho yonqulo kunokuba anyanzele ubundilele ubundilele behlabathi.

Kumazwe aneenkonzo zikarhulumente, njengeNgilani kunye namazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi, iinkonzo ezincinane zisoloko zijongene neziphene ezingomthetho eziya kuba phantsi kweBhili yamaLungelo. Ukungabikho kwengxelo yokumiselwa kula mazwe kuthetha ukuba urhulumente angaluxhasa ngokusemthethweni unqulo olunye, abangele ukungaqiniseki kweenkolo ezincinane. Noko ke, eUnited States, iSivumelo sikaCelas siye sachazwa njengokuvumela iintlobo ezithile zonqulo lukarhulumente, njengabefundisi bemithetho-Rhulumente kunye nokungahlawuli kwerhafunywa kwerhafu yemibutho yonqulo, nto leyo enokuthi icelwciswe ngamanye amatyala erhafu.

Ukwanda kobuzwe bonqulo kunye nokutshutshiswa konqulo oluncinane kuye kwavuselela umdla kumzekelo womgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Izixhobo zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana ne iSivumelwano seInternational on Civil and Political Rights [, ziquka amalungiselelo okukhusela inkululeko yonqulo, kodwa iindlela zokunyanzelisa azinamandla. Amava aseMerika abonisa ukuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, udipopu, udiza kunye nesithethe sobuninzi bonqulo, zingazisa inkxaso esebenzayo kwiinkonzo ezincinane, kwanakwibutho labantu abanonqulo oluqhelekileyo.

Ikamva Lenkululeko Yonqulo Yokholo Oluncinane

IBhili yamaLungelo iye yangqineka ivumelana ngokuphawulekayo neemeko eziguqukayo, kodwa ikamva lenkululeko yonqulo kwiinkonzo ezincinane lijongene neengxaki eziliqela eziphawulekayo. Inkcubeko yezobuzwe iyatshintsha, iUnited States isiya itshintsha ngokuya isiya ihluka-hluka ngonqulo kwaye ayivisisani nabuKristu. Ngokutsho kwePublic Religion Research Institute, ipesenti yamaMelika echaza ukuba bubuKristu iye yancipha ngokuphawulekayo, ngoxa isabelo sabantu abambalwa bonqulo nabangalufuniyo unqulo sikhula. Olu tshintsho lutshintsha uluntu lutshintsha ulawulo lwezopolitiko nolusemthethweni ngenxa yenkululeko yonqulo.

Imibandela emininzi ephumayo iza kuvavanya umgangatho wokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kwiinkonzo ezincinane. Ukwanda kobuchule bokuzenzela kunye nokuhlola i-biographic kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ubumfihlelo bonqulo nokhuseleko logcino-lwazi kwingingqi ezincinane. Ukwanda kokuqatshelwa kweenkolelo ezingezozanqulo njengeenkonzo ezifuna iinjongo ezisemthethweni kuya kufuna ukuba iinkundla zichaze imida yonqulo kwiimeko ezintsha. Ukudityaniswa kwengingqi zonqulo ngokufuduka kuya kuqhubeka kungenisa imikhwa emitsha yonqulo engenakufaneleka kakuhle kwiindidi ezikhoyo ngokusemthethweni.

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baye bafuna ukuba kuqondwe ngakumbi ukungafani konqulo olungenakucalulwa ngabantu ngabanye. Le mbono iyaqonda ukuba iinkonzo ezincinane zisoloko zijamelana neemeko ezingezintle kwiindawo ezinjengokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ulawulo loncedo, nokufumana iingenelo zikawonke wonke, kwanaxa kungekho lukhethelo. IBhili yamaLungelo ilungiselela ukuvavanya okungalingani okukhoyo, kodwa iinkundla bezingakuthandi ukusebenzisa ucalucalulo olungqongqo lonqulo ezilusebenzisayo kwikhethe lobuhlanga okanye lobufana neentlobano. Ikamva lenkululeko yonqulo liya kuxhomekeka kwinxalenye yokuba ngabalawuli bezo zinto ezikhoyo ukuze kuhlalwe ezi nkqubo.

Isiphelo: Ukunconywa Okuhlala Kukho KwiBhili Yamalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo iye yanceda ekulungiseni ukukhusela iinkonzo ezincinane ngokusemthethweni eUnited States. Ukusuka kwimigaqo yesiseko yoMphetho-mva wokuqala ukuya kumgangatho ontsonkothileyo womgaqo-siseko wongezelelo lokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, inkqubo yomthetho waseMerika iye yavelisa isixhobo esintsokothileyo sokukhusela inkululeko yonqulo. uMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unika ubuncwane obuninzi kwimbali nakuhlaziywa kwezi zikhuselo, unika abaphengululi nabemi ithuba elifanayo lokuqonda indlela umthetho wesiseko oye waqalisa ngayo ukukhusela iinguqu-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zenkonzo.

Ngoxa kusekho imingeni, umthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMerika ubukukukukhuselwa okukhula kokhuseleko kwiinkonzo ezincinane. Ukuqhelisela unqulo ngokukhululekileyo, okwathi kwaqondwa ngokuyintloko njengokukhusela ekunyanzelweni ngurhulumente ngqo, ngoku kubandakanya iimfuno zokuhlala, ukukhulula, nokufikelela kwiingenelo zikawonke-wonke. Ingxelo yokusekwa, ekhe yachazwa njengekungathinteli semthethweni okungalawulekiyo, ngoku ifuna ukuba kubekho ubundilele kurhulumente phakathi kweenkonzo kunye nonqulo. Ezi zinto ziye zadala imeko esemthethweni apho iinkonzo ezimbalwa zinokuchuma khona, kwanaxa izenzo zazo zingaqhelekanga okanye ziphikisana nabemi abaninzi.

Ibali lendlela iBhili yamaLungelo eliye layila ngayo ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kwiinkonzo ezincinane likude. Amatyala amatsha, imimiselo emitsha, kunye nemibutho emitsha yasekuhlaleni iza kuqhubeka zivavanya imida yenkululeko yonqulo. Kodwa isiseko somgaqo-siseko esimiselwe ngo1791 sinika isiseko esiqinileyo sokukhusela amalungelo amancinci nxamnye namandla abantu abaninzi. Kwizigidi zamaMelika aqhelisela iinkonzo ezincinane, iBhili yamaLungelo ihlala iluxwebhu oluphilayo olukhusela kakhulu iinkolelo zawo kunye nezenzo ezithi zixhaswe ngurhulumente okanye umkhosi omkhulu. Njengoko uMasipala Jackson wabhala kwimisebenzi emininzi engoogxanduva. [[FLT:] [[FLT]], uBill wamalungelo eenkundleko akhoyo ukukhusela iimbono zawo ezingathandwayo, ezidityaniweyo, okanye ezohlukeneyo.