Table of Contents

Ulawulo lweBhunga lumela enye yezona ndlela zisisiseko urhulumente waseUnited States agcina ngazo ukuphendula, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, kunye nolungelelwano lomgaqo-siseko wegunya. Njengabemi beRiphabliki yedemokhrasi, ukuqonda indlela iBhunga elilawula ngayo izenzo zikarhulumente elinika abantu amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kubomi bentlalo-ntle yabantu nokugcina abameli babo abanyuliweyo benetyala. Olu khokelo lugocagocagocago oluntsonko lwemiciso kunye nolungelelwano olunceda iBhunga ukuba likwazi ukuvelela isebe eliphetheyo, izixhobo kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziswayo kule nkqubo, nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abahlala kulo banokuhlala benolwazi ngemisebenzi karhulumente.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo lweBhunga

Ukulawula kuyinto eboniswayo kunokuba ibe ligunya elicacisiweyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., njengoko umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ungaliniki ngokungqalileyo igunya lokuqhuba iBhunga lokubuza okanye lokuphanda kwegunya, ukuba lifikelele kwiirekhodi okanye izinto ezigcinwe ngumphathi ophetheyo, okanye ukukhupha iipona ezincinci ukuze kubhalwe amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina obuvela kumphathi-macala. Kwakukho ingxubusho encinane ngamandla okuvelela, ukuhlola, okanye ukuphengulula umsebenzi wempatho yempatho kwiNgqungquthela yezo-siseko ka-1787 okanye kamva kwi-Federalist Papers, ngenxa yokuba ulawulo kunye negunya lalo lilo libonwa njengamandla azuzwe lingulo abameli beendibano abameli abameli ababesenza umthetho kawonke.

INkundla ePhakamileyo imisele ngokuqinileyo ukuba amandla anjalo abaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi wowiso-mthetho kangangokuba aboniswe ekunikezelweni kwamandla jikelele emithetho kwiNgqungquthela kwiQumrhu I lomGaqo-siseko. Ukulawula kufunyenwe kumandla amaninzi nahlukeneyo eMbutho kwiNgqungquthela, aboniswa kwigunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho kwimali efanelekileyo, ukumisela imithetho, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukulungiselela uMkhosi wamanzi, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokususa imfazwe eofisini, umongameli, umongameli, kunye namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni, njengoko iBhunga lorhulumente belingawasebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo okanye ngokufanelekileyo la mandla ngaphandle kokwazi oko umlawuli ophetheyo akwenzayo.

UGeorge Mason waseVirginia wathi kwiNgqungquthela yoMazwe eManyeneyo ukuba Amalungu eBhunga "angengaBameli kuphela kodwa banamandla okuncina amakholwa" kwaye "kufuneka badibane rhoqo ukuvavanya iNdlela yeeofisi zikawonke-wonke". Le mbono yembali ibonakalisa ukuba OoTata abaFunyelwayo babeyiqonda imfuneko yokuvelela kwemithetho, nokuba babengayibali ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwamandla Okulawula Ngenkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba igunya lobuveleli boMbutho libanzi ngezigqibo zephawu. EWatkins v. eUnited States, iNkundla yathi "amandla eNgqungquthela okuqhuba uphando aphuma ngokwemvelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Elo gunya libanzi. Liquka imibuzo ephathelele ulawulo lwemithetho ekhoyo kunye nenconyelweyo okanye mhlawumbi ifuneke imimiselo.

EBarenblatt v. eUnited States, iNkundla yavakalisa ukuba "ubungakanani bamandla okuphanda bufana nokungena nokufikelela kude njengamandla okumisela nokufanelekileyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko" kutshanje, kwiTrump v. Mazars USA, LLP, iNkundla yagxininisa ukuba "ngaphandle kolwazi, iBhunga lizakuba lidubula ebumnyameni, lingakwazi ukubhabhetha ngobulumko okanye ngokunempumelelo."

UMthetho woGunyaziso

UMthetho woMgaqo-siseko ka-1946, okokuqala, wabizwa ngokucacileyo ukuba ube ngumphathi womthetho kawonke-wonke, ulawule iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeekomiti ezimiyo "ukuqhelisela ukulinda okuqhubekayo" kwiinkqubo nakumaqumrhu aphantsi kolawulo lwazo, ukugunyazisa abasebenzi abangoochwepheshe, nokukhuthaza amandla eComptroller General. Lo mthetho wesigqeba wamiselwa ngokusemthethweni omiselweyo.

UMthetho woMgaqo-siseko we-1970 ugunyazisile ikomiti nganye emileyo ukuba "ibone imbono kunye nokufundisisa, ngokuqhubekayo, isicelo, ulawulo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho phantsi kolawulo lwayo, kwandisa abasebenzi abangoomasipala beekomiti, kwandisa uncedo olunikezelwe yiKhomishini yophando, kwaye kwaqinisa uhlolo lwenkqubo lokuhlola iGAO. Le misebenzi yokwandiswa kwemithetho-mthetho yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ubuchule bolawulo olunentsingiselo lweBhunga.

Ukuqonda imisebenzi yokulawula yeBhunga

IBhunga liqhuba ukujonga isebe eliphetheyo ngohlolo, ukujongwa, kunye nolawulo lokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo karhulumente. Lo msebenzi wolawulo usebenza iinjongo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo eziquka ngaphaya kohlolo olulula ukuqulunqa ukuphendula, ukubonakala, nokukhuselwa kwemigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Iinjongo zenkqubo

Ulawulo lwengqungquthela lusebenzisa imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yenkqubo echaphazela ngqo indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente. Uvavanyo lwenkqubo yenkqubo lusebenzisa inzululwazi yentlalo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo .ezifana nohlolo, uhlolo lwexabiso, kunye neezifundo zempumelelo-zolwazi-ukusebenza kweenkqubo eziqhubekayo, nolwazi malunga nokusebenza kwenkqubo eluncedo kwiNgqungquthela njengoko yenza izigqibo malunga nesakhiwo seenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nobungakanani bemali abaya kuyifumana.

Ngolu hlolisiso, iKhonklathisi ingabona iinkqubo ezisebenza kakuhle nezifanelwe yintsebenziswano eqhubekayo okanye eyongezelelekileyo, kunye naleyo ingaphumeleliyo ukuhlangabezana neenjongo zayo kwaye ifuna utshintsho okanye ukupheliswa. Le ndlela isekelwe kubungqina yokulawula inceda iqinisekisa ukuba abahlawuli berhafu basetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo kwaye iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziphumeza iziphumo ezicetyiweyo.

Iinjongo zeziko

Iinjongo zeziko ziquka ukukhangela amandla esebe elilawulayo, ukuphanda indlela umthetho osetyenziswa ngayo, kunye nokwazisa iBhunga noluntu, ukhonza ukukhusela iimfanelo zombutho kunye nokomeleza amandla oluntu lwaseMerika okuvavanya imisebenzi yempangelo. Le misebenzi yequmrhu ingundoqo ekulondolozeni ukwahlulwa kwamagunya nokuthintela naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ekufumaneni igunya eligqithisileyo.

Abahlalutyi abaninzi, abahlalutyi benkqubo kawonke-wonke, kunye nabalawuli bomthetho bathi ooMongameli namagosa aphezulu anokungawahoyi okanye bangayiqondi kakuhle injongo yokuququzelela imimandla emininzi, njengokungagunyaziswa kwemali, ilungelo eliphezulu, kunye namagunya emfazwe. Ulawulo lombutho-siseko lusebenza njengengqwabalala egosa eligqwesileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagunya esebe elilawulayo ahlonelwa kwaye akhuselwa.

Ukulawula Kwezobupolitika

Ukulawula kwenzeka kwimeko yezobupolitika ehlala ikhona apho ulwalamano lweBhunga namaqumrhu olawulo lungahluka ukusuka kwintsebenziswano ukuya kungquzulwano, kunye neengxaki zomGaqo-siseko kunye nezopolitiko phakathi kweBhunga kunye noMongameli kwanangamaxesha okumanyene korhulumente. Ukuqonda lo mqathango wezobupolitika kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukutolika imisebenzi yobuveleli kunye neziphumo zabo.

Uphando lweBhunga alubancedi abalawuli bemithetho benze izigqibo ezingcono kuphela, kodwa lusemgangathweni kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, kunye neendlebe zophando ezikwaziyo ukutyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo nokonakala komongameli, njengeTshaot Dome ehlasimlisiweyo kwi1920 okanye eWatergate kwii-1970. Olu phengululo luphezulu lubonisa indima ebalulekileyo ephunyezwayo ekulondolozeni ukuphendula koorhulumente.

Umlinganiselo Nemisebenzi Ehlukahlukeneyo Ezabelwe Igunya

Namhlanje, ulawulo lwequmrhu lungabakho nakuwuphi na umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho nangamaziko ahlukeneyo, imibutho, kunye nezakhiwo, kunye nemisebenzi esukela kwiikomiti zokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni ukuya kwilungu elingacwangciswanga okanye kunxibelelwano lwabasebenzi kunye namagosa aphetheyo; ukusuka kwizifundo zabasebenzi ukuya kwingxubusho yokuxhasa ingqwalasela; kwaye ukusuka ekuqhutyweni kwee-ofisi zezeenkundla eziqhutywa yi-ofisi zelungu ukuya kuhlolwa ngamaqumrhu angengagunya anjengezikhobo nabahloli jikelele.

Ubuchule Bokulawula

Ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lubandakanya iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezinenkqubo ecacileyo kunye noxwebhu. Iingxelo zekomiti zimela eyona ndlela ibonakalayo yobuveleli obusesikweni, apho amagosa aphetheyo esebe angqina phantsi kwesifungo ngemisebenzi, imigaqo, nokusetyenziswa kwemali efanelekileyo. Ezi ngxelo zenza ingxelo kawonke-wonke yokuba abemi bayakwazi ukufikelela nokuyihlola.

IBhunga lokuqala lasungula obu buchule bokujonga, ngokufaka ingxelo ngeengxelo ezikhethekileyo, ngokunikela ingxelo, nangokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokuchaza ukuhlolisisa igunya eliphakamileyo. Le mizekelo yembali imisela imigaqo eqhubekayo yokuyila iinkqubo zobuveleli bezi mini.

Imisebenzi Engacwangciswanga

Ukujongana okuzenzekelayo kwenzeka rhoqo ngemijelo eyahlukeneyo esenokungavelisi ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kodwa ihlale ibalulekile ekuhlolweni okunempumelelo kukarhulumente. Unxibelelwano lomgangatho phakathi kwee-ofisi zombutho kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo alungele ukutshintshisana ngolwazi oluqhubekayo kunye nokucombulula ingxaki. Amalungu ngamanye eNkqubela-mthetho asebenza kwiimeko elungele ii-asmediam, ngokufuthi atyhila imiba yenkqubo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifuna uphando olubanzi.

Ezi nkqubo zicwangcisiweyo zivumela iKhonklathi ukuba igcine ingqwalasela eqhubekayo ngemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo ngaphandle kwemfuno ezizizo zophando olusesikweni. Zikwanceda ukubonakala kwasekuqaleni kweengxaki ezinokubakho ngaphambi kokuba zikhule zibe ziimpikiswano ezinkulu ezifuna ungenelelo olusemthethweni.

Izixhobo Ezibalulekileyo Zokulawula

Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zisebenza kakuhle kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yolwalathiso kuntsonkothile nendlela iNkqutyana enokufumana ngayo inkcazelo nenyanzelo yokunyanzelisa abantu ukuba baphendule.

IiNkcukacha neMicimbi

IBhunga lenza umsebenzi walo wokuvelela ngokuphatha amatyala nokuphatha imisebenzi yonyanzelo lwamasebe, imisebenzi nemigaqo-nkqubo. Ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti kufeza iinjongo ezininzi: kudala iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, kuvumela amalungu ukuba abuze amagosa aphezulu ngokuthe ngqo, kufundiswe abalawuli kunye noluntu ngemisebenzi karhulumente, kunye nenkxalabo yemibutho ephambili kunye nenkxalabo yamaqumrhu.

Ukuva kuthatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwintlanganiso zolawulo eziqhelekileyo ezihlola imisebenzi yeziko ukuya kuphando oluphezulu lokunganyaniseki okanye ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo. IBhunga libamba amava ngemibandela eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwe-steroid kwimidlalo echwepheshileyo ukuya ekusetyenzisweni kweetellite zemozulu, kunye nokuva okusetyenziswa ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo amaqela amancinane. Olu bubanzi bubonisa ububanzi obubanzi begunya lokuvelela kwengqungquthela.

Amandla Eenkanunu

Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso imisela igunya lokunikezela kwiikomiti ezingaphantsi kwekomiti nganye, nendlela iipopona ezikhutshwa ngayo ngokwahlukileyo ngeekomiti nangeegumbi, njengakwiNdlu phantse zonke iikomiti ngoku zixhobisa izitulo zazo ukuba zinikezele kwiipopoyi, ngoxa kwiikomiti ezininzi kwiNdlu yeeNtlanga zifuna ukuba isitulo sifumane imvume yelungu elikwisikhundla esiphezulu kuqala.

Amandla angaphantsi kwe-poena avumela ukuba iNgqungquthela inyanzelise ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu nobungqina obuvela kumagosa karhulumente nakubemi boburhulumente. IKhomishini inezixhobo eziliqela ekunokufumaneka kuzo ukuze ifumane inkcazelo ngokunxibelelana nokunyanzelisa ukuthobelana neekomiti ezincinane. Eli gunya liyimfuneko xa amaqumrhu engavumi ukusebenzisana ngokuzithandela nemibuzo yembutho.

Le ndlu iye yanyanzelisa ukuba kubekho amangqina ukususela ngowe - 1795, xa yaphanda ngelinge lokunyoba amalungu, kusekho amatyala okuqala ombutho wecawa kunye namagunya okudelela ajolise ekuxhatshazweni okanye ekugxekweni kweNdlu ngokwayo, njengoRobert Randall, umxhasi weendawo, yayingumntu wokuqala odelelwayo kwiBhunga, neNdlu yaseSergeant-at-Arms eyayigunyaziswe ukuba imbophe aze amse phambi kweNdlukwano, apho wakhalinyelwa waza wafakwa kwintolongo yasekuhlaleni iveki yonke.

Ukunyanzeliswa koomatshini

Ulawulo lweKhomishoni kunye nophando lungasetyenziswa, ingakumbi xa iqumrhu elijoliswe kulo lisithi “indawo ingeyomntu ngamnye, umbutho, okanye isebe eliphetheyo) linika ulwazi olujongwa njengemfuneko kuphando lwalo, kunye nequmrhu elijongelwe liza kuzama iindlela ezininzi zokuphepha ukutyhilwa, njengokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi alunakuchazwa ngokomthetho othile, umthetho, okanye isigqibo solawulo oluphezulu.

IBhunga lingafuna ukuba umntu ngamnye agwetywe ngokungekho mthethweni ngenxa yokungahambisani netyala eliphantsi ngokungathotyelwanga kwemigaqo-mthetho. Ngaphezu koko, iKhomishini isenokufuna isigqibo senkundla yephondo esichaza ukuba umntu obuzwayo unyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuthobela iqumrhu elingaphantsi kombutho ngokunyanzelisa amakhaya. Ezi nkqubo zinika iBhunga izixhobo ezinentsingiselo zokoyisa imigudu yalo yokuphatha.

Izindululo njengesixhobo esilawulayo

Amandla esipaji amela esinye sezixhobo zolawulo ezinamandla zeBhunga. Ukuba iKhomishini ikholelwa ukuba umbutho uphambukile kugunyaziso lwayo lokuqala, iKhomishini ingaphendula ngeendlela ezininzi, kuquka ukugqithisa umthetho kwiisigqibo zolawulo zolawulo okanye ukuxinga ulawulo lombutho, nokusebenzisa amandla ayo okuthintela inkxaso-mali yombutho.

Onke amaqumrhu karhulumente axhaswa ngemali ngeenkqubo zombutho wonyaka, kunye nemali edityanisiweyo yombutho ngamnye equkiwe kwelinye lamatyala alishumi elinesibini aqwalaselwe yiKhomishini ngonyaka. Le nkqubo yokuchaza isalathisi yonyaka inika iNkqutyana amathuba athe rhoqo okuhlola ukusebenza kweziko, ukubuza amagosa ngemisebenzi yawo, nokulungisa imigangatho yemali esekelwe kwiziphumo zobungameli.

IKhomishini ingasebenzisa imiqathango yabakhweli belifa lemveli ukubeka imiqathango ekhethekileyo kwindlela abameli abayisebenzisa ngayo imali yabo, ukukhokela okanye ukunyanzelisa imisebenzi yesebe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Le ndlela ivumela iKhomishini ukuba iphembelele indlela yokuziphatha yesebe eliphetheyo ngaphandle kokumisela umthetho omtsha ongaphantsi.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

IBhunga lifuna ukuba abameli abalawulayo bakhuphe iingxelo ezahlukeneyo ezibhaliweyo imisebenzi yabo, iinkcitho, kunye nemisebenzi elinganayo. Ezi ngxelo zifunekayo zidala ulwazi oluqhubekayo olubangela ukuba ulongamelo oluqhubekayo luqhubeke ngaphandle kokufuna uphando olunzulu lwengqungquthela. Iinkqubo kufuneka zithethelele izenzo zazo zize zibonise iziphumo zazo, zisazi ukuba iKhomishini iya kuzihlola iingxelo zayo kwaye isenokulandela ngemibuzo okanye iindlebe.

UNjingalwazi Kenneth Lowde uchaza iindidi ezine zeengxelo zobuveleli bobungquzulwano: iingxelo (isiphelo senyaniso ngeziganeko ezidlulileyo), incomela (iiprojekthi yokwenza inkqubo okanye ezinye iinguqulelo ezicetyiweyo ezicetyelwe ukuvelisa isiphumo esinqwenelekayo), kunye nolu buchule bokulungisa iinjongo zomsebenzi wokongamela nokuchonga iindlela zokufikelela ezo njongo, ngokungathi usukelo olunye lomsebenzi othile wokongamela kukuqokelela ulwazi ukuze kuxhaswe umthetho wexesha elizayo, ngoko ke kusenokuba luncedo ukusukela imigca yokufuna ukubuza eza kuzisa ingcebiso lomthetho.

Indima yeeKomiti zeBhunga ekuphathweni

Igunya lokulawula nelokwenza uphando lihleli kuzo zombini izindlu, ezithi zona zinikezele eli gunya kwiikomiti zegumbi ngalinye, ezinawo onke amandla eziwanike wona kuphela ngemizimba yabazali bazo. Esi sakhiwo sisekelwe kwikomiti sivumela iBhunga ukuba lilawule ngobuchule kwimimandla emikhulu yemisebenzi karhulumente.

IiKomiti Ezimileyo Nezityholo Zazo

Ikomiti nganye emileyo kwiNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlalo inegunya kwimimandla ethile yezo migaqo-nkqubo kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo asebenza kwezo mimandla. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNkonzo zoNqumlo ijonge iSebe loKhuselo, ngelixa iKomiti yeNdlu ye-Candelo yezeMpilo, yemfundo, yeNkcubeko, yeNkcubeko kunye neyoMsebenzi weNtshona Koloni ijonge abameli abakwiSebe elinjengeSebe lemfundo neKhomishini ye-Active Oumblity.

Esi sakhiwo silawulayo siqinisekisa ukuba iikomiti ziphuhlisa ubuchule kwiindawo ezabelwe zona, zikwazi ukuvelela nokuphumelela. Amalungu eKomiti nabasebenzi baqhelana namaqumrhu abawaphetheyo, baqonde izakhiwo zabo zentlangano, abasebenzi abaphambili, imingeni yenkqubo, kunye nemigaqo esebenzayo.

IKomiti Yendlu Ejoliswe Kulawulo Notshintsho Kurhulumente

IKomiti yeNdlu yoLawulo noHlaziyo lukaRhulumente inegunya elikhethekileyo njengekomiti eyintloko yophando kwiNdlu yabameli. IKomiti yeNdlu ePhakathi noHlaziyo loRhulumente "iphila ngokuvisisana negama layo njengekomiti ethi ‘ ingalali,'" ngemigudu eqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa urhulumente wengingqi osebenzayo, osebenzayo, okhanyayo, nonetyala kubantu baseMelika.

Le komiti inegunya eliphangaleleyo lokuphanda nawuphi na umbandela ongaphakathi kurhulumente wesizwe, kwanaxa ezinye iikomiti zinegunya eliphambili kumasebe athile okanye kwiinkalo ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo. Eli gunya likhulu livumela ikomiti ukuba iqhube uphando lukarhulumente ngokubanzi kunye nemibandela yokucombulula enqumla imida yesithethe.

ISebe linika inkxaso

Aba basebenzi baquka abaphengululi, abahlalutyi bemigaqo, amagqwetha, iingcali zemibandela ezihlola amaxwebhu eesebe, amangqina okuphendula, amangqina okuphendula, ukuhlolisisa inkcazelo nokulungiselela iingxelo zamalungu eekomiti.

Ukuqulunqwa kwabaphathi beekomiti, ingakumbi ukulandela iLegislative Reorganization Acts zonyaka ka-1946 nowe-1970, kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ubuchule bolawulo lweBhunga. Ngoku iiKomiti zingaqhuba uphando oluntsonkothileyo kunye nohlalutyo olungenakukwazi ukuthatha amalungu ngamanye ukuba anike iimbopheleleko zawo ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo.

I-ofisi yoXokelela kaRhulumente: Uphando lweBhunga

I-ofisi ye-Accounting Accounting Office (GAO) ye-onke i-ovential yeSebe lesizwe elikwisebe lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente wase-United States elinikezela ngeenkonzo zophicotho-zincwadi, zokuvavanya, kunye nezophando ukwenzela iBhunga le-United States kumandla azimeleyo nawokungabi naparati. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-"Conferion ugarddoog"

Imisebenzi neGAO

IGAO inika iBhunga, iintloko zabameli abaphetheyo, kunye noluntu olunenkcazelo efike ngexesha, esekelwe kwinyaniso, engeyoyacaka enokusetyenziswa ukuphucula urhulumente nokugcina amawaka ezigidi zeerandi, nomsebenzi owenziwe ngesicelo seekomiti zombutho okanye iikomiti ezincinci okanye umqeqeshi ophantsi kwemithetho kawonke-wonke okanye iingxelo zeekomiti.

Iqumrhu lenza uphicotho-zincwadi, uvavanyo, kunye neesabelo zophando kunye nokunika uhlalutyo olusemthethweni kwiBhunga, lisenza umsebenzi ngesicelo seBhunga kunye naphantsi kwegunya loMphathi-mikhosi. Oku kuzimeleyo kwenza iGAO ikwazi ukwenza iinjongo ngaphandle kwengcinezelo yezobupolitika kumasebe aphetheyo okanye awiswa ngumthetho.

Imbali yeGO

IGAO yamiselwa njenge-Ofisi yokuThetha Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali neNkqutyana ye-Accounting Act ka1921, kunye nesenzo esifuna intloko yeGAO ukuphanda, kwisihlalo sikarhulumente okanye kwenye indawo, yonke imicimbi enxulumene nelisithi, ukurhoxa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente, kunye nokunikela kwiingxelo zePhondo kunye nokuncomela ukukhangela kwinkcitho yoqoqosho okanye yempumelelo engakumbi kuluntu.

Igama latshintshwa ngo-2004 kwi-Ofisi yeMali kaRhulumente ye-GAO Human Capital Reform Act ukuze ibonise bhetele umsebenzi we-ofisi. Ngo-2004, igunya lombutho landiswa ukuquka uphicotho-zincwadi lomsebenzi, ukuvumela ukuphuculwa kolwazi oluzimeleyo lwendlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezidibana ngayo kakuhle ngayo izindululo zempumelelo nempumelelo, ngegama lombutho litshintshelwe kwi-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoRhulumente ngelo xesha ukubonakalisa umgangatho wayo ophezulu kunye nomsebenzi wayo.

Impembelelo yeGAO kwimisebenzi kaRhulumente

IGAO ihlolisisa indlela ii-R34 zamawaka ezigidi zemali ehlawulwa ngayo irhafu, inika inkcubeko kunye nesebe lesizwe ngenjongo, engeyoyacawa, inkcazelo esekelwe kwinyani urhulumente ukuze ancede ukulondoloza imali nokusebenza kakuhle, ibone malunga ne-R32.7 lamawaka ezigidi kwiinzuzo zemali zikarhulumente worhulumente, ngoxa ishicilela iinzuzo ezingeyo-mali, ukuqhuba inkqubela-phambili kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente kuquka ezo zinikezelwe kukhuseleko lukarhulumente, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nabantu ababuthathaka abafana nabantwana, amagqala, nabo banesiphene.

Ezi nzuzo zingundoqo zemali zibonisa ixabiso leGAO njengesixhobo sobuveleli. Ngokuphawula inkunkuma, ubuqhophololo, ukuxhaphaza, nokungasebenzi kakuhle, iGAO inceda iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba imali ehlawulwayo isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziphumeza iinjongo zazo ezicetyiweyo. Iinzuzo ezingezoza-fyina, ngexa kunzima ukulinganisela, zingabaluleka ngokufanayo ekuphuculeni imisebenzi karhulumente nokukhusela abemi abangakhuselekanga.

Iqela eligcina umqulu ujikeleza

IKhomishini yeNkqulu-ngapha kwe-United States iyintloko ye-Ofisi yoManga e-Accounting, umbutho ophakathi kwesebe lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente, esebenza njengegosa eliyintloko leGOO eliphetheyo elinoxanduva oluyintloko lwemisebenzi yezibonelelo, esebenza ngendlela engeyoyacalulo nengeyoyakwalizwi eluncedo kumalungu equmrhu kunye namaqela angaphandle, njengoko i-GAO ixhasa iBhunga ekuhlangabezaneni noxanduva lwalo lwalo lwemithetho-siseko kwaye inceda ukuphucula ukusebenza nokuqinisekisa ukufezekisa urhulumente worhulumente wengingqinelo mhlaba ekuncedeni abantu baseMerika.

Ukususela ngo1980, i-coptorller jikelele ityunjwe ligama elinye leminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ngumongameli ngecebiso kunye nemvume yeBhunga, kunye neKhomishini yokuqala ukumisela iKhomishini yokucebisa ubuncinane abantu abathathu ukuba umongameli akhethe ngaphambili ukwenza unyulo. Le nkqubo yokumisa ekhethekileyo, ebandakanya omabini amasebe kunye nokuveza igama elinye elide, inceda ukugquma iComptor General kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika nokuqinisekisa ukuzimela.

Imida Kwigunya Elilawula Iingqungquthela

Nangona amandla olawulo eBhunga ebanzi, angongopheleli. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukuvavanya imisebenzi yobuveleli bombutho kunye nemida yabo esemthethweni.

Izithintelo zomGaqo-siseko

Ngeli xesha amandla okuphanda ephanda, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba iBhunga limele lizigcine likwi "iinjongo ezizinzileyo" lize liphephe imicimbi yangasese engqongqo yabemi ngabanye. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lisebenzisa amandla alo okuvelela ulawulo lomthetho nokuhlola imisebenzi karhulumente, kunokuba liphande iinjongo zezopolitiko ezigqibeleleyo okanye lihlasele imicimbi yobuqu ngaphandle komdla osemthethweni karhulumente.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha kwiBarenblatt v. United States ukuba "IKonblatt, efana nawo onke amasebe kaRhulumente, kufuneka asebenzise amandla ayo phantsi kwemiqathango ebekwe ngumGaqo-siseko kwisenzo sikarhulumente," kuquka "iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zeBhili yamaLungelo," kunye neTrump v. Mazars USA, LLP ukuba "iingingqi zomthetho ezingaphantsi kwe-ipona zigcine amalungelo azo omgaqo-siseko ukutyhubela uphando."

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kuyacingela

Nangona igunya leBhunga lobuveleli lide, alinasiphelo, xa kuvela amatyala angenayo into ecacileyo ukuba iBhunga linegunya lokuthatha isenzo esithile okanye lokuqokelela ulwazi oluthile, njengokuba lo mbuzo unokuba ngumbuzo onzima obandakanya imibuzo ethandabuzekayo yomthetho nokwahlulwa okufanelekileyo kwamandla.

Ingxelo yelungelo elinolawulo oluphezulu imela indawo enye apho ulwahlulo lwamagunya ludla ngokuvela khona. Oomongameli bangathetha ukuba unxibelelwano oluthile okanye amaxwebhu akhuselwe ekuphandeni kombutho ukuze kugcinwe imfihlo efunekayo ekwenzeni izigqibo ezisebenzayo. IBhunga kunye nesebe eliphetheyo kufuneka lisoloko lixubusha ngezi mpikiswano, kunye neenkundla ngamanye amaxesha zingenelela ukucombulula iingxabano.

Ukusikelwa Umda Okusebenzisekayo

Isigqibo sokuba imicimbi enokuba yeyobuveleli ekufuneka iphunyezwe sisekelwe kumgwebo nakusukelo lweenkokeli zombutho, iikomiti, kunye namalungu ngamanye, ngokuqwalasela okuquka imiba ngaphandle kobubanzi bencwadi yolawulo, nangona uhlolo lobucukubhede nobugcisa lungayimfuneko kwezi ngxubusho, kuquka igunya leBhunga lokuqhuba imisebenzi ethile yobuveleli, ubuncwane obufunekayo ukugqibezela ngempumelelo iprojekthi yokuvelela, kunye nesiphumo esilindelekileyo solawulo olunempumelelo.

Ubuncwane beKhonkcotha, nangona buninzi, buhlala bunesiphelo. IiKomiti kufuneka zibeke indawo yokuqala phakathi kwabajoliswe kuzo abangenakubalwa, zilungelelanise ukubaluleka kwemibandela eyahlukeneyo, amathuba okufumana iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, ulwalaniso lwezopolitiko, kunye nenkxaso-mali ekhoyo. Ezi zithintelo ziluncedo zithetha ukuba imicimbi emininzi enokwenzeka ifumana ingqalelo elinganiselweyo okanye ingabi nanye konke konke.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokufumana Ngayo Inkcazelo Ephakamileyo

Ingingqi ineendlela ezininzi zokufumana ulwazi malunga nemisebenzi yobuveleli nokuhlala waziswe ngendlela iBhunga elijonga ngayo imisebenzi karhulumente.

Ii-website zeBhunga eliPhezulu

IKhomishini.gov isebenza njengendawo yokuqala yolwazi lowiso-mthetho, kuquka iingxelo zekomiti, iingxelo, namaxwebhu. Abahlali bangaphengulula ukuchongwa ngesihloko, ngekomiti, okanye ngomhla, kunye nemibhalo ebhaliweyo, ubungqina, kunye namaxwebhu angenisiweyo. Le webhsayithi inikela inkcazelo epheleleyo ngemisebenzi yangoku neyemicimbi yengqungquthela edlulileyo, iyenze ibe ngumthombo obalulekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ulawulo lwengqungquthela.

Iiwebhusayithi zekomiti nganye zinikela iinkcukacha ezingakumbi ngemisebenzi ethile yolawulo kumaziko ayo. Le ndawo iquka ucwangciso lokuphulaphula, iividiyo ezirekhodiweyo, iingxelo zabasebenzi, kunye nokushicilela ukukhutshwa kophando olutsha okanye izinto ezifunyenweyo. Iikomiti zeHouse Committee zoHlaziyo noRhulumente neNdlu yeNtlanganiso zihlala zinezinyuko eziqinileyo ezinazo izixhobo ezithe kratya.

Ungahlola imisebenzi yokujongana nengqungquthela e .gov, enika unikezelo olubanzi kulwazi lwemithetho kunye nemisebenzi yekomiti.

Amaziko e-ofisi aphendulayo karhulumente

I-GAO (GAO.gov) inika ukufikelela koluntu kuzo zonke iingxelo zeGAO, ubungqina, kunye nezigqibo zomthetho. I-GO iyakwazi ukuphengulula ngesihloko, ngesibonelelo, okanye ngomhla ukuze ifumane izinto ezifanelekileyo. I-GAO ivelisa iimpapasho ezikhethekileyo, kuquka uLuhlu lwayo oluphezulu-Risk oluchaza iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezichanekileyo zokuqhatha, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukuxhatshazwa, nokusetyenziswa kakubi, kunye nengxelo yayo yonyaka ngemeko yemali karhulumente.

Iingxelo zeGAO zibhalelwe ukufumaneka kubantu abangengochwepheshe lo gama behlala bechaphaza. Ziquka ukushwankathelwa kwemithetho elawulayo ebalaselisa izinto ezifunyenweyo ezingundoqo nezincomelayo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubemi ukuba baqonde ngokukhawuleza iingongoma ezingundoqo kwanakwiingxelo ezinde ngemibandela entsonkothileyo.

Access GAO kunye nezixhobo zolawulo kwi GAO.gov ukuhlola uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo lweenkqubo nomsebenzi karhulumente.

I-C-SPAN kunye neSigqumo sokuSebenza esiKhulu

I-C-SPAN inikezela ngomqukumbelo ophilayo nogciniweyo wamava engqungquthela, ivumela abemi ukuba bajonge ukujongwa kolawulo lonke. Oku kufikelela okungacocekanga kwenza ababukeli bakwazi ukwenza izahlulelo zabo ngokuphathelele ubungqina kunye nombuzo, kunokuthembela kuphela kwimishwankatho okanye kwizicatshulwa zezixhobo zekhompyutha.

Amajelo eendaba athetha ngeendlebe eziphambili zobuveleli nophando, anikela umongo, uhlalutyo, kunye nengcaciso yengcali. Ngoxa ijelo leendaba likhetha, linceda abemi baqonde ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi yobuveleli kunye neziphumo zayo. Ukufunda imithombo emininzi eneembono ezahlukeneyo kusenokunikela uluvo olupheleleyo lwemicimbi yokuvelela edidaniswa.

Ingxelo zeNkonzo yophando lweKhomishini

INkonzo yoPhicotho-zincwadi yeKhomishoni ivelisa iinkcukacha, ezingangeni nxaxheba kwiingxelo zemiba yezomthetho nemisebenzi karhulumente yamalungu eBhunga. Ngoxa iingxelo zeCRS zingazenzekeli, ezininzi zifumaneka ngee-ofisi zombutho okanye ngeewebhusayithi ezifana ne-Elinye Ingxelo yeCRCS.com eziqokelela ize zipapashe ezi zixhobo zixabisekileyo.

Iingxelo zeCRS zinikela ngokucokisekileyo kwimiba entsonkothileyo yemiba yezomthetho, imibuzo yomthetho, neenkqubo zikarhulumente. Zinika abemi umgangatho ophezulu, ulwazi oluneenjongo olusetyenziswa ngamalungu eBhunga ukuchaza imisebenzi yabo yolawulo nezigqibo zowiso-mthetho.

Inkululeko Yolwazi Izamkela Izicelo

Izikhululo zelizwe zingasebenzisa iFreedom of Information Act (FOIA) ukucela amaxwebhu kumasebe aphetheyo. Ngoxa izicelo zeFOIA zisiya kumasebe kunokuba zinikwe iNkcubeko, amaxwebhu afunyenweyo anganikela inkcazelo exabisekileyo ngemisebenzi karhulumente kwaye asenokutyhila imibandela efuna ukulawulwa kwequmrhu.

Isebe elifumana inkxaso-mali ligcina amagumbi okufunda kwi-intanethi apho amaxwebhu acelwa rhoqo atyhilwa khona. La magumbi okufunda anokuba ziimvelaphi ezintle kakhulu zenkcazelo emalunga nemisebenzi yeekomishini, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yokulawula

Abahlali bangenza okungakumbi kunokusebenzisa inkcazelo emalunga nokuvelela kwengqungquthela.

Abameli beBhunga abaNxulumanisiweyo

Abahlali banokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo kunye namalungu equmrhu ukuze baphakamise inkxalabo ngeenkqubo zikarhulumente okanye amaqumrhu, bacebise imibandela yokuvelela, okanye bavakalise inkxaso kwii-ofisi eziqhubeka ziphanda.

Xa kudityaniswa iiofisi zombutho, abemi kufuneka bangqale kwinkxalabo yabo, banikele izibakala ezinxulumene nolu xwebhu, kwaye bachaze ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba le ngxaki ifuna ingqalelo yoququzelo lombutho-ngquthela. Izikhalazo ezibhalwe kakuhle ngenkunkuma karhulumente, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukuxhatshazwa zidla ngokuqwalaselwa nzulu.

Ukunikezela icebiso kwiGAO kunye neNjenganiso Jikelele

IGAO isebenza ngombane ukuze uluntu lunike ingxelo yobuqhophololo bukarhulumente, inkunkuma, ukuxhatshazwa okanye ukungasetyenziswa kakuhle kwemali karhulumente. Izakhamuzi ezinenkcazelo engeengxaki ezinokwenzeka kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente zinganika iingcebiso ngalo mba ushushu, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba uphando lweGAO luphandwe okanye luphicothelwe.

Kwakhona isebe ngalinye linabahloli jikelele abaphanda ngobuqhetseba, ukulahlwa nokuxhatshazwa kwezi ntlangano zabo. I-IG inika abemi enye indlela yokuba bachaze inkxalabo yabo baze bafake igalelo kwityala likarhulumente.

Ukuya Kwiindlebe Zesidlangalala

Iindlebe ezininzi zentlanganiso zivulekele uluntu, zivumela abemi ukuba baye ngokobuqu baze baqwalasele inkqubo yobuveleli. Ngeli xesha izihlalo zinokulinganiselwa ekuchotshelweni kwe-profile ephezulu, iintlanganiso ezininzi zolawulo zinendawo eyaneleyo kubemi abanomdla.

Ukuya kumatyala kunika ingqiqo ekhethekileyo ngendlela esebenza ngayo uvelela, amandla phakathi kwamalungu ekomiti namangqina, kunye neengxaki ezincinci eziphantsi ekuphandweni. Izakhamuzi eziya kumava nazo zingadibana nabasebenzi bombutho ukuxubusha inkxalabo yazo okanye zinike inkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo enxulumene nomsebenzi wekomiti.

Ukunxulumana namaBhunga ObuGcisa

Imibutho emininzi engafumani ngeniso igxininisa ekujongeni ityala likarhulumente nasekubonakaleni. Amaqela afana neProjekthi yoLawulo loRhulumente, i-Citizens for Justice and Ethics eWashington, kunye nemibutho emininzi ecacileyo ejonge imisebenzi yobuphathi bobuququ nokusebenza ukukhuthaza ukuphendulela korhulumente ngempumelelo.

Le mibutho idla ngokunikela izishwankathelo ezifikelelekayo zemiba entsonkothileyo yokuvelela, ikhuthaza ukuvelela okunamandla ngakumbi kwiindawo ezithile, kwaye ikhuthaza abemi ukuba baxhase amanyathelo okuphendula. Ukunxulumana nala maqela kunganceda abemi bahlale benolwazi baze bandise imicimbi yabo yolawulo.

Ulawulo lweBhunga

Ulwalathiso lweBhunga luyaqhubeka luguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kobugcisa, ukuvela kweengxaki zenkqubo nokutshintsha komlinganiselo wamandla phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente.

Ulawulo Kwixesha Lamanani

Ukuguqulwa kwamanani kuye kwaguqula imiba yolawulo lwengqungquthela kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo ukuyenza. Ngoku iNgqungquthela ijonge imibandela efana nokungakhuseleki konxibelelwano, ukuzimela kogcino-lwazi, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, kunye nemigangatho yezentlalo-ntle yezentlalo-ntle . Le miba yezobugcisa ifuna iikomiti ziphuhlise ubuchule obutsha neendlela zokuphanda.

Amanani ezixhobo anyusa amandla olawulo lweBhunga. Iinkqubo zolawulo lombane zoxwebhu lwekhompyutha zinceda iikomiti zikwazi ukuqhuba nokuhlalutya ulwazi oluninzi ngendlela elungeleneyo kuneerekhodi zephepha. Ugcino-lwazi lwezixhobo zonyango oluchaphazelekayo lunceda abaphengululi bachaze imilinganiselo kunye nee-amolie kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Ubugcisa bokufaka ividiyo buvumela iikomiti ukuba zinikele ubungqina kumangqina ehlabathini lonke ngaphandle kwexesha nendleko yohambo.

Imigudu Yokuzihlaziya Kwezi Mini

Ukulawula kwesebe elilawulayo yenye yeembopheleleko ezingundoqo zeBhunga, kunye neKhonkxane kwiminyaka yakutshanje efuna iindlela zokulungisa imisebenzi yalo kule ndawo, kuquka ulawulo lolawulo kunye nomelo lomthetho olusemthethweni lokusebenza nesebe eliphetheyo, njengoko iBhunga linokuyila iimfuno ezintsha zolawulo okanye ezisemthethweni, okanye iimfuno zolawulo, okanye utshintsho olukhoyo, kunye nokhetho ngalunye oluza norhwebo kunye nezinye iingqwalasela.

Iinketho zolawulo olwandisiweyo zibandakanya ukusungula iqumrhu elitsha, njenge-Ofisi yoLawulo yeNkqutyana, okanye ukuphinda itshintshe inkqubo ekhoyo yolawulo okanye ukutshintsha imisebenzi ekhoyo, kunye neKhomishini kufuneka ilinganise iintengiso ezahlukeneyo ukuba ifanele yamkele nayiphi na kwezi zinto, njengaxa zonke iinketho zinokuphuhlisa ulawulo lombutho, ukuseka iofisi entsha ukuqhuba uphando ngemithetho ecetyiweyo kunganeendleko eyongezelelweyo yemali yabanye abasebenzi kwaye ikwazi ukuphinda iinkonzo zombutho ezikhoyo.

Iingxaki Ebukhoneni Bexesha Elizayo

Ukungamela kwengqungquthela yeNtlanganiso yeNdlela yokuHlalukwano kujongene neengxaki eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Ukubekwa kweliso kunokwenza ukuba amalungu ekomiti angakwazi ukusingatha iinkonzo zezopolitiko xa ebeka phambili inzuzo yezopolitiko kuphando olunenjongo. Ukuchana kwesebe elilawulayo kwizicelo zolawulo zakutshanje kuxhaphakile kulawulo lwakutshanje, nto leyo ekhokelela kumadabi aqhubekayo asemthethweni ngenxa yokwenziwa koxwebhu nobungqina.

Ukuntsonkotha kwemisebenzi karhulumente wale mihla kwenza uphando olubanzi lube nzima. Amasebe obugcisa asebenza ngokunobuchule obuphezulu kwiindawo ezifana nomthetho wemali, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, nokhuseleko lwesizwe olufuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo ukuze kuvavanywe ngokunempumelelo. IiKomiti kufuneka zilinganisele ububanzi bokugquma nokuphengulula okunzulu kwiimbambano ezithile.

Imilinganiselo yokungakhathalelwa kwamaqumrhu eencwadi ibekelwe umda phezu kwako nje ukwanda kwemisebenzi karhulumente. Nangona abasebenzi bequmrhu beye bakhula ekuhambeni kwexesha, abakhange baqhubeke behamba kunye nobukhulu kunye nokuntsonkotha kwesebe eliphetheyo. IiKomiti kufuneka zenze ukhetho olunzima lokujonga izinto eziza kuqala ukusukela ixesha elilinganiselweyo, abasebenzi kunye nenkxaso-mali enikiweyo.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Njengokuba urhulumente eqhubeka eguquka kwaye kuvela iingxaki ezintsha, ukujongana nengqungquthela kufuneka kuqhubeke kusebenza. Iimeko eziliqela kunye nenkqubela-phambili enokwenzeka ingabumba ikamva lobuveleli.

Ubuxhakaxhaka obunyusiweyo kunye nogcino-lwazi olulula

Ubuntlola obunokwenziwa kunye nogcino-lwazi oluphambili lungaguqula ulawulo lombutho wombutho ngokuvumela uphando oluzenzekelayo lwemisebenzi karhulumente, ukuchazwa kwee-anomalies ezifuna uphando, kunye nokuhlalutyiswa kwemiba emininzi engenakukwazi ukuqwalaselwa ngesandla. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zinokubanceda iNgqungquthela iqhube ngendlela ebanzi nekhuthazayo kunokuthembela ngokuyintloko ekuphandweni kweengxaki ezaziwayo.

Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa obu buchwepheshe kuza kufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kubuchule bobugcisa kunye nobuchule babasebenzi. IBhunga liya kufuneka licombulule inkxalabo yezobuqu lize liqinisekise ukuba izixhobo zolawulo ezizenzekelayo zisetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye aziwachaphazeli amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ukuqinisa amandla eziko

Abaqwalaseli abaninzi baxhasa ukukhokelwa kweBhunga leNkqutyana ngokuqhuba abasebenzi abaphezulu beekomiti, ngokunyusa iinkqubo zoqeqesho, nokunika izixhobo ezingcono zonyango. Ezinye izicelo zifuna ukuba kwenziwe izinto ezintsha zolawulo okanye ukwandisa amaqumrhu akhoyo enkxaso afana ne-GAO kunye neNkonzo yophando lwe-Congregational.

Iinketho ezikhoyo zokuseka iOLC yeKhomishini yeNkqutyana yeSiluleko sasemthethweni (OLC), eye yaphikisana ngayo kangangamashumi eminyaka, ngokumisela iOLC echaza umsebenzi wayo, ilungiselelo lentlangano, kunye negunya elisemthethweni, njengoko imisebenzi yeofisi isenokuquka ukuququkwa kwemithetho ye-odvisy, ukuququzelelwa, nokusebenzisana nezinye izinto, kuquka ukhetho lwentlangano oluquka ukwenza i-OLC ilungu okanye into eyahlukeneyo ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kweBhunga, kwaye ikhokelwa ngamagunya apho iBhunga anokumisela i-OLC kuquka umthetho okanye ukwamkela imithetho emitsha, kunye nezi zixhobo zokurhwebelana, ngokungathi ngaba iBhunga-OLC, i-OLC, isenokuthetha ngemithetho epheleleyo ephakathi kwemibangokwasemthethweni, kodwa isenokudibana neengxaki zokudibana.

Intsebenziswano YaseBipartisan

Uphatho lwe-bipartisan ludla ngokufuna intsebenziswano, njengoko uphando olusuka kumacala omabini lusenza ukuthembeka okungakumbi kwaye lubonakala luvelisa utshintsho olunentsingiselo. Abanye abaqwalaseli baxhasa utshintsho ukuze bakhuthaze ulawulo lwe-bipartisan, olufana nokufuna imvume yeqela elincinane loonontlalo-ntle okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqela elincinane lifikelela kwimithombo ye-embalini.

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa ukuba uphando lweWatergate, 9/11 yeKomishini, kunye nezinye iimibuzo ezithintelayo eziphezulu zaphumelela ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokuba zaphumelela ukudlula amacandelo ahlukeneyo kwaye zajoliswa kwizibakala ezizinjongo. Ukubuyiselwa kwesi sithethe sobuveleli be-bipartisan kunganyusa impumelelo yeBhunga lokugcina urhulumente ephendulwe nguxanduva.

Ubungqina obucacileyo nobusemngciphekweni

Ukubonakala ngakumbi kwemisebenzi yobuveleli nokuqinisekisa ukuganana kwabantu ngokubanzi kungenza abantu baphenduleke kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ii-techniologies ezifana nokuthontelana kwemijelo yezentlalo, i-media, kunye neewebhsayithi ezisebenzisanayo zikwenza kube lula ngakumbi kubemi ukulandela imisebenzi yobuveleli baze banikele igalelo.

IBhunga linokunyusa ngakumbi ukubonakala ngokupapasha izinto ezingakumbi zobuveleli, lilungiselele izixhobo ezingcono zokuphanda nokufikelela kumaxwebhu aqulunqiweyo, lize liveze amathuba angakumbi okuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke kwinkqubo yobuveleli. Ukubonakala kakhulu kuya kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ulongamo luphumeze umdla woluntu kunokuba lusebenze ngokushwankathelana kwezopolitiko.

Ukuqonda Impembelelo Yokulawula Kumsebenzi Karhulumente

Ukuvelela iingqungquthela kuzisa iingenelo ezicacileyo ekusebenzeni nokuziphendulela korhulumente, nangona kusenokuba lucelomngeni ukuhlolisisa ezi mpembelelo.

Iziphumo Ezidizayo

Ulawulo lombutho wombutho wombutho ludala iziphumo zokuthintela ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokuxhatshazwa. Amagosa esebe alawulayo ayazi ukuba izenzo zawo zisenokuhlolisiswa yiBhunga, zidala izihlomelo zokuthobela umthetho kunye nobugocigoci bobunini boorhulumente. Oku kuthintela kusebenza ngokuqhubekayo, kwanaxa iBhunga lingaphengululi ngokukhutheleyo umbutho othile okanye inkqubo ethile.

Isisongelo sokuchotshelwa kwetyala, ukusasazwa kakubi kwemithetho nemiphumo esenokubakho kukhuthaza amagosa ukuba alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, abhale izigqibo zawo aze aphephe izenzo ezithandabuzekayo. Ngoxa kunzima ukuba azilinganisele, zimela iingenelo eziphawulekayo kwinkqubo yokuvelela.

Izenzo Zokulungiswa Neenguqu

Uphando oluphangaleleyo ludla ngokukhokelela kwizenzo zokulungisa eziphucula imisebenzi karhulumente. Iinkqubo zingaguqula iinkqubo, zizalisekise ulawulo olutsha, zisethe ingqeqesho okanye zisuse amagosa aneengxaki, okanye zithabathe amanye amanyathelo okucombulula iingxaki ezichaziweyo ngokuvelela. IiBhunga zingamisela umthetho wokuguqula iinkqubo, ukucacisa amagunya esebe, okanye zimisele iimfuno ezintsha ezisekelwe kwiziphumo zobungameli.

IGO inika umzekelo ocacileyo wempembelelo yolawulo. Icandelo eliphakamileyo leGAO lisebenzisa ipesenti, likhokelele kwizigidi zeerandi ezigcinweyo kunye nenkqubela eninzi yomsebenzi. Ezi ziphumo zikonkrithi zibonisa ukubaluleka kokuphatha ngobuchule, ngobuchule.

Ubungqina bukawonke-wonke nokuphendula kwedemokhrasi

Imisebenzi yokulawula yazisa uluntu ngemisebenzi karhulumente, yenza abemi bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezithe kratya ngemigaqo-nkqubo nangamagosa. Iindlebe eziphezulu ze-profile zingajolisa ingqalelo yesizwe kwimibandela ebalulekileyo, ingxubusho kawonke-wonke, kunye nempembelelo yeziphumo zonyulo.

Lo msebenzi wemfundo kawonke-wonke ulawula idemokhrasi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi bayakwazi ukufumana inkcazelo ngendlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo nendlela ii-ofisi zabo zerhafu ezisetyenziswa ngayo. Kwanaxa ulawulo lungakhokeleli kwiinguqu zomgaqo-nkqubo okhawulezileyo, unegalelo ekuphendulweni kwengxelo yexesha elide ngokudala iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, iintatheli nababhali-mbali abanokuzihlola.

Isiphelo: Indima Ebalulekileyo Yolawulo Kulawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Ulawulo lweKhomishoni lumela isiseko esisisiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, esiyimfuneko ekugcineni ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uya kuphendula, nokukhusela umdla woluntu. Ngenkqubo entsonkothileyo yeekomiti, yamasebe okuxhasa, amagunya angokwasemthethweni, nangezixhobo zokuphanda, iBhunga lijonge imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo kwaye lisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngokunempumelelo, ngokunempumelelo, nangokuvumelana nomthetho.

Ukuvelela kwequmrhu elinolwazi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze abe nenxaxheba kwiqumrhu loluntu. Ngokuyazi indlela esebenza ngayo uvelela, indawo yokufumana inkcazelo ephathelele umsebenzi wobuveleli, nendlela yokuqhuba le nkqubo, abemi banokuphendula kwiBhunga nakwisebe eliphetheyo. Uqeqesho nokumiselwa kobukho babemi kuqinisa ukuvelela ngokunikela inkcazelo ngeengxaki, ngokuxhasa uphando olusemthethweni, nangokunyanzela amagosa akhethiweyo ukuba azithathe nzulu iimbopheleleko zawo.

Inkqubo yolawulo ijongene nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo, ukusuka ekudibaniseni imimandla engaphandle ukuya kwimiqathango enzima yoovimba ukuya kukwanda kwemisebenzi karhulumente. Noko ke, ikwangenelwa kwinkqubela-phambili yobugcisa, abasebenzi abanobuchule, kunye nezakhiwo zolawulo eziphuhlisiwe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zokuqhelisela. Njengoko urhulumente eqhubeka eguqula, ukujongana nequmrhu kufuneka kuvumelane nozinzo lwalo lobungqina, ukubonakala, kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Abahlali abazinika ixesha lokuqonda nokusebenzisana nolawulo-mthetho olusebuthweni banegalelo ekuphuculeni urhulumente kunye nedemokhrasi esempilweni. Enoba balandela iingxelo zekomiti, bafunda i-GAO, baqhagamshelana nabameli ngezinto eziza kuqala, okanye basoloko benolwazi ngemisebenzi karhulumente, bonke abami banokuba nendima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuba urhulumente abamele baphendule abantu abakhonzayo.

Indwendwelo iKomiti yeNdlu ekuphakeleni nakuHlaziyo loRhulumente ukufunda okungakumbi ngemisebenzi yobuveleli yangoku kunye noovimba beekomiti.