Ulawulo lweKhomishini lumela enye yeembopheleleko ezingundoqo zeKhomishini yeUnited States, esebenza njengendlela enzima yokuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza ngaphakathi kwemida esemthethweni kwaye lihlala linetyala kubantu baseMerika. Ngolungiselelo olubanzi lwemithetho, amagunya omgaqo-siseko, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo, iKhomishini ihlala ijonge abameli be-orhulumente, iinkqubo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Lo msebenzi wolawulo lolawulo-mthetho asiyonkqubo nje elawulayo esisiseko yemiqathango-"ilungu elibalulekileyo lenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso echaza ulawulo-demokhrasi yaseMerika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo lweBhunga

Ukulawula kuyinto eboniswayo kunokuba ibe ligunya elicacisiweyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., njengoko i-chaphaza karhulumente ingaliniki ngokungqalileyo igunya lokuqhuba iBhunga lokubuza okanye lokuphanda kwegunya, ukufikelela kwiirekhodi okanye izinto ezigcinwe ngumphathi ophetheyo, okanye ukukhupha iipopu ezingaphantsi ukuze kufumaneke amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina obuvela kumphathi-mikhosi onegunya. Phezu kwako nje ukunqongophala kolwimi olucacileyo, ulawulo kunye negunya lakhe labameli labonwa njengegunya eliyifak ’ isiqu seendibano ezimela umthetho kawonke wonke.

Ukulawula kufumaneka kumandla amaninzi nahlukeneyo eMbutho kwiMigaqo-siseko, kuquka igunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho leemali ezifanelekileyo, ukumisela imithetho, ukunyusa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukulungiselela uMkhosi wamanzi, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, kunye nokungagunyazi nokususa eofisini umongameli, umongameli, umongameli kunye namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni. IBhunga alinakusebenzisa ngokusengqiqweni okanye ngokufanelekileyo la mandla ngaphandle kokwazi oko umlawuli ophetheyo wayekwenza; indlela iinkqubo ezazisetyenziswa ngayo, lowo, kwaye ngexabiso lakhe; nokuba amagosa ayethobela umthetho kunye nenjongo yowiso-mthetho.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States iqinisekise ukuba amagunya olawulo lweBhunga, axhomekeke kwimiGaqo-siseko yokukhusela inkululeko yabemi, izihlandlo eziliqela. INkundla iye yaqonda ukuba amandla eNkundla yokuqhuba uphando aphuma ngokwemvelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukuba amandla abanzi, kwaye aquka imibuzo ephathelele ulawulo lwemithetho ekhoyo kunye nemigaqo ecetyiweyo okanye efunekayo.

Umthetho omiselwe igunya elilawulayo ophawula umhlaba

ISivumelwano soMgaqo-siseko sowe-1946

UMthetho oLawuliweyo ka-1946 (P. 79-601), okokuqala, ubizwa ngokucacileyo ukuba ube ngumalathisi "ooveleli abaphambili" kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, ukhokele iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu ePhakamileyo "ukuqhelisela ukulinda okuqhubekayo" kwiinkqubo kunye namaqumrhu aphantsi kolawulo lwawo, agunyaziswe abasebenzi abangochwepheshe, kwaye aphucule amandla eQumquzeleli-Gaqo-mthetho, intloko yeBhunga eliphandeneyo nengalo lokuphicotha uLawulo loRhulumente (GAO). Lo mthetho womthetho wokwaphula umthetho osemthethweni wakwenza oko bekungumsebenzi wobugqeqesho obucwangciiiiii, ukuseka kwesiseko solawulo olucwangciiiiiiie.

UMthetho ka-1946 wamela ixesha elibikileyo kwindaleko yobuveleli bobungqungquthela. Ngokucacisa ngokungqalileyo ukulinda okuqhubekayo, iBhunga lavuma ukuba ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukujongwa okuqhubekayo kunokuba luphandwe ngamathuba athile. Ukugunyaziswa kwabasebenzi abangoomasipala kwakubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo, njengoko kwakunika iikomiti ubuchule obufunekayo bokuqhuba uhlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo lweenkqubo neenkqubo zikarhulumente ezintsonkothileyo.

UMthetho weNtloko ka-1970

UMthetho woMgaqo-siseko we-1970 (P. 91-510) wagunyazisa ikomiti nganye emileyo ukuba "ibone iliso kunye nokufundisisa, ngokuqhubekayo, isicelo, ulawulo kunye nokuphunyezwa" kwemithetho phantsi kolawulo lwayo, kwandisa abasebenzi abangochwepheshe bekomiti, kwandisa uncedo olunikezelwe yiKhomishini yophando lweKhomishoni, kwaza kwaqinisa uxanduva locwangciso lwe-GAO. Lo mthetho owenziwe kuMthetho ka- 1946 ngokuhambela phambili kolawulo kunye nokwandisa ubuncwane obukhoyo kwiikomiti zeBhunga.

UMthetho ka-1970 wabonakalisa ukuvunywa kweBhunga ukuba urhulumente wengingqi ukhule kakhulu ngokobukhulu kunye nokuntsonkotha ukususela ngo-1946, ifuna ubuchule bokuvelela obuphuculiweyo. Ngokukhuthaza uhlolo nofundisiso oluqhubekayo, umthetho wagxininisa ukuba ulongamelo lufanele lube lusebenza kunokuba luthathe inyathelo, lulindele iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba zikhule zibe ziingxaki.

UMthetho woHlahlo-mali noQuquzelelo loMsebenzi weNkqubo

IBhunga lenza iGAO kuMthetho woHlahlo noMgaqo-nkqubo we-Akhawunti yowe-1921 ukunceda ekukhutshweni kwamagunya alo asisiseko omgaqo-siseko (85) amandla okuphanda nokuvelela imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, amandla okulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali yesebe elilawulayo, namandla okwenza imithetho. Lo mthetho waseka esinye sezona zixhobo zolawulo zibalulekileyo, ukuyila umbutho ozimeleyo kwisebe lemithetho elinikezelwe ukuhlolisisa indlela echithwa ngayo irhafu.

UMthetho woHlahlo noMgaqo-nkqubo we-Accounting Declaration and Accounting Act ka1921 waseka iGAO ukuze uphande yonke imicimbi enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente. Ukudalwa kweGAO kwabonisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo kubuchule bobugqeba, ukubonelela iKhomishini ehlala ihleli, engoochwepheshe abakwazi ukuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi olunenkcukacha kunye nophando lwemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo.

Indima ye-ofisi ephendulayo karhulumente

IGAO, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba "yi-"i-coregoral division," ngumbutho ozimeleyo, ongeyoyacaka osebenzela iBhunga kwaye uhlola indlela ii-dola ezisetyenziswa ngayo nokunika iNkomfa kunye namasebe karhulumente injongo, engeyoyacawa, ulwazi olusekelwe kwinyaniso ukunceda urhulumente ukuba alondoloze imali kwaye asebenze ngokunempumelelo. Le nkqubo isebenza njengengalo ephambili yeBhunga elihambayo, iqhuba ii-e-epicants, ivavanya, kunye nophengululo lwesicelo seBhunga lombutho okanye ngokomthetho.

IGAO ixhasa ulawulo lwequmrhu ngokusebenza kwemibutho yophicotho-zincwadi ukuze kubonwe enoba imali yemali yemali yesizwe isetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo na, iphanda izityholo zemisebenzi engekho mthethweni nengafanelekanga, kunye nokuxela indlela iinkqubo ze-rhulumente nemigaqo ehlangabezana ngayo neenjongo zazo. Le misebenzi yenza ukuba iNkqutyana yenze izigqibo zolwazi malunga nomthetho, ukuqulunqwa kwemigaqo-siseko, kunye neenguqu zenkqubo.

Umsebenzi weGAO wenziwe kwisicelo seekomiti zombutho okanye amakomiti angaphantsi okanye ufunwa ngokusemthethweni yimithetho kawonke-wonke okanye ziingxelo zekomiti, ngemithetho yokuziphatha yeKhomishini nganye. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba uphando lweGAO luhambelana nezinto eziphambili zengqungquthela ngeli lixa kugcinwa ukuzimela nokubekwa kwesivumelwano kombutho.

Impembelelo ka-GAO ekunikezeleni ityala kukaRhulumente

IGAO yafunyaniswa malunga nama-R32,7 ezigidi zemali eziluncedo kurhulumente wesizwe yaza yarekhoda iinzuzo zemali ezili-1, 295 ezingeyo-finance, inkqubela yokuqhuba kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente kuquka ezo zinikezelwe kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nabantu ababuthathaka abafana nabantwana, amagqala, nabo banesiphene. La manani abonisa ixabiso elibonakalayo lolawulo lombutho ekuphuculeni nasekukhuseleni oovimba berhafu.

IGAO ibhekiswe kuyo njenge "IBhunga loMbutho eligadayo" ne "UMhlobo Oyena Mkhulu" kuphicotho-zincwadi lwalo oluthe rhoqo kunye neengxelo zophando ezityhile inkunkuma nokungasebenzi kwayo kurhulumente. Udumo lombutho lokucokisa, olungengobathathi-nxaxheba luye lwayenza yaba nguvimba obalulekileyo weBhunga ekuphumezeni iimbopheleleko zalo zobuveleli.

Izixhobo zokulawula ezibunjwe libandla kunye nomatshini

Ukuchongwa Kwamatyala Neziphando zeKomiti

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngohlolo, ukujongwa, nokulawulwa komgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, yaye iiBhunga zokuqala zasungula ezi ndlela zobuveleli ngokuphanda okukhethekileyo, ngokunika ingxelo, nangokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokuchaza igunya elilawulayo. Namhlanje, ulawulo lwequmrhu lungabakho nakuwuphi na umsebenzi wezemithetho nangamaqela ahlukahlukeneyo, imibutho, kunye nezakhiwo.

IBhunga linendima yokuvelela amaqumrhu karhulumente yaye liphumeza lo msebenzi ngokubeka amatyala nokuphatha imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa, imisebenzi nemigaqo-nkqubo. Ukuchongwa kweekomiti kufeza iinjongo ezininzi: ziqokelela inkcazelo, zifundise uluntu, zinike igalelo le-oyile ye-odoli yesebe eliphetheyo, zize zigcine amagosa esebe aphezulu ebeke ityala ngezenzo nezigqibo zawo.

Imisebenzi yolawulo lweBhunga isuka kwikomiti ebhaliweyo ukuya kwilungu elingacwangciswanga okanye abasebenzi ekunxibelelaneni namagosa aphetheyo; ukusuka kuhlolisiso lwabasebenzi ukuya kuhlolo-hlolo lokuxhasa; kunye nokusuka ekusebenzeni kwee-ofisi eziqhutywa ngamaLungu ukuya kuhlolo olulungiselelwe zizinto ezingezizo ezolawulo ezifana neekhomishini kunye neengingqi jikelele. Ezi ndlela zolawulo zivumela iBhunga ukuba likwazi ukufikelela kwiimeko ezithile.

Amandla eSubpona

Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso imisela igunya lokunikezela kwiikomiti zonke ezimileyo, indlela oopopu abakhutshwa ngayo ngokwahluka ngokweekomiti nangegumbi, nakwiindawo zendlu, phantse zonke iikomiti ngoku zixhobisa izihlalo zazo ukuba zinikezele iipopoyina, ngoxa kwiikomiti ezininzi zeBhunga kufuneka ukuba isitulo siqale sifumane imvume yelungu eliphezulu. Eli gunya lingaphantsi limele esinye sezixhobo zolawulo olunamandla lweBhunga, likwazi ukunyanzela imveliso yamaxwebhu nobungqina.

IBhunga linazo izixhobo ezininzi ezinokusetyenziswa ukuze kufunyanwe inkcazelo ngokuthethana nokunyanzelisa ukuthobelana neekomiti ezingaphantsi kweekomiti. Xa intsebenziswano yokuzithandela isilela, iKhomishini ingasebenzisa iindlela zokunyanzelisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nezicelo zayo zenkcazelo.

Umatshini Onyanzelwayo

IBhunga lingafuna ukuba umntu ngamnye agwetywe ngokungekho mthethweni ngenxa yokungathobeli inkqubo yeBhunga linika isithintelo esinamandla kwabo baza kuphazamisa uphando lwequmrhu. Ngaphezu koko, iKhomishini inokufuna ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kweenkundla, ifuna imiyalelo egunyazisayo yokuthobela imigaqo-mthetho engaphantsi kwengqungquthela.

Uphando kunye nolawulo lweBhunga lungasuka lube luxanduva, ingakumbi xa iqumrhu elijoliswe kulo lisithi “nabani na, umbutho, okanye umbutho olawulayo) linika ulwazi oluthathwa yiBhunga liyimfuneko ekuphandeni kwalo. Kwezo meko, iqumrhu elijoliswe kulo lingazama iindlela ezininzi zokuphepha ukutyhilwa, njengokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi alunakuchazwa ngenxa yomthetho othile, umthetho, okanye isigqibo esiphezulu. Ingqungquthela inenani elithile lezixhobo ekulahlweni kwalo ukuze ifumane ulwazi ngengxoxo kunye nokunyanzelelwa kwekomiti engaphantsi kwe-poenas.

Ulawulo lokutyhilwa

Onke amaqumrhu karhulumente axhaswa ngemali ngemibutho yonyaka, kwaye inkxaso-mali yombutho ngamnye iqukiwe kwelinye lamaphepha-mali alishumi elinesibini aqwalaselwe yiKhomishini ngonyaka. Eli gunya lengxowa limela enye yezona zixhobo zolawulo zingundoqo zeBhunga, njengoko ivumela iBhunga ukuba livuze amaziko asebenzayo ngenkxaso-mali eyongezelelekileyo okanye lisohlwaye ngokungalungeli mali.

Ingqungquthela ingasebenzisa amandla ayo okuchaza ukuthintelwa kwemali yombutho. Le nkqubo inika iKhomishini ngezixhobo ezibalulekileyo phezu koorhulumente abaphetheyo, njengoko amasebe exhomekeke kwiinkqubo zombutho wombutho wombutho ukuze aphumeze iinkonzo zabo. Ngokudibanisa iimeko kwimiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwemali okanye ukunciphisa imigangatho yemali, iKhomishini iyakwazi ukuphembelela iziko leengqiniselo kunye nemisebenzi.

IziHlaliso zoMthetho neNguqulo

Ukuba iBhunga likholelwa ukuba umbutho othile uphambukile kugunyaziso lwalo lokuqala, iBhunga lingaphendula ngeendlela ezininzi, kuquka ukugqithisa umthetho kwiisigqibo solawulo ezingaphaya kolawulo, okanye ukuxinanisa igunya lombutho. Eli gunya lowiso-mthetho linceda iBhunga lilungise izenzo zoziko ezingaphaya kwegunya lomthetho okanye eziphambuka kwiinjongo zobungqungquthela.

IBhunga lingalicutha igunya lolawulo lombutho. Umzekelo, kwiiKhomishini zowe-1980 zaxinene i-Arhente yoKhuselo lweNzalo-bume bemeko-bume be-U.S. isebenzisa ubuchule bokulawula obunenkcukacha zokumiselwa kwe-EPA. Ngokumisela iimfuno zomthetho nemilinganiselo ekhethekileyo, iBhunga linokunyanzela ubuchule bolawulo kwaye liqinisekise ukuba abameli basebenze ngaphakathi kwemida emiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Iinjongo Nosukelo Lokulawula Iingqungquthela

Iinjongo zeziko

Iinjongo zeziko ziquka ukuvavanya amandla esebe elilawulayo, ukuphanda indlela umthetho osetyenziswa ngayo, kunye nokwazisa iKhomishini kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Ezi njongo zingafuneka zikhankanywe ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba zisebenza ekukhuseleni amalungelo equmrhu nokuqinisa amandla kawonke-wonke waseMerika okuhlola imisebenzi yempatho-siseko nezenzo. Ezi njongo zolawulo zibonakalisa indima esisiseko ekulondolozeni ukwahlulwa kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba kuxhomekeke kwidemokhrasi.

Ulawulo lweKhomishini lubandakanya uhlolo, ukugada, nokuphatha amasebe, iinkqubo, imisebenzi, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo, kwaye le nkcazelo ibandakanya iintlobo-ntlobo zemisebenzi yemithetho enokwenzeka kwaye ayiwunyanzelisi umsebenzi wobuveleli kwiinjongo ezithile, iinjongo ezithile okanye iindlela ezithile. Le ngcamango ibanzi yokuvelela ibonisa indlela ejikelelwe ngayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kokulawula ngokunempumelelo.

Intlanganiso yoLwazi yoMthetho

Ngaphandle kolwazi, iBhunga beliya kuba lidubula ebumnyameni, lingakwazi ukubhalisa 'ngobulumko okanye ngokunempumelelo.' Oku kuqwalaselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kugxininisa unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kobuveleli nomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho. IBhunga alinakwenza umthetho osebenzayo ngaphandle kokuqonda indlela imithetho ekhoyo esebenza ngayo kwaye ziziphi iingxaki ezifuna ukuphendulwa.

Iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho alinakuyibeka ngobulumko okanye ngempumelelo xa kungekho nkcazelo malunga neemeko umthetho ocetyiselwe ukuchaphazela okanye ukutshintsha; kwaye apho iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho ngokwalo lingalufumani ulwazi olufunekayo, elithi ngokungeyomfuneko libe yinyaniso, elithi lifanele linyanzeleke kwabanye abanalo. Uphando oluthe kratya lunika iNgqungquthela ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze kwenziwe izigqibo zenkqubo yolwazi.

Imeko Yezobupolitika Neengxaki

Ukulawula kwenzeka kwimeko yezobupolitika ekhoyo apho ulwalamano lweBhunga namaqumrhu olawulo lungahluka ukusuka kwintsebenziswano ukuya kungquzulwano. Ngaphezu koko, kukho uxanduva olungokwemvelo lomgaqo-siseko kunye nolopolitiko phakathi kweBhunga kunye noMongameli kwanangamaxesha orhulumente omanyeneyo. Le miqathango yezobupolitika isebenza njani ukujonga nokuqina apho iBhunga lisukela khona uphando oluthile.

Ukuqonda ezi mpawu zezobupolitika kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo. Ngoxa ukuvelela kusebenza kwiinjongo ezibalulekileyo zombutho, kwakhona kwenzeka kwimeko yezobupolitika apho iingcinga zocalucalulo, izikhuthazo zonyulo, nokungavumelani kwemigaqo kuphembelela ukuziphatha kombutho.

Imiqathango Esemthethweni Ebuthweni Lengqungquthela

Umsebenzi wolawulo lwengqungquthela uphantsi kokwahluka-hlukene kokwahlulwa komthetho. Ngexa amandla ophando lwengqungquthela ebanzi, ayingomda. UmGaqo-siseko umisela izithintelo ezibalulekileyo kulawulo lombutho ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokugcina ukwahlulwa kwamandla.

Imiqathango yomGaqo-siseko isebenza kulawulo lweBhunga nakumandla ophando, kuquka ukukhuselwa kweMimiselo yokuQala, yesine, neyesihlanu kodwa ayiquki amalungelo anxulumene nokuvavanywa koMgaqo-siseko weSithandathu. Ezi zikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko ziqinisekisa ukuba uphando lwengqungquthela luhlonela inkululeko esisiseko yasekuhlaleni njengoko zisukela iinjongo ezifanelekileyo zobukhokeli.

Nangona amandla okuphanda kuyimfuneko ukuba angabi nasiphelo, kwaye iBhunga alinikwanga gunya lokubuza kwimicimbi yabucala. Umbandela walo naluphi na uphando kufuneka usoloko ungomnye 'omthetho onokuba nawo.' Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba uphando lwengqungquthela luphumele iinjongo ezisemthethweni zemithetho-mthetho kunokuba lusebenze njengohambo lokuloba kwimicimbi yangasese.

Inkqubela yale mihla kulawulo lweBhunga

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokufumaneka kolwazi

Ukusasazeka kwenkqubo yolwazi oludityanisiweyo kunye nophuhliso lwe-Internet kuvumela ukuqokelelwa okukhawulezileyo nokubanzi nokulondolozwa kolwazi malunga nemisebenzi karhulumente kwaye kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufumaneka kolu gcino-lwazi kuluntu nakwiNgqungquthela. Le nkqubela-phambili yobugcisa iye yaguqula ulawulo lombutho wombutho, ikwenza kube lula ngeNgqungquthela ukufikelela nokuqwalasela imisebenzi karhulumente ngexesha lokwenene.

IBhunga liphuhlise uludwe olubanzi lolawulo, ulawulo, kunye nemithetho yokubonisa okulula ukuvelela, ukwenza ulawulo lwangaphakathi kwisebe eliphetheyo, kunye nokuzisa inkcazelo engakumbi karhulumente emehlweni kawonke-wonke. Le mithetho ibonisa imigudu eqhubekayo yeBhunga yokulungisa ubuchule bokuvelela kwiimeko ezitshintshayo kunye nobugcisa obutsha bokuziphendulela kurhulumente.

Ekunokukhethwa kuko kokuqhubela phambili

IGAO yachaza iindlela ezininzi zokungaphuculwa kwenkqubo yolawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo, ukudibanisa iinketho kwimixholo emithathu jikelele. Olu khetho lubandakanya ukwenza into ekhoyo entsha, njenge ofisi yeKhompisi yoLawulo lweNkqutyana. Ezinye iindlela zolawulo olongezelelweyo lobukhonya zibandakanya ukuphinda kulungiswe okanye ukutshintsha imisebenzi ekhoyo. Ezi zicelo zibonisa iingxubusho eziqhubekayo malunga nendlela yokuphucula ulawulo lolawulo oluntsonkothileyo ngexesha lolawulo oluntsonkothileyo.

IBhunga kufuneka lilinganise ii-asethi ezahlukeneyo ukuba belinokuthatha naluphi na kwezi zinketho. Ngexa zonke iindlela zinganyusa ulawulo lombutho, ukuseka iofisi entsha yokuqhuba uphando ngemithetho ecetyiweyo, umzekelo, zingadibanisa iindleko ezongezelelekileyo zabasebenzi abangakumbi kwaye zikwazi ukuphinda-phinda iinkonzo zombutho okhoyo. Ezi zintengiso zibonisa iingxaki zeBhunga ezijongene nokulungelelaniswa kwemfuneko yokuba nempumelelo kunye nentlawulo.

UMthetho wePhondo

UMthetho weBhunga eliBambeneyo weMpatho (CRA) unika iNkqutyana ithuba lokuhlola nokungayivumeli imithetho, kwiimeko ezithile, ngaphambi kokuba iphumelele. Lo mthetho umela isixhobo esibalulekileyo sobuveleli esivumela iBhunga ukuba lilawule imithetho emisiweyo ngaphandle kokudlulisa umthetho omtsha kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yemithetho.

ICongressional Review Act idala inkqubo edityanisiweyo yokubhukuqa imimiselo yemibutho ephikisana nayo. Ngokufuna ukuba amaqumrhu abeke imithetho kwiNgqungquthela ngaphambi kokuba asebenze kwaye alungiselele inkqubo elungiselelweyo yokungathotyelwa kwequmrhu, iCRA iphuhlisa ulawulo lombutho wenkqubo yokuququzelelwa. Le nkqubo iye yabaluleke ngakumbi njengoko amaziko ethathe iindima ezinkulu zokwenza imithetho ngokwenziwa komthetho.

Inkqubo jikelele yokuhlola

I-Inspecter General Act ka-1978 yamisela iiofisi ezizimeleyo zabahloli jikelele abangaphakathi kwamaqumrhu karhulumente ukuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi nophando lweenkqubo nemibutho. Aba bahloli jikelele basebenza njengeenja zangaphakathi, ukuchaza inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokuxhaphaza phakathi kwabameli babo kwaye baxele oko bakufumeneyo kwiinkokeli zombutho kunye neBhunga.

Abahloli jikelele benza indima ebalulekileyo ekujongeni kombutho wombutho ngokunika iNkqutyana ngeengcebiso ezizimeleyo zomsebenzi wombutho. Iingxelo zabo zidla ngokuchaza iingxaki ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa kwengqungquthela kwaye zinike iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha malunga nemisebenzi yesebe elinokusetyenziswa yiBhunga kwimisebenzi yayo yokuvelela. Inkqubo yabahloli jikelele imela indlela edityanisiweyo yokuvelela, idibanisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwangaphakathi kunye nolawulo lwangaphandle.

IBhunga liye laqinisa inkqubo yoonogada jikelele ngokuhamba kwexesha, landisa inani labameli abaneziphakamiso ngokubanzi kwaye landisa inkululeko yabo negunya. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuvunywa kwengqungquthela ukuba ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ulwahlulo oluninzi lokuphendula, kuquka zombini iinkqubo zolawulo lwangaphakathi kunye nohlolo lwangaphandle.

Isakhiwo seKomiti kunye neembopheleleko zolawulo

Igunya lokulawula nelokwenza uphando lihlala kuzo zombini izindlu, ezithi zona zinike eli gunya kwiikomiti zegumbi ngalinye. IiKomiti zinezo gunya kuphela ezinikwe zona yimizimba yabazali. Eli gunya livumela iBhunga ukuba lilawule kakuhle ngakumbi ngokusasaza iimbopheleleko kwiikomiti ezikhethekileyo ezinobuchule kwimimandla ethile.

Ikomiti nganye elawula iikomiti neemimandla ezithile zemigaqo, inika amalungu ekomiti kunye nabasebenzi ubuchule bokuphuhlisa imimandla yabo yembopheleleko. Oku kuphuhlisa ubungangamsha ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abo baqhuba uphando banolwazi oluneenkcukacha ngamasebe neenkqubo abajongele zona.

Inkqubo yeekomiti ikwanceda ukulungelelaniswa kolawulo kunye nemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho. IiKomiti ezilawula amasebe athile zinegunya lokugunyazisa umthetho ochaphazela loo masebe nokuqhuba ulawulo lwemibutho ephunyezweyo. Oku kuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yemithetho kunye nolawulo kuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linokusabela ngokukhawuleza xa ulawulo lutyhila iingxaki ezifuna izicombululo zemithetho-mthetho.

Iqela Elincinane Linelungelo Lokulawula

Indima yamalungu amaqela amancinane kwinkqubo yobuveleli ilawulwa yimithetho yegumbi ngalinye kunye neekomiti zalo. Amalungu amancinane anikwa amalungelo athile ngokukhethekileyo. La malungelo amancinane anceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ulongamelo lusebenza kwiziko kunokuba luphumeze iinjongo zokudityaniswa ngokunika iqela elincinane amandla okuthatha inxaxheba ekuphengululeni nasekuceleni iindlebe.

Umlinganiselo wamalungelo eqela elincinane uyahluka phakathi kwendlu nendlu yendlu yemikhosi kwaye uye watshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko igumbi ngalinye liyitshintshile imithetho yalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iBhunga linika amalungelo anamandla angakumbi kuneNdlu, libonakalisa isithethe seNdlu yeeNdlu zokukhusela izilangazelelo ezincinane. Noko ke, omabini amagumbi ayaqonda ukuba ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna iqondo elithile lentsebenziswano nelokuba amalungu ambalwa eqela anganikela ngezakhono ezixabisekileyo ekuphandeni.

Amalungelo amancinane eqela elijongene nolawulo aye akhula ngokuya esibaluleka njengoko ukuhlaziywa kolawulo lwecandelo loluntu. Xa iqela elininzi lilawula iBhunga kunye nolawulo lobumongameli, amalungu eqela elincinane asenokuba ngabameli abaphambili bolawulo olunogonyamelo lwesebe elilawulayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa urhulumente ohlukeneyo, amalungu amaninzi eqela angakhokela kwimigudu yokuhlasela ulawulo olulawulwa liqela elichasayo.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kolawulo Nomthetho

Ulawulo lombutho kunye nomthetho unxulumene ngokusondeleyo, kunye nokwazisa izigqibo zowiso-mthetho kunye nomthetho wokumisela inkqubo yokuvelela kwixesha elizayo. Xa uvelela kutyhila iingxaki ngokuphunyezwa kwemithetho ekhoyo okanye imibutho, iBhunga lingaphendula ngokumisela umthetho omtsha wokulungisa ezo ngxaki. Ngokuchasene noko, xa iBhunga limisela imithetho emitsha, ngokuqhelekileyo liquka amalungiselelo alungiselelwe ukwenza kube lula ukuvelela kwixesha elizayo, njengokuxela iimfuno kunye namalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga.

Olu nxulumano lwemithetho phakathi kolawulo nomthetho lubonisa indlela engaqhelekanga yokwenza inkqubo. IiKhomishini azifane zifumane inkqubo echanekileyo kwinzame yokuqala, kwaye ulawulo lunika ingxelo efunekayo yokulungisa nokuphucula imithetho ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngokuqwalasela indlela abameli abamisa ngayo imithetho nendlela leyo echaphazela ngayo abangeneli babo, iBhunga linokuchonga uhlengahlengiso olufunekayo lize lenze imigaqo ngemithetho elandelayo.

