I-Evolution yenkqubo yeQela laseJapan: Ukusuka kwiMidlalo yoMda ukuya kukhuphiswano Olunamandla

Inkqubo yeqela laseJapan iye yatshintsha kakhulu ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, isuka kulawulo lweqela elinye ukuya kwibala elinolwelo oluphezulu nokhuphiswano. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kunika uluvo olubalulekileyo ngendlela iJapan eye yaqhuba ngayo imicimbi yezobupolitika, yezoqoqosho, kunye neengxaki zentlalo-ntle . Ukusuka kuphuhliso olukhawulezileyo kunye nolwandiso lwelizwe ukuya kulwakhiwo lwasemva kwemfazwe, ukuhla kwezoqoqosho, ukuhla kokhuseleko lwehlabathi. Eli nqaku lihlola iinqanaba elingundoqo, iziganeko ezibalulekileyo, kunye noxanduva oluhlalayo oluye lwaguqula inkqubo yemikhosi yanamhlanje yaseJapan.

Ekuqaleni Kwenkulungwane Yama - 20: Umzi Weqela Lezobupolitika

Ulungiso lwangaphambi kwemfazwe kunye nokunyuka kweenkampu ezimbini ezinkulu

Ekuqaleni konyaka we-1900 kwaphawulwa uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-Japan nezopolitiko zepalamente. I-Imperial Diet, eyasekwa ngo-1890 phantsi komGaqo-siseko weMeiji, ngokuthe ngcembe yanikezela kumaqela ezobupolitika. Ngoo1910 nangoo1920, kwavela imikhosi emibini emikhulu: i-Rikken Seiyūkai[ Raken [iqela le-Diodemocratic Partioti]. La maqela amela umbutho obanzi wabemi, oosomashishini, oosomashishini, noolwazi-omigronal. I-Seiakyua yayithanda ishishini elikhulu kunye nomkhosi omkhulu, ngexa i-Minctive i-Milty [FT.3]

Eli xesha labona inkqubela yedemokhrasi efana nomthetho weqela lamadoda jikelele ka-1975, owandisa ulawulo lwepalamente kunye nenyanzelo yamaqela ukuba akhuphisane kwisiseko esibanzi. Noko ke, inkqubo yahlala ibuthathaka. Amaqela omkