Table of Contents

IBhunga laseUnited States lisebenza njengenye yezona ntlangano zibalulekileyo kulawulo-melo lwaseMerika, lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaba nelungelo lokuphendula nokukhusela amalungelo abemi. Njengoko isebe lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente wephondo lisenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo engaphaya kokwenza imithetho. Ngolawulo lwalo, igunya loqingqo-mali, kunye nokuhlola komgaqo-siseko olawulayo, iBhunga lisebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokukhusela urhulumente ochukunyisiweyo kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente ahlale ephendula abantu baseMerika.

Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga elizigcina ngayo linembopheleleko kurhulumente kubalulekile kummi ngamnye ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlolisisa iindlela, izixhobo kunye nendlela iKhomishini ephumeza ngayo iimfuno zayo zomgaqo-siseko, ihlolisisa inkqubela engokwembali yokuphatha ingqungquthela, kwaye inika inkcazelo eluncedo ngendlela abemi abanokubandakanyeka ngayo nabameli babo ukuze bomeleze kuxanduva oko kurhulumente.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo lweBhunga

Ukulawula kungumsebenzi oboniswayo kunokuba ube ligunya elicacisiweyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., njengoko i-charthiwe karhulumente ingaliniki ngokungqalileyo igunya lokuqhuba iBhunga lokubuza okanye lokuphanda kwegunya, ukuba lifikelele kwiirekhodi okanye izinto ezigcinwe ngumphathi ophetheyo, okanye ukukhupha iipopu ezincinci ukuze zifumane amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina obuvela kumphathi onegunya. Nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisele ngokuqinileyo ukuba amandla anjalo abaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi womthetho kangangokuba achazwe kwiSigqeba sowibo-mthetho kwiSigqeba soMgaqo-siseko I.

UGeorge Mason waseVirginia wathi kwiNgqungquthela yoManyano yamaPhondo "ayingoMphathi-mthetho kuphela kodwa banamandla okuncina amakholwa. Kufuneka badibane rhoqo ukuze bahlole iNdlela yeeofisi zikawonke-wonke. Oku kubonisa injongo yabasebenzi beplani ukuba iBhunga liza kulilawula ngokukhutheleyo isebe eliphetheyo, nangona bengazange bawancine kakhulu amagunya okuvelela ngexesha leNdibano yeMgaqo-siseko.

Ukungaphikisani kwakungenxa yokuba uvelela kunye negunya lalo labameli kwakujongwa njengegunya elingokwemvelo leendibano ezimela umthetho kawonke-wonke. Abaququzeleli beenkqubo zolawulo bacinga ukuba iBhunga laliza kuqhuba uphando olufanayo nendlela iBritish House of Commons eyayisebenza ngayo, isenza loo mandla abe lulwandiso lwendalo lwegunya lowiso-mthetho.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwamandla Okulawula Ngenkundla Ephakamileyo

Ijaji iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo igunya elibanzi leBhunga loMbutho lokuphanda nokuphatha isebe eliphetheyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha kwiWatkins v. United States ukuba "amandla eKhongozeli lokuqhuba uphando aphuma ngokwemvelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Elo gunya libanzi. Liquka imibuzo ephathelele ulawulo lwemithetho ekhoyo kunye nemigaqo ecetyisiweyo okanye efunekayo."

Kwizigqibo zakutshanje, iNkundla iqhubeke iqonda ukuba ukujongana nokubekwa kwequmrhu. Kwi-Trump USA v, LLP, iNkundla yaphawula ukuba "ngaphandle kolwazi, iBhunga liza kuba lidubula ebumnyameni, lingakwazi ukuchaza ngokuchanekileyo okanye ngokunempumelelo." Lo mgaqo ugxininisa ukuba ukwenza umthetho ngokunempumelelo kufuna ulwazi olubanzi ngendlela imithetho ekhoyo esetyenziswa ngayo kwaye neengxaki ezifuna izicombululo zemithetho.

Ukulawula kufumaneka kumandla amaninzi nahlukeneyo achazayo eBhunga kumGaqo-siseko. Kuboniswa kwigunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho kwimali efanelekileyo, ukumisela imithetho, ukunyusa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukubonelela ngemikhosi yamanzi, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuququzelela nokususa eofisini umongameli, umongameli, umongameli, kunye namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni. IBhunga alinakusebenzisa ngokusengqiqweni okanye ngokunenkathalo la mandla ngaphandle kokwazi oko umlawuli ophetheyo akwenzayo.

Imvelaphi Yegunya Lolawulo Loburhulumente

Ulawulo lweBhunga luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, yaye imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo kunye neenkqubo eziphuhliswayo ekuhambeni kwexesha ukunyusa amandla eBhunga lokuqwalasela isebe eliphetheyo ngokunempumelelo.

Uphando Lwamabhunga Angaphambili

Indlu iye yanyanzelisa ukuba abekho bamangqina ukususela ngowe-1795, xa yaphanda ngelinge lokunyoba amalungu. Enyanisweni, amatyala okuqala ombutho-mbutho kunye namagunya okudelela ajolise ekuxhatshazweni okanye ekugxekweni kweNdlu ngokwayo. Olu phando lokuqala lwamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo yegunya lophando leBhunga elaliza kwandisa kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo.

URobert Randall, umxhasi wezindlu, wazama ukuthenga oko ngoku kubizwa ngokuba yiMichigan kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kwaye wabelana ngemali yaloo ngeniso namalungu eKhomishini agunyazisa ukuthengiswa. Ngenxa yoko, uRandall wayengowokuqala ukudelelwa yiBhunga. IHouse Sergeant-at-Arms yagunyaziswa ukuba imbambe ize ime phambi kweNdlu, apho wakhutshwa isohlwayo waza wafakwa kwintolongo yasekuhlaleni iveki yonke.

Ukuqatshelwa

Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yazisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwemithetho-siseko olwathi lwamiswa kwaye lwaqinisa amandla olawulo lombutho. UMthetho oLawulo lweReorganisation Act ka 1946 (P. 79-601), okwesihlandlo sokuqala, ngokucacileyo, ibizelwa "kwezibonelelo" kumthetho kawonke-wonke. Yayalela iikomiti zendlu neCathenara ezimileyo "ukuqhelisa ukulinda ngokuqhubekayo" kwiinkqubo nakwiintlangano eziphantsi kolawulo lwazo; yaze yandisa amandla obuchule e-Pronsole jikelele, intloko yeBhunga loMphicotha-zincwadi kunye nophicothaniso lweNtloko-Accounts (GAGA).

Ulwandiso oluthe lwaziswa ngomthetho olandelayo. UMthetho oLawulayo ka-1970 (P. 91-510) wagunyazisa ikomiti nganye emileyo ukuba "ibone imbonakalo kunye nokufundisisa, ngokwesiseko esiqhubekayo, isicelo, ulawulo kunye nokuphunyezwa" kwemithetho phantsi kolawulo lwayo; kwandisa abasebenzi abachwepheshayo beekomiti; kwandisa uncedo olunikezelwe yiKhomishini yophando lwe-GO; kwaza kwaqinisa uxanduva locwangciso lweembopheleleko ze-GAO.

Ezi nguqu zowiso-mthetho zaguqula ulawulo lwequmrhu lowiso-mthetho ekubeni lusuka kumsebenzi ogunyazisiweyo wokulawula waba ngumsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo noqhubekayo wesebe lowiso-mthetho, zinika iikomiti ezinobuncwane negunya elicacileyo elifunekayo ukuqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo nokuhlolwa kwamaziko aphetheyo.

Indlela Imisebenzi yokulawula yembutho

IBhunga liqhuba ukujongana nesebe eliphetheyo ngohlolo, ngokuhlola, nangokulawula ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo karhulumente. Oku kuvelela kwenzeka ngemijelo emininzi kwaye kuthatha iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ukususela kwiinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ukuya kunxibelelwano olungacwangciswanga.

Umlinganiselo Nemisebenzi Ehlukahlukeneyo Ezabelwe Igunya

Namhlanje, ulongamelo lwequmrhu lungabonakala nakuwuphi na umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho nangamaziko ahlukeneyo, imibutho, kunye nezakhiwo. Le misebenzi isuka kwikomiti evalwayo ngokusesikweni ukuya kwilungu elingacwangciswanga okanye kunxibelelwano lwabasebenzi kunye namagosa aphetheyo; ukusuka kwizifundo zabasebenzi ukuya kwingxubusho yokuxhasa; kwaye ukusuka ekuququzelelweni kwee-projekthi eziqhutywa zii-ofisi zelungu ukuya kuhlolwa ngamaqumrhu angengagunya anjengezikhobo nabahloli jikelele.

Olu tshintsho lobuchule bokujonga izinto luvumela iNkqutyana ukuba ijonge imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo kumgangatho omninzi nakwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Olunye ulwalathiso lubonakala kakhulu kwaye lubonwa ngabantu bonke, njengokuchotshelwa kwekomiti nge-elective, ngelinye ixesha olunye ulawulo lusenzeka emva kwembonakalo ngonxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo phakathi kwabasebenzi bequmrhu namagosa amasebe.

Icandelo elisekelwe kwiKomiti

Igunya lokulawula nelokwenza uphando lihlala kuzo zombini izindlu, ezithi zona zinikezele eli gunya kwiikomiti zegumbi ngalinye. IiKomiti zinezo mandla kuphela ezinikwe zona ngemizimba yazo yabazali. Esi sakhiwo sisekelwe kwikomiti sivumela ukwenziwa ngcono, neekomiti ezahlukeneyo eziphuhlisa ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo ethile kunye namaziko asebenza kwimimandla yazo.

Iikomiti zeBhunga zisebenza njengeenqwelo-mafutha eziphambili zokujongana. Ikomiti nganye ijonge abameli neenkqubo ezikwigunya layo lowiso-mthetho, idala inkqubo ebanzi yokuhlola kulo lonke isebe eliphetheyo. Oku kuqwalaselwa kunceda amalungu ekomiti kunye nabasebenzi ukuba bakhulise ulwazi olunzulu ngamasebe abawaphetheyo, bewenza abe nobuchule bokuvelela nokwazi ngakumbi.

Iinjongo Ezininzi Zolawulo

Ukulawula ngamandla acacileyo omgaqo-siseko weBhunga. Kukho iinjongo eziliqela ezidityanisiweyo ezinxulumene nolawulo, ezinokuhlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko: iinkqubo, ezopolitiko, kunye neziququ. Ukuqonda ezi njongo zahlukeneyo kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba iNgqungquthela ikhokele kwaye ifune ukuzalisekisa le misebenzi.

Iinjongo zeziko ziquka ukukhangela amandla esebe eliphetheyo, ukuphanda indlela umthetho osetyenziswa ngayo, kunye nokwazisa iKhonklathi kunye noluntu. Ezi njongo zisenokufuneka zikhankanywe ngokukhethekileyo kuba zisebenza ukukhusela amagunya equmrhu nokuqinisa amandla kawonke-wonke okuqwalasela imisebenzi yempangelo nezenzo.

Iinjongo zenkqubo zijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente zisebenza ngokunempumelelo nangempumelelo, ziphumeze usukelo lwazo lodwa zisebenzisa izibonelelo zerhafu ngenkathalo. Iinjongo zezobupolitika zingaquka ukukhuthaza ukuqondwa kwabantu ngemibandela, ukuphendula kwiinkxalabo ezinxulumene necandelo, nokubalaselisa iinkqubo eziphambili. Ngoxa abagxeki bethandabuza iinjongo zobupolitika, banokusebenza imisebenzi esemthethweni yedemokhrasi ngokuzisa ingqalelo yoluntu kwimibandela ebalulekileyo.

Izixhobo kunye noomatshini bolawulo lweBhunga

Iingqungquthela zisebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi kunye neendlela zokukhokela isebe elilawulayo.

Ukuchongwa Kwamatyala Neziphando zeKomiti

Ukuchongwa kweekomiti kumela enye yezona zixhobo zibonakalayo nezibalulekileyo zobuveleli. IBhunga lenza lo msebenzi ngokuba nolawulo lwezicatshulwa, imisebenzi nemigaqo-nkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngexesha lokuva, amalungu ekomiti angabuza amagosa aphezulu esebe, amangqina obuchule, nabanye abagcini-zikhundla malunga nemisebenzi yemibutho, ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, kunye neengxaki ezinokubakho.

IBhunga libamba amatyala angeemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwe-steroid kwimidlalo yobugcisa ukuya ekusetyenzisweni kwee-tellite zemozulu. Iindlebe zikwasetyenziselwa ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo amaqela amancinane. Uphando lweBhunga aluncedi nje kuphela abayila imithetho benze izigqibo ezingcono, kodwa lusemgangathweni kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukuva kusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ngaphandle kokuhlanganisana ngenkcazelo. Zisenza iingxelo zikawonke-wonke zokunikela ubungqina phantsi kokufunga, zivelisa ingqalelo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo yamajelo eendaba, kwaye zinika amathuba okuba iNgqungquthela ichaze oko ikulindeleyo kumagosa aphezulu esebe. Uluntu oluninzi lukwakhuthaza ukubonakala kwengqiqo kwaye luvumela abemi ukuba baqwalasele indlela urhulumente wayo asebenza ngayo.

Amandla eenyanzelo kunye nokunyanzelwa

Indlu neNdlu yeeNtsimbi zimisela igunya lokunikezela kwiikomiti zonke ezimileyo. Indlela ii-topina ezincinci ezikhutshwa ngayo ngokweekomiti nangegumbi. Kwindlu, phantse zonke iikomiti ngoku zinika izitulo zazo amandla okukhupha iingcebiso ezincinci, ngoxa kwiikomiti ezininzi zeBhunga kufuneka ukuba isitulo sifumane imvume yelungu elikwisikhundla esiphezulu kuqala.

Ii-intshi zimela isixhobo esinamandla sokunyanzelisa ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu nobungqina xa kungekho manyano yokuzithandela. IKhomishini inezixhobo eziliqela ekunokufumaneka kuzo ukuze ifumane inkcazelo ngokuthethana nokunyanzelisa ukuthobelana namaqumrhu angaphantsi kweekomiti. Xa amangqina okanye amaqumrhu engavumi ukuhambisana neepopona ezisezantsi, iBhunga lineenkqubo zokunyanzelisa.

IBhunga lingafuna ukuba umntu ngamnye agwetywe ngokungekho mthethweni ngenxa yokungahambisani ne-pona. IBhunga lisenokufuna isigqibo senkundla yephondo esichaza ukuba umntu obuzwayo unyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuthobela i-subpoena engaphantsi kwengqungquthela. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iNkomfa ifumane inkcazelo efunekayo ukwenzela imisebenzi yayo yokuvelela, kwanaxa kujongene nokuchaswa kwesebe elilawulayo okanye amaqela azimeleyo.

Iimfuno ezichazayo nezicelo zolwazi

IBhunga lisoloko lifuna ukuba abameli abalawulayo bafake iingxelo rhoqo ngemisebenzi yabo, iinkcitho, kunye nomsebenzi. IiBhunga zokuqala zasungula obu buchule bobuveleli ngokuphanda okukhethekileyo, ngokunika ingxelo, nangokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokuchaza ukuhlola igunya eliphakamileyo. Ezi mfuneko zokunikela ingxelo zidala ukukhutshelwa okuqhubekayo kwenkcazelo evela kumaqumrhu ukuya kwiNgqungquthela, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uphando oluqhubekayo lungafuneki ngaphandle kokufuna uphando olusemthethweni.

Ngaphandle kweemfuno ezisesikweni zokunikela ingxelo, iikomiti zombutho kunye namalungu ngamanye acela rhoqo inkcazelo evela kubameli ngeeleta kunye nothungelwano olungacwangciswanga. Ngoxa abameli ngokuqhelekileyo besebenzisana nezicelo ezinjalo, ulawulo lombutho nophando. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa xa iqumrhu elijoliswe kulo ``ilungu lobuqu, umbutho, okanye umbutho olawulayo', okanye iziko lesebe eliphetheyo elinikela inkcazelo iNgqungquthela eyigqala njengeyimfuneko ekuphengululeni kwalo.

Uhlolo lwenkqubo kunye nokuvavanywa komsebenzi

Uvavanyo lwenkqubo olusebenza ngokusebenza lusahlala lububuchule bokulungisa uphando. Uvavanyo lwenkqubo yangoku lusebenzisa inzululwazi yentlalo kunye nendlela yolawulo . olufana nohlolo, uhlolo-mali, kunye neezifundo zempumelelo, ukuvavanya ukusebenza kweenkqubo eziqhubekayo. Ulwazi malunga nomsebenzi wenkqubo lungaluncedo kwiBhungane njengoko yenza izigqibo malunga nesakhiwo seenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nobungakanani bemali abaya kuyifumana.

Le ndlela yokuhlola ulawulo idlulela ngaphaya kokugada nje ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ukuhlola ukuba iinkqubo zifikelela iziphumo zazo ezicetyiweyo ngokunempumelelo na. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuvavanya ezingqongqo, iBhunga lingenza izigqibo ezithe zaziswa malunga nokuba kufuneka ziqhubeke, zilungise okanye ziphelise iinkqubo zikarhulumente.

Amandla Okuthenga: Ulawulo Loqingqo - mali Njengomphathi

Enye yezona zixhobo zolawulo zinamandla zeBhunga ligunya layo lomgaqo-siseko kunokusebenzisa imali yorhulumente. Eli gunya lemali linika iNkomfa enezixhaso ezibalulekileyo kumaziko esebe aphetheyo kunye nemisebenzi yawo.

Inkqubo yoluvo

Inxalenye yeKhomishini yeGawulayo esebenzisa igunya lowiso-mthetho kukusekwa koqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le lukarhulumente. Kwesi sigqibo, iBhunga lihlawula irhafu kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali yeenkonzo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo. Ngenkqubo yezicelo, iBhunga limisela ukuba ngumbutho ngamnye ufumana malini kwaye ngokufuthi lichaza ukuba loo mali ingasetyenziswa njani.

Zonke ii-arhente zesebe lesebe zixhaswa ngemali ngeenkqubo zombutho wonyaka. Imali ehlawulwa ngumbutho ngamnye iqukiwe kwelinye lamaphepha emali alishumi elinesibini aqwalaselwe yiKhomishini ngonyaka. Le nkqubo yonyaka inika iNkqutyana amathuba rhoqo okuhlola ukusebenza kwezibonelelo nokulungisa imigangatho yemali ngokwendlela efanelekileyo.

Ukusebenzisa Izimvo Kwimpembelelo Yenkqubo

Ukuba iKhongozeli ikholelwa ukuba umbutho othile ushiywe kwigunya lawo lokuqala, iBhunga lingaphendula ngeendlela ezininzi. IKhomkomfa ingadlulisela umthetho kwizigqibo zolawulo ezingaphaya kolawulo, okanye ixineneze igunya lombutho. IBhunga linokusebenzisa amandla alo okuchaza ukuthintela inkxaso-mali yombutho. Le nkxaso yemali inika iBhunga izixhobo ezinamandla zokulungisa indlela yokuziphatha yecandelo ngaphandle kokukhupha umthetho omtsha.

IKhomishini ingadibanisa iimeko kwiinkqubo, ithintele abameli ekusebenziseni imali ngeenjongo ezithile okanye ifune ukuba bamisele imisebenzi ethile. Aba bakhweli bezicelo bangayibeka phambili ngokunempumelelo inkqubo kunye nemisebenzi yomaziko, kwanakwimimandla apho iBhunga linokujamelana nobunzima bokudlula komthetho ongqongqo.

IBhunga ligcina amandla alo ngeendlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: Enye imisela inkqubo yeekomiti ezichuliweyo zokujonga izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo. Enye, mhlawumbi ebaluleke kakhulu, ngamandla engxowa-mali. Eli gunya loqingqo-mali lisenye yezona zixhobo zisebenzayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba isebe eliphetheyo liza kuphendula.

Igunya loMthetho kunye nokumiswa koMgangatho

Ngaphandle kokungajongwa kweenkqubo ezikhoyo, iNgqungquthela imisela urhulumente ukuba aphendule ngemithetho yakhe, idala imigaqo engokwasemthethweni abamele basebenze kuyo abameli.

Ukuseka uNqanawa noMda

Xa kumiselwa imithetho yokumisela iinkqubo zikarhulumente okanye imibutho, ichaza iinkonzo, amagunya, kunye nemiqathango yayo. Le migaqo imisela imilinganiselo emele ibonwe xa kuphunyezwa imibutho. Imiyalelo ecacileyo yemithetho yenza ulawulo lube luncedo ngokunika imigaqo ecacileyo yokuhlola enoba abameli bayayiphumeza kusini na imisebenzi yabo.

"Igalelo eliyimfuneko nelifanelekileyo" lomGaqo-siseko likwavumela ukuba iNgqungquthela imisele imithetho egunyazisa ukuvelela kweekomiti zayo, inike igunya elifanelekileyo kuyo ngokwayo kunye namaziko ayo okuxhasa, kwaye ibeke iimbopheleleko ezithile kumphathi-mikhosi ukuba anikele ingxelo okanye aqhagamshelane neBhunga, kwaye ide ifune ukuvunywa kwayo ngezenzo ezithile. Iimfuno zolawulo ezibanzi zikho kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwimimiselo emininzi ebalulekileyo.

Iimfuno zomgaqo-nkqubo noMthetho woLawulo

IBhunga liye lamisela imimiselo emininzi elawula indlela abameli abanegunya abamele bayiphathe ngayo imisebenzi yabo. Ezi mfuneko zomgaqo-siseko zikhuthaza ukuba cace, ukuthabatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke, nokuphendula kwisigqibo sombutho. UMthetho woLawulo oluPhezulu, iFreedom of Information Act, neminye imimiselo efana nayo idala imigaqo enyanzelekileyo ukwenzela ukuziphatha okunokusetyenziswa ngamaBhunga nabemi ekugcineni abasemagunyeni benoxanduva.

Ngokumisela imigaqo yesithethe, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba abameli abanakwenza izinto ngokuthanda kwabo okanye ngokufihlakeleyo. Le mithetho ifuna ukuba abameli banike isaziso esithe qatha kwimithetho ecetywayo, bamkele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, bachaze izigqibo zabo, baze bagcine iingxelo ezifikelelekayo zemisebenzi yabo.

Ukuvavanya umGaqo-siseko kumandla alawulayo

Ngaphandle kokungalawulwa nokulawulwa koqingqo - mali, iNgqungquthela ineengcambu eziliqela ezikhethekileyo zomGaqo-siseko ezisebenza njengeengqwalasela kwisebe elilawulayo.

Isiqinisekiso samadinga obuMongameli

IKhomishini iqinisekisa okanye iyala okanye iyala ukuququzelela komongameli. Ingasusa umongameli eofisini kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimi zokuqinisekisa okanye ukuchasa oomongameli abakwizikhundla zequmrhu, iijaji zequmrhu lorhulumente, nezinye izikhundla ezingundoqo zinika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumaziko alawulayo.

IBhunga linendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli, okuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi kunye namagunya aseburhulumenteni. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo alinakumisela abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Ngokuqinisekisa, abaququzeleli bangathandabuza ngeemfaneleko zabo, iimbono zenkqubo, kunye neeplani zokulawula abameli babo, zidala indawo ebalulekileyo yokuhlola ityala phambi kokuba amagosa athathe izikhundla zawo.

Ukwenziwa kweNgxelo yoMthendeleko

UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba izivumelwano zeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali zixoxwe lisebe elilawulayo ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akanakuyibeka iUnited States ngelinye ixesha kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yesivumelwano. Inkqubo yokuququzelela izivumelwano ivumela abaququzeleli besivumelwano ukuba bahlolisise izivumelwano ezicetyisiweyo, bacebise utshintsho, baze bangazithobeli izivumelwano abazikholelwayo ezichasene nezilangazelelo zaseMerika.

Amandla Okufuna

Ukunyanzelisa kusisixhobo esinamandla esivumela iNgqungquthela ukuba isuse umongameli ohleli phantsi okanye amanye amagosa. Indlu yabameli inamandla okungathobeli, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso iqhuba ityala. Le nkqubo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla aphezulu. Ngoxa ukungathobeli kunqabile ukusetyenziswa, ukufumaneka kwayo kusebenza njengesithintelo esibalulekileyo nxamnye nehambo engafanelekanga enzulu yamagosa aphetheyo.

Eli gunya ligqithiselwe ngaphaya komongameli ukuba liquke isekela leenkokeli, amalungu ekhabhathi, iijaji zesizwe namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni. Eli gunya libanzi liqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linokuphendula naliphi na igosa likarhulumente elibandakanyeke kwihambo engafanelekanga enzulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi na isikhundla.

Amandla Emfazwe Nolawulo Lomkhosi

UMgaqo-siseko unika iNgqungquthela ekuphela kwegunya lokumisela umthetho nokuvakalisa imfazwe, ilungelo lokuqinisekisa okanye ukugatya ukumiswa kooMongameli abaninzi, namandla amakhulu ophando. Amandla eNkomfa okuvakalisa imfazwe negunya layo kwizicelo zomkhosi ayenza ibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimigaqo yomkhosi nakwamanye amazwe, iindawo apho oomongameli badla ngokuthi banegunya elibanzi.

Ngokwalathisa kwayo imisebenzi yomkhosi kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe, iNgqungquthela ingenza uphando ngehambo yamaphulo emkhosi, ibuze amagunya okukhusela amaqhinga nokusebenzisa imali, isebenzise amandla ayo okuphembelela okanye oku kunyanzela imisebenzi yomkhosi. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umkhosi usetyenziswa ngokungqinelana nogunyazo lwengqungquthela kunye nezilangazelelo zesizwe.

Inkxaso yemibutho enyusa ulawulo lwengqungquthela

IBhunga leNgqungquthela liye lavelisa amaziko aliqela axhasayo awenza akwazi ukuzimela ngokwawo nokukwazi ukuphanda, nto leyo eye yabangela ukuba akwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle umsebenzi wokuvelela.

I-ofisi ephendulayo karhulumente

I-Ofisi yeMali kaRhulumente (GAO) isebenza njengelungu eliyintloko lophicotho-zincwadi lweBhunga kunye nengalo yophando. I-ofisi kaRhulumente (GAO) – incedisa ekujongeni isebe eliphetheyo ngokuhlola isebe nokunika ingxelo kwiBhunga. I-GAO iqhuba iiNkqutyana zeenkqubo zolawulo lwesizwe, iphanda izityholo zenkunkuma nezobuqhophololo, ivavanya ubuchule benkqubo, kwaye inika izimvo ezisemthethweni kwimibuzo yomthetho ocalucalulo kunye negunya lomzimeli.

Umsebenzi weGAO unika iNkqutyana uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo nolingcali lwemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Xa iikomiti zicela uphando lweGAO, zifumana iingxelo ezisekelwe kuphando olungqongqo nohlalutyo, zinika ulwazi olunokuthenjwa lokujongana nokuchongwa kwamagosa kunye nokwenza izigqibo zowiso-mthetho.

Inkonzo yophando lweKhomishini

INkonzo yophando lweKhomishoni enikela uphando nohlalutyo olungelulo lweklasta kumalungu eBhunga kunye nabasebenzi babo. ICRS inceda iNkqutyana iqonde imibandela entsonkothileyo yemigaqo-siseko, ihlalutye iizicelo zowiso-mthetho, kunye nemibuzo yophando ephakamayo ngexesha lolawulo. Le nkxaso yenza amalungu kunye nabasebenzi bakwazi ukuqhuba ubuchule obungakumbi nolawulo olunempumelelo.

I-ofisi yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali yeBhunga

I-Congress Uhlaziyo lwe-Ofisi yoHlahlo-mali lunika iKhomishini uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo lwemiba yoqingqo-mali nezoqoqosho. Indleko ye-CBO yoqikelelo lomthetho ocetyiswayo kunye nohlalutyo lwayo lwezicelo zoqingqo-mali zomongameli lunika iKhomishini efunekayo ukwenza izigqibo zemali ezithelekelelwayo nokuvavanya izicelo zesebe eliphetheyo

Ucelomngeni Nokusikelwa Ngumqathango Kwebutho

Ngoxa iBhunga linegunya elibanzi lokuvelela, lijamelana nocelomngeni neentsilelo ezahlukahlukeneyo ekusebenziseni eli gunya ngokunempumelelo.

Ilungelo elinolawulo oluphezulu nokufikelela

Eli lungelo, eliziinkalo zalo ezisekelwe kumgaqo-siseko, liye lacelwa xa iBhunga eliphetheyo licela isebe ukuba livelise amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina obubonisa ukwenza izigqibo zomongameli kunye namaqhinga akholelwa ukuba uMongameli ufanele ahlale eyimfihlo. Kodwa ilungelo lempangelo lifanelekile, alifanelekanga ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ukukhutshelwa kwelo lungelo kungenziwa ngokubonakalisa ngokwaneleyo iimfuno.

Ukungavisisani nelungelo eliphezulu lolawulo oluphezulu kunokulizisa okanye kuthintele ngokuphawulekayo uphando lwengqungquthela. Xa oomongameli beqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvala ulwazi, iBhunga kusenokufuneka bathethe, bafune ukungenelela kwenkundla, okanye bamkele ulwazi olulinganiselweyo. Le mpikiswano idla ngokubandakanya imibuzo entsonkothileyo engokwahlulwa kwamandla.

Iinguqu Zezibonelelo Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Isigqibo sokuba yiyiphi imicimbi enokuba ngumlawuli ekufuneka iphunyezwe sisekelwe kumgwebo kunye nosukelo lweenkokeli zombutho, iikomiti, kunye namalungu ngamanye. Ezi zigqibo zingaquka oothunywashe abangaphandle komgangatho weNkqutyana. Noko ke, kukho ingqwalasela ezingokwasemthethweni nezobugcisa ezinokuthanani nezi ngxubusho. Olo cwangciso lungaquka igunya leBhunga lokuqhuba imisebenzi ethile yokuvelela, oovimba abafunekayo ukugqibezela ngempumelelo umsebenzi wokuvelela, kunye nesiphumo esilindelekileyo solawulo olunempumelelo.

Iikomiti zeBhunga zinexesha elilinganiselweyo, elifuna ukuba zimisele imibandela emininzi enokuba yeyobuveleli. Uphando olukhulu lufuna ubuncwane obuninzi, kwaye iikomiti kufuneka zilungelelanise imisebenzi yokuvelela kunye neembopheleleko zazo zowiso-mthetho. Ezi zithintelo ziluncedo zithetha ukuba eminye imiba inokungafumani ngqalelo ingakumbi kunokuba ifanele.

Izixhobo Nemeko Yezobupolitika

Ukulawula kwenzeka kwimeko yezobupolitika ekhoyo apho ulwalamano lweBhunga namaqumrhu olawulo lungahluka ukusuka kwintsebenziswano ukuya kwimbambano. Ngaphezu koko, kukho ungquzulwano olungokwemvelo lwezomGaqo-siseko kunye nolopolitiko phakathi koMongameli kunye noMongameli kwanangamaxesha karhulumente omanyeneyo. Iingqwalasela zocalucalulo zingachaphazela ukuba yiyiphi imbambano yeBhunga eliphandayo nendlela elikusukela ngonyamezelo ngayo ukuvelela.

Xa iqela elinye lilawula iBhunga kunye nolawulo lobumongameli, ulawulo lwequmrhu lwesebe eliphetheyo lungangabi namandla angakumbi. Ngokuchasene noko, urhulumente owahluleleneyo usoloko evelisa ulawulo olunobundlobongela obugqithisileyo, nangona kusenokukhokelele ekuphengululeni okuxhotyiswe luncedo lwabanqolobi kunezinto ezibandakanyekileyo zenyani. Abayili bomGaqo-siseko bakholelwa ukuba ulwahlulo kunye nokwahlulwa kwamagunya kungaxhomekeka kumalungu orhulumente anyanisekileyo kwisakhiwo sakhe kwaye akhuseleke ekungeni kwimibutho yamanye amasebe. Yaye ndicinga ukuba iBhunga lisoloko likho ukunyaniseka de kube ngoo 1960, xa inkqubo yaba yeya kuba ngumlawuli omkhulu.

Imida YomGaqo-siseko neyoMgaqo-siseko

Ngoxa igunya leBhunga lide lokuphatha ulawulo, alikho ligophe. Iityala zingavela apho kungacacanga ngokupheleleyo ukuba iBhunga linegunya lokuthatha isenzo esithile okanye lokuqokelela ulwazi oluthile. INkundla ePhakamileyo imisele ukuba uphando lwengqungquthela kufuneka lusebenze kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni kwaye luhlonele amalungelo omGaqo-siseko.

Ngeli xesha amandla okuphanda ebanzi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba iBhunga limele lizigcine likwinjongo "ezingalawulekiyo" lize liphephe imicimbi yangasese engqongqo yabemi ngabanye. Lo mda uqinisekisa ukuba iKhomishini ayinakuwasebenzisa amandla ayo okuphanda kwiinjongo zokohlwaya okanye ukukhathaza abantu ngaphandle kokugwetyelwa okusemthethweni.

Ukuqhelisela Ulawulo Lwangexesha

Ulwalathiso lweBhunga luyaqhubeka luguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zezobupolitika, ubugcisa nokuvela kocelomngeni lokuba urhulumente aphendule.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Neembonakaliso Zangoku

Kunyaka ophakathi, kunyulwa, ngokusisiseko, uphando lwengqungquthela lusoloko lusiba yenye yezindlela eziphambili abafaki-mthetho abaphembelela ngazo incoko. Ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu kunzima phantsi kweemeko ezintle, kodwa kuba nzima ngakumbi xa iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yabaphathi yahlulahlulwe ngokusondeleyo, ngoko ke kukho izinto ezincinane. Yaye ikhalenda yemithetho ifinyezwe ngamaxesha okubhiyozelwa kwephulo kunye namathuba okusebenza kwesithilithili. Ngoko, isiphumo sisiphumo, umsebenzi wokongamela, ukuva, uphando, iileta neengxelo zeekomiti zidla ngokuba zikho ezona zinto zibonakalayo neziguqukayo izibonelelo zezixhobo eziphambili.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwajongwa uphando olukwimiba eyahlukeneyo equka iqonga lobugcisa, ukhuseleko lwezempilo, inkxalabo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, imisebenzi, kunye neempendulo zikarhulumente kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Uphando oluninzi oluphantsi kwendlela alukho lutsha. Endaweni yoko, lwakha kwiingxelo zophando zeminyaka emininzi ezithe iikomiti zakhula. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nezonyango, ukuqhuba iprojekthi, amaqonga, imibango yokhuseleko yesizwe ebandakanya, umzekelo, iTshayina nemisebenzi yomsebenzi. Ngenxa yokuba ikomiti sele iqokelele amaxwebhu kwaye igcina ukuva okulula kuyo ukuba iqhubeke ijonge ngaphandle kokukhutshwa.

Ulawulo lwabahloli jikelele

IBhunga limisele inkqubo ezimeleyo yomhloli jikelele okwisebe eliphetheyo ukuze anike ulwalathiso oluqhubekayo kunye nophando lwamaziko. IiKhomishini zasungula inkqubo ezimeleyo yomhloli jikelele ukuze ancede isebe elilawulayo libe netyala. Lathi lathi layigqithisa imithetho emibini eyongezelelekileyo efuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi nja zala magorha zinokuphanda ngokungenwa kakubi nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya zize zilinike ingxelo kwiBhunga ngaphandle kokoyika ukuphulukana nemisebenzi yazo.

Abahloli jikelele basebenza njengomncedisi obalulekileyo wolawulo lombutho, ukuqhuba uhlolo oluqhubekayo nophando phakathi kwabameli nokuxela oko bakufumeneyo kwiBhunga. Le nkqubo idlulisela ulawulo lweBhunga ngokunika abaphengululi abangoochwepheshe abaxhotyiswe ngaphakathi koorhulumente abanokwazi ukuchaza iingxaki nehambo engafanelekanga engenakufikela kwingqalelo yengqungquthela ngenye indlela.

Ukulawula Ngoomatshini Banamhlanje

Ukulawula kwesebe elilawulayo yenye yeembopheleleko ezingundoqo zeBhunga. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBhunga liye lahlola iindlela zokulungisa imisebenzi yalo kule ndawo, kuquka ulawulo lolawulo kunye nomelo lomthetho olusemthethweni lokusebenza nesebe elilawulayo. Ukunceda, siphanda iinketho zeBhunga. Lingadala iindlela ezintsha zokulawula okanye ii-ofisi ezisemthethweni, iinkqubo zolawulo, okanye iimfuno zolawulo, okanye ukutshintsha ezikhoyo.

Njengoko urhulumente eba ntsonkothileyo kwaye engobuchule, iKhomishini iyaqhubeka iqwalasela indlela yokunyusa amandla ayo okuvelela. Ii-ofisi eziqukelweyo ziquka ukuphuhlisa ulawulo olutsha olujolise ekuhloleni umgaqo-siseko, ukuseka i-Ofisi yeBhunga leSebe leMicimbi, nokuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezintsha zokuvavanya ulawulo lombutho. Nganye kwezi zinto zibandakanya ukuthelekisa phakathi kobuchule bokuphatha obunempumelelo kunye neendleko ezingakumbi okanye ukwanda kweenkonzo ezikhoyo.

Indima Yabemi Ekuphenduleni Urhulumente

Ngoxa iBhunga linembopheleleko eyintloko yokuvelela isebe elilawulayo, abemi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba urhulumente uya kuphendula ngokudibana nenkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ukubonelela nokuphendula

Unyulo lumela eyona nkqubo isisiseko yokuziphendulela kwidemokhrasi. Ngokuvota kunyulo lobuzwe, abemi bamisela ukuba ngubani oya kubamela aze alawule ihambo yabo.

Izakhamuzi zinokuvavanya abo baza kuvelela ngokusekelwe kwiingxelo zabo zomsebenzi wobuveleli, kwizikhundla zabo kwimibandela yokuziphendulela, nokuzimisela kwabo ukuba batshate ngorhulumente ocace gca. Ngokhetho olunempumelelo, abemi banokukhetha abaza kubeka izicwangciso eziphambili baze baphendule amagosa karhulumente.

Abameli Abanxibelelanayo

Abemi banokuphembelela ngokuthe ngqo ukuvelela imicimbi yoburhulumente ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo ngemibandela exhalabisayo. Xa abaququzeleli bephakamisa imibuzo ngeenkqubo zikarhulumente okanye izenzo zoorhulumente, amalungu eBhunga adla ngokuphendula ngokucela inkcazelo kumasebe, ngokuphakamisa imibandela kwiikomiti ezichotshelweyo, okanye ngokuqalisa uphando.

Ukunxibelelana okuphumelelayo kunika amalungu eBhunga inkcazelo ngeengxaki ezisenokufuna ukuba abe ngabaveleli.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yokuva Nokugqabaza Kwabantu Bonke

Zombini iigumbi zeBhunga zinamandla amakhulu okuphanda, kwaye zisenokunyanzela ukuveliswa kobungqina okanye ubungqina ngakuyiphi na injongo efunwayo. Amalungu eKhomishini achitha ixesha lawo elininzi esingatha iindlebe nophando kwiikomiti. Iintlanganiso ezininzi zivulekele uluntu, zivumela abemi ukuba bazibonele ngokwabo imisebenzi yokuvelela.

Ngaphandle kokuya kumava, abemi banokuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zolawulo lweziko ngokunikela amagqabaza ngemimiselo ecetyisiweyo. Ngoxa oku kuthabatha inxaxheba kwenzeka kumgangatho wombutho kunokuba kuseMbutho, kudala iingxelo zokuba iBhunga lingazisebenzisa kwimisebenzi yalo yokuvelela. Iikomiti zeBhunga zidla ngokuhlola amagqabaza kawonke-wonke anikelwa ngexesha lokwenziwa kolawulo ukuze kuqondwe inkxalabo ezifaka ityala kwaye kuvavanywe ngokufanelekileyo kusini na ukuba abameli baye baqwalasela igalelo eliseluntwini.

Ukuhlala Ndingazi Ngemisebenzi Yembutho

Ukuganana okunempumelelo kommi kufuna ukuba uhlale wazi oko kwenziwa yiBhunga. Izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukufumana inkcazelo ngemisebenzi yequmrhu ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iiwebhsayithi zekomiti esemthethweni, ucwangciso lokuphulaphula nerekhodi, iingxelo zokuvota, nokuchonga imicimbi yemibutho.

I-website esemthethweni yeKhomishini yeNkcubeko yeQhinga inika inkcazelo ebanzi malunga nomthetho, imisebenzi yeekomiti, kunye neenkqubo zokuququzelela. Iiwebhsayithi zeekomiti zidla ngokuphuma emva kocwangciso lokuchonga, ukunikela ubungqina, kunye neengxelo zophando. Ngokuhlola le mithombo, abemi bayakwazi ukulandelela imisebenzi yovelela enxulumene nezilangazelelo zabo.

Ixhasa Imibutho Ebonisa Imbonakalo

Imibutho emininzi engenayo izama ukukhuthaza ukuba urhulumente abonakale yaye aphendule. Le mibutho yenza uphando, ixhasa ukhokelo olunamandla, inika abemi inkcazelo ngemisebenzi karhulumente. Ngokuxhasa le mibutho ngeminikelo, ngeminikelo, ngemisebenzi yokuzithandela, okanye ngokuncedisana emsebenzini wabo, abemi banokukhuthaza imigudu yokwandisa ityala labo.

Imibutho efana neProjekthi On Government Onservation, Common Cast, kunye nezinye ezijonga imisebenzi yolawulo lombutho-ngqungquthela, zixhasa utshintsho ukuze zomeleze iinkqubo zokuphendula, zibone ukuhlalutywa kwemisebenzi karhulumente. La maqela asebenza njengemibutho ephakathi kwabemi norhulumente, yenza imiba enzima ifikeleleke kwaye ithathe inyathelo kubantu ngokubanzi.

Ukubaluleka Kokulawula Okuqinileyo

Ukujongwa kwetyala okusebenzayo kukarhulumente kufuna ulwalathiso oluqinileyo, olucwangcisiweyo kunokuba luqwalaselwe ngamaxesha athile kumahlazo aphezulu. Ngoxa uphando olunzulu lwehambo engafanelekanga lutsala ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kunye nengxelo yamajelo eendaba, ukujongwa kweenkqubo eziqhubekayo kunye nemisebenzi kubaluleke ngokufanayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuphumelela kukarhulumente nokuthintela iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba zibe ziingxaki.

Ukukhusela Iingxaki Ngokuzihlola Okuqhubekayo

Ukujonga okuthe rhoqo kunceda ukuchaza iingxaki ezivelayo ngaphambi kokuba zikhule zibe kukungaphumeleli okungundoqo okanye amahlazo. Ngokuqhubeka kusenziwa imibutho yokuhlola, ukuhlolwa kogcino-lwazi lomsebenzi, kunye nokugcinwa konxibelelwano namagosa emibutho, iikomiti zombutho ziyakwazi ukufumanisa iimpawu ezilumkisayo zokungaphathwa kakuhle, inkunkuma, okanye inkqubo ekhukuliswa ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze zithathe inyathelo lokulungisa.

Lo msebenzi wokhuselo usenokuba awubonakali kakhulu kunophando olukhawulezileyo, kodwa usebenza indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ubuchule bukarhulumente. Xa iikomiti zihlola rhoqo uqingqo-mali lweziko, amagunya malunga nokusebenza kwenkqubo, kwaye zivavanya ukuba abameli bahlangabezana na neemfuno zabo zomthetho, zibangela uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lolawulo olufanelekileyo nokuphunyezwa ngokuthembeka kwemithetho.

Ukuphumeza Umthetho Ngokuthembeka

Abahlalutyi abaninzi, abahlalutyi benkqubo kawonke-wonke, kunye nabalawuli bemithetho bathi ooMongameli namagosa aphezulu anokuyityeshela okanye bangayiqondi injongo ephosakeleyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, njengokungagunyaziswa kwemali, ilungelo eliphezulu, kunye namandla emfazwe. Ukungaqwalaseli okukhula kwemiqathango kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko.

Ulawulo lweBhunga lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasemagunyeni abalawulayo bamisela imithetho njengenjongo yeBhunga. Xa abasemagunyeni bewachaza ngokuphandle okanye ngokuncinane amagunya abo angokwasemthethweni, okanye xa bebeka iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kuneeMbutho ezicacisiweyo, ukuvelela kunokuzisa oku kungangqinelani nokulungisa ngokukhawulezileyo ngomthetho, ngokumisela imiqathango, okanye ngokunyanzela ukhokelo lwamaziko.

Ukuqhelana Neemeko Eziguqukayo

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisebenzayo kwindawo apho iimeko zitshintsha khona, kuvela imingeni emitsha, kwaye iingcamango zokuqala zingabonakala zingachananga. Ukungajongi kweeKhontente eqhubekayo kuvumela ukuba ingqikele ukuba iinkqubo ezikhoyo zihlale zifanelekile kwaye ziphumelela na ezinikwa iimeko zangoku, kwaye kubonwe ukuba kufuneka uhlaziyo lomthetho okanye utshintsho xa kutheni.

Ngolwalathiso oluthe rhoqo, iBhunga linokuqokelela inkcazelo ngendlela iinkqubo ezisebenza ngayo, imiphumo engacwangciswanga, kunye nezinye iinguqu ezinokuphucula iziphumo. Eli nyathelo lisetyenziswayo phakathi kokwenziwa komsebenzi nomthetho linceda iBhunga licombulule lize liphucule iinkqubo zikarhulumente ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubuphathi Nezinye Iimbopheleleko ZeeBhunga

Ngoxa ukujongana kuyimfuneko, iKhomishini kufuneka ilungelelanise nezinye iimbopheleleko zayo zomGaqo-siseko, kuquka ukugunyazisa, ukwenziwa komsebenzi wokulungelelanisa kunye nokuphuhliswa koqingqo-mali. Imisebenzi yengqungquthela esebenzayo ifuna ixesha kunye nobuncwane obufanelekileyo phakathi kwezi zimfuno zikhuphisanayo.

Ulawulo lolawulo nomthetho

Ukulawula nomthetho kuyavisisana kunemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ukuba, umzekelo, usukelo olunye lomsebenzi othile wobuveleli kukuqokelela ulwazi ukuze kuxhaswe umthetho wexesha elizayo, ngoko kusenokuba luncedo ukusukela imigca yokufuna ukubuza eya kuzisa iingcebiso zemithetho. Ulawulo olunempumelelo luchaza iingxaki ezinokucocwa ngumthetho, ngoxa umthetho olungileyo udala imilinganiselo ecacileyo eyenza kube lula ukuvelela.

IiKomiti zisoloko zikhokela ngobuchule ekuphuculeni uwiso-mthetho. Ngokuphanda indlela imithetho ekhoyo esebenza ngayo, iingxaki eziye zavela, kunye neenguqu ezinokuphucula iziphumo, imisebenzi yokuvelela ivelisa ulwazi nenkqubela yezopolitiko efunekayo ukwenzela ukuphunyezwa komthetho.

Ukufuduka kukavimba kunye nocwangciso oluphambili

Iikomiti zeBhunga zinobuxhakaxhaka obunentsingiselo kwaye kufuneka zenze ukhetho olufanelekileyo malunga nemisebenzi yobuveleli emaziyiphunyezwe. Ezi zigqibo zibandakanya ukuvavanya ukubaluleka kwemibandela eyahlukeneyo, amathuba okuba uvelela kuvelise iziphumo ezinenjongo, ubuncwane obufunekayo ekuphandeni ngokucokisekileyo, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kobuveleli nezinye iikomiti eziza kuqala.

Ulawulo olunempumelelo alufuni igunya nezixhobo kuphela, kodwa lukwafuna ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kwexesha kunye nezibonelelo. Uphando olukhulu lungathabatha ixesha elininzi nengqalelo yabasebenzi beekomiti kwiinyanga okanye kwiminyaka emininzi. Ngoko ke iiKomiti kufuneka zikhethe, zibhekise imigudu yazo yolawulo enzulu kwimibandela ebaluleke kakhulu ngokunjalo zigcina ukujonga abameli abangakumbi kumaziko aphantsi kwemithetho yazo.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ukujongana nentlanganiso kuye kwanendima ebalulekileyo ekubhenceni ukuziphatha okubi, ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya nokuphucula imisebenzi karhulumente. Ukuqonda le mizekelo yembali kubonisa ukubaluleka kunye nempembelelo yokuvelela ngokunempumelelo.

Uphando Olubangelwa Kukuhamba Kwamanzi

Ukuva okuphanda kungayityhila impatho engafanelekanga yomongameli wegunya kunye nokonakala, njenge Teapot Dome ehlazo kwi1920 okanye iWatergate kwii1970. Uphando lweKomiti yeNdlu yaseNixon lokubandakanyeka kolwaphulo-mthetho kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesiZwe seDemocratic kwaye ngokulandelayo lumela olunye uphengululo olubalulekileyo kwimbali yeMelika.

Ukuchongwa kwekomiti ngomnxeba kwatyhila ukungahambi kakuhle kwamagosa olawulo omgangatho ophezulu yaye ekugqibeleni kwafak' isandla kuMongameli Nixon's. Olu phando lwabonisa indlela uphando olunokugcina ngayo ulawulo lwequmrhu namagosa aphezulu aphezulu anokuphendula ngokungekho mthethweni okunzulu nokuxhasa umthetho.

Oko Sikufundayo Ngokusilela Kweembopheleleko

Asingabo bonke abaveleli bombutho wombutho ophakamileyo abaphumeze iinjongo ezintle okanye abaphumeze iziphumo ezintle. Iindlebe ziye zasetyenziselwa iinjongo ezincinane, njengokusetyenziswa kwabemi bobucala ngexesha "lemisebenzi yangasese yaseMerika" ukuvakala kwee-intern-American Committee zophendlo lweMcCCarthy zibonisa indlela abaphathi abanokusetyenziswa ngayo kakubi ukwaphula inkululeko yasekuhlaleni nokutshutshisa abantu ngokweenkolelo zabo zezobupolitika.

Le mizekelo ididayo ibethelela ukubaluleka kokuphatha ulwalathiso ngokuhambelana namalungelo omgaqo-siseko neenjongo ezisemthethweni zowiso-mthetho. Isikhumbuza ukuba, nangona kufuneka abe ngabaphathi, kufuneka asetyenziswe ngendlela efanelekileyo kwaye ahlonelwe amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Njengokuba urhulumente nebutho liqhubeka liguquka, uvelela kwingqungquthela kufuneka kuqhelane nocelomngeni olutsha namathuba. Iimeko ezininzi kunye nenkqubela-phambili ziya kubumba ikamva lobuveleli kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo

Utshintsho lobugcisa lunika imingeni kunye namathuba okuvelela ubungqungquthela. Kwelinye icala, amasebe karhulumente axhomekeke ngokuqhubekayo kubugcisa obuntsonkothileyo, kuquka ubuntlola obungeyoyamvelo, ubuchule obukhulu bokuyila ugcino-lwazi, kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo. Ukubona ezi zixhobo kudinga ubuchule obungekhoyo kwiikomiti zombutho.

Kwelinye icala, ubugcisa bukwalungiselela izixhobo ezintsha zokujonga. Ugcino-lwazi olunempembelelo encinane lunganceda ekuboneni ilahleko okanye ubuqhetseba, unxibelelwano lweziXhobo lunceda ukuba kubekho ulwazi olukhawulezileyo phakathi kweKhonkxa kunye namaqumrhu, kwaye imigangatho yeIntanethi yenza ukuba umsebenzi wobuveleli ufikeleleke ngakumbi kuluntu. IBhunga kuya kufuneka livelise zombini ubuchule bokuvelela iinkqubo zobugcisa kunye nekhono lokusebenzisa ubugcisa ngendlela ephumelelayo kwimisebenzi yalo.

Ukwenziwa kwengcaciso yelanga

Ukukhula komgangatho wolawulo kubangela ucelomngeni lokusebenza. Xa ukuvelela kusiba sisixhobo sokufumana inzuzo yabahlaseli kunokuba kukuphenduliswa, kungalahlekelwa kukuthenjwa nguwonke-wonke kwaye kungangqineki kungasebenzi ekuphuculeni imisebenzi karhulumente. Ukufumana iindlela zokuphatha ezixhasa izilangazelelo zobuqumrhu noluntu kunokuba ziphumeze iinjongo ezipheleleyo zokulondoloza ilungelo nokusebenza kobuphathi.

Ulawulo lweBhartisan, xa lunokufumaneka, lubonakala lunokuthenjwa kwaye lusebenza kakhulu kunophando olusuka kwinqanaba lobuhlanga. Ukwakha i-bipartisan kuvumelana ngezinto eziza kuqala kwezobuveleli kunye neendlela zokuqhubana nesebe eliphetheyo kunakho ukomeleza isandla seBhunga ekuqhubaneni nesebe eliphetheyo kwaye kwandise amathuba okuba uphatho lungavelisa iinguqu ezinenjongo.

Ukuqinisa amandla eziko

Kwiminyaka emininzi edluleyo iye yaba lixesha elisebenzayo lolawulo lwemithetho kunye nolawulo loburhulumente. IBhunga liye lathatha iindidi zophando eziye zabangela ingqalelo enkulu kawonke-wonke, kwaye isebe eliphetheyo kunye neBhunga eliphetheyo liye lavelisa izixhobo ezintsha kunye neengxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni zokunciphisana neempikiswano zobuveleli. Iinkundla ziye zaphendula imibuzo ethile ngobungakanani bamandla okuvelela ngeli xesha lishiya abanye bengapheliswanga. Kwiminyaka ezayo, izigqibo ezenziwa yiBhunga njengoko liqhubeka lifuna ukubeka inyathelo lalo lokwalathisa iinjongo zalo zisenokuqhubeka zilungisa ukulungelelathiselo lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe.

IBhunga kusenokufuneka lifakelele ekuqiniseni ubuchule balo bokuvelela ngokwanda kwabasebenzi beekomiti, uqeqesho nophuhliso lobuchule, ukulungelelaniswa kweekomiti, kunye neeofisi okanye izakhiwo ezintsha ezinokuba luncedo. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iKhomishini inoovimba namandla afunekayo okuqhuba ulawulo olunempumelelo lwesebe elikhulu nelintsonkothileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuziphendulela Ngeengxubakaxaka

Ulawulo lweBhunga elilawulayo limela inxalenye esisiseko yedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Ngobuchule bayo obahlukahlukeneyo bokuphatha indlebe, uphando, ulawulo loqingqo-mali, kunye nokuhlola umGaqo-siseko kusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba amasebe aphetheyo asebenzisa imithetho ngokuthembeka, asebenzise ubuncwane boluntu ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ahlale ethembekile kubantu baseMerika.

Ngeli xesha ulawulo lwengqungquthela lujamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi, kuquka imiqathango yoovimba, abalawuli abasebenza ngokungqongqo, kunye nokuchasa kwegunya, kuseyimfuneko ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, ukuphucula ubuchule borhulumente, nokugcina ulungelelwano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente. Phantsi kobuchule bendlu yowiso-mthetho bokulawula isebe lesebe buyimigaqo yedemokhrasi kunye neenjongo ezisebenzayo. UJohn Stuart Mill, isithandi sobulumko saseBritane, wagxininisa ukuba ukuvelela kube ngumqondiso obalulekileyo wequmrhu elingummeli obalulekileyo: "Isikhundla esifanelekileyo sendibano yabameli kukubukela nokulawula urhulumente".

Kubemi, ukuqonda indlela ulawulo lwequmrhu olusebenza ngayo nokubandakanyeka kulo nkqubo ngokuvota, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli, nangokuhlala benolwazi ngemisebenzi karhulumente kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvelela kufeza umdla woluntu. Idemokhrasi ayifuni nje kuphela amaziko neenkqubo ezisesikweni, kodwa kufuneka abe nenxaxheba nokuphaphela kwabemi abakhutheleyo.

Njengokuba urhulumente eqhubeka ekhula ngobukhulu nobuntsonkothileyo, kwaye njengoko imingeni emitsha ivela kutshintsho lobugcisa, uqhagamshelwano lwehlabathi, kunye nezisongelo eziqukumbelayo, imfuneko yokuvelela okunempumelelo kobubutho iya kwanda kuphela. Ukuqinisa amandla okuvelela, ukugcina ukuzinikela kobupartistiki ekuphenduleni, nokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi bahlala bebandakanyekile kwinkqubo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi kuya kuba yimfuneko ukugcina ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nomthetho.

Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko baqonda ukuba amandla okunikela ingqalelo kulo naliphi na ilungiselelo okanye umntu omnye abangela iingozi kwinkululeko kunye norhulumente osebenzayo. Ngokudala inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo eneecheke kunye nolungelelwano, bazama ukuthintela ubundlobongela ngeli lixa lisenza ulawulo olunempumelelo. Ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo luhlala lungenye yezona zihlolo zibalulekileyo, unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala ebuza kubantu abakhonzayo ukuba baphendule.

Enoba ngokuhlola iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zamasebe, uphando oluphambili lwehambo engafanelekanga, okanye ukusebenzisa amagunya oqingqo-mali nemithetho, iKhomishini idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ityala likarhulumente. INtshona Koloni iyayiqonda le ndima kwaye ibandakanyeke nabameli bayo ukuxhasa ulawulo-lwazi olunempumelelo igalelo kwimpilo nobungqabavu bedemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Kulwazi oluninzi malunga nobuveleli bombutho kunye nendlela yokudibana nabameli bakho, tyelela i-ofisi ye-akhawunti.Gov.