Unxulumano phakathi kobuveleli nomthetho lukwacacisa isizathu sokuba uvelela kugqalwe njengegunya elingokwemvelo lowiso-mthetho. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokuqwalasela indlela imithetho ephunyezwa ngayo nokuqokelela ulwazi ngeengxaki zenkqubo, iBhunga belingakwazeki ukuqhuba kakuhle. Ngaloo ndlela iliso lisebenza njengomncedisi obalulekileyo kumsebenzi wowiso-mthetho, usenza ukuba iBhunga likwazi ukuzalisekisa iimbopheleleko zalo zomgaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Lokuphumelela Ebuvelelweni

Phezu kwako nje ukubekwa kweliso elisemthethweni elixhase ulawulo lwequmrhu, luninzi lweengxaki ezinokuthintela ulawulo olunempumelelo. Ubukhulu nokuntsonkotha kukarhulumente wengingqi kwenza kube nzima ukuqwalasela ulawulo olubanzi, njengoko iBhunga limele lijonge amakhulu amasebe neenkqubo ezinexesha elilinganiselweyo kunye nezinto eziluncedo. Amaziko anokuchasa ulawulo lombutho-ngquthela ngokungamisi nkcazelo, ngokukhupha ilungelo eliphezulu, okanye ngokulungiselela iimpendulo ezingaphelelanga okanye ezilahlekisayo kwimibuzo yombuzo.

Iimeko zezobupolitika zinokuba nzima nako ukuphatha. Xa iqela elinye lilawula iBhunga kunye nomongameli, iqela elininzi lisenokumathidala ukuqhuba ulawulo olunobundlobongela lweqela lalo. Ukuqwalasela okuphezulu kusenokuphembelela ukubekwa phambili kolawulo, amalungu ajongene nemibandela ebangela ukubhengezwa okuhle kunezo zifuna ingqalelo. Ukuthatyathwa kweliso kunokwenza kube nzima ukwenza uphando oluyalela ukuthenjwa kakhulu kwe-bipartis.

Imilinganiselo yemali imele olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Iikomiti zeBhunga zinemiqathango elinganiselweyo kunye noqingqo-mali, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuqhuba uphando olunenkcukacha olufunekayo ukuze ulongamelo lube nempumelelo. Ngoxa amaqumrhu axhasayo afana ne-GAO enikela uncedo olubalulekileyo, nawo ajongene nothintelo loovimba kwaye akanakukwazi ukuphengulula yonke imbambano efuna ingqalelo. Le migaqo-siseko inyanzelela ukuba ikhethe imisebenzi yayo, isenokuvumela iingxaki ezithile ukuba ziphephe ukuhlolisiswa.

Uqheliselo olulunge kakhulu lokulawula ingcebiso

Ulawulo olusebenzayo lwengqungquthela lufuna ukuzinikela okuqinileyo, oovimba abaneleyo, kunye nocwangciso olufanelekileyo. IiKomiti kufuneka ziqhube ukuvalwa rhoqo kooveleli kunokuba zilinde amanqam ukuba avele, njengokuba ukuvelela okusebenzayo kunokuphawula nokucombulula iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba zikhule. Ulawulo kufuneka lube lunenxaxheba xa kunokwenzeka, njengoko uphando oluxhasa umyalelo kuwo omabini amaqela lubonakala lunokuthenjwa kwaye lusebenza.

IBhunga kufuneka lisebenzise ijelo elicwangcisiweyo lamaziko enkxaso afana neGAO, lisebenzise ubuchule babo kunye nobuncwane ukuqhuba uphando oluneenkcukacha abangenakulwenza abasebenzi bombutho bequmrhu bebodwa. IiKomiti kufuneka zilungelelanise imisebenzi yazo yokuvelela ukuze ziphephe ukukhutshelwa kwemisebenzi karhulumente. Unxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo phakathi kweekomiti ezilawulanayo lunganceda ekuchongeni izithuba ekujongeni kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba imibango ebalulekileyo ifumana ingqalelo eyaneleyo.

Ukubonisa imbonakalo kwimisebenzi yobuveleli kwenza ukuba iphumelele ngokuzisa uluntu nokubangela uxinzelelo lokusabela kweziko. Ukuva amava, ukupapashwa, kunye nokudityaniswa kwamajelo eendaba kungakhulisa impembelelo yobuveleli ngokuzisa ingqalelo yoluntu nokukhuthaza ukuxhaswa kwesenzo sokulungisa. Noko ke, eminye imisebenzi yobuveleli isenokufuneka yenziwe kwiintlanganiso ezivaliweyo ukuze kukhuselwe imicimbi eyahlulayo okanye ukugcinwa komthetho ochuliweyo.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Njengoko urhulumente eqhubeka ebhenela, ulawulo lwequmrhu kufuneka luqhelane nocelomngeni olutsha kunye namathuba. Ukukhula korhulumente olawulayo kunye nokuntsonkotha okukhulayo kweenkqubo zikarhulumente kufuna ukuba ingqungquthela iphuhlise izixhobo zolawulo ezintsha kunye nobuchule bogcino-lwazi. Inkqubela-lwazi kunye nobugcisa bolwazi lunika amathuba okuphuhlisa ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo ngokuvumela uphando oluneengqiqweni lokwenziwa kwemibutho kunye nokucaciswa ngokukhawuleza kweengxaki.

Ukwanda kobuntlola obungeyoyamvelo kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo esizenzekelayo kurhulumente kuzisa imingeni emitsha yongamelo, njengoko iindlela zolawulo lwesithethe zisenokungakufanelekeli ukuqwalasela iinkqubo ze-algorithm. IBhunga lisenokufuna ukuphuhlisa ubuchule obutsha kunye neenkqubo ezintsha zolawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula ngexesha lolawulo oluzenzekelayo. Ngokufanayo, ukubaluleka okukhulayo kokhuseleko lweziko kunye ne-data kufuna iBhunga ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zalo zokhuseleko lweziko.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukulungiselela ubhubhani nezinye iingxaki eziya kubakho kuza kufuna ukuba iNgqungquthela iqhube ulawulo lweenkqubo ezintsha kunye namanyathelo okusingatha ezi zisongelo. Njengoko urhulumente esingatha iimbopheleleko ezintsha, iBhunga kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba amandla ayo okuvelela ahambelana nolwandiso lwemisebenzi karhulumente. Oku kungafuna ubuncwane obungakumbi kwiikomiti zombutho kunye namaqumrhu axhasayo, kwakunye notshintsho kwiinkqubo nezenzo zolawulo.

Imithombo yangaphandle yokuqonda ulawulo lweziko

Kubo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngobuveleli bobuqu, kukho oovimba abaninzi. Iwebhsayithi ye- inikezela ngonikezelo kwiingxelo zeekomiti, iirekhodi, namanye amaxwebhu okuvelela. Iwebhthi ye-ofisi ye-Akhawunti ye-Accounting Office inikela iingxelo ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenkqubo nemisebenzi karhulumente, inika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha malunga nokusebenza kwesebe nokuthobela umthetho.

IKomiti yendlu yoLawulo noHlaziyo loRhulumente isebenza njengekomiti eyintloko yokuvelela kwiNdlu yabameli, iqhuba uphando kwiimisebenzi epheleleyo karhulumente. Amaziko e-Academ acinga ukuba kwakhona avelisa uphando olubalulekileyo ngokuphatha ingqungquthela, ukuhlalutyanisa ukuphumelela nokukhuthaza kwayo iinguqu ukuphuhlisa ukuphendula.

I- I-Anvocation Anuted, egcinwe yiThala leencwadi leeKhontrakthi, inika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwemimiselo enxulumene nolawulo lombutho wequmrhu, kuquka izigqibo ezinxulumene neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Imibutho yooGcisa enjengeSizwe se-Academy yoLawulo loLuntu inika oovimba bokuphendula kukarhulumente kunye nolawulo lomsebenzi olunokwazisa imisebenzi yokwalathisa.

Isiphelo

Imithetho idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni iKhomishini ihlale ijonge urhulumente, imisela inkqubo apho ulawulo luqhubeka khona, inika iNkomfa izixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze isebe eliphetheyo liphendule. Ukusuka kwiMithetho yokuQonda iReorganisa iMithetho yowama-1946 nowe-1970 ukuya kusekwa kwe-Ofisi yokuQonda i-Rhulumente kunye nenkqubo jikelele yomhloli, iBhunga liye lakha isiseko esingokwasemthethweni esipheleleyo esixhasa iimbopheleleko zalo.

Esi siseko somthetho sibonisa ukubaluleka kokuvelela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngokuhlola indlela ephunyezwa ngayo imithetho, ngokuphanda izityholo zokulahlwa nokuxhatshazwa, nokuqokelela ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze kwenziwe inkqubo yolwazi, iBhunga lizalisekisa iimbopheleleko zalo zomGaqo-siseko lize likhusele umdla woluntu. Ngoxa kunzima ukuqhubeka koovelelo oluphumelelayo, isiseko esisemthethweni esimiselwe kangangamashumi eminyaka sinika iNkokeli yezonyango ezinamandla ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uya kuphendula.

Njengoko urhulumente eqhubeka eguquka kwaye kuvela imingeni emitsha, iBhunga kufuneka liqhubeke lisenza ulungelelwaniso lwalo lobuveleli lize liqinise ukuphenduliswa komthetho. Imithetho eyenza ukuba ulawulo lwequmrhu lungadityaniswa, kufuneka ihlaziywe kwaye iphuculwe ukuze icombulule iimeko ezitshintshayo kunye nezisongelo ezivelayo. Ngokuzibophelela ngokuqhubekayo ukuvelela nokuphuhlisa kwezibonelelo ezisemthethweni eziwuxhasayo, iBhunga lingaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlale emele abantu baseMerika kwaye usebenze phakathi kwemida emiselwe ngumthetho.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemithetho kunye nolawulo lombutho wombutho lubonisa indlela enamandla yokulawula kwamaMelika, nesizukulwana ngasinye sisakha umsebenzi wabanduleli baso ukudala ubuchule bokuphendula obunempumelelo. Njengoko sikhangela kwixa elizayo, ulawulo lwesiseko esisemthethweni esixhasa ulawulo luza kuqhubeka luguquka, luqhelane nobugcisa obutsha, imingeni emitsha, kunye nokuqonda okutsha kokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ufeza njani umdla kawonke-wonke xa kubhekisele kwimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko esemandleni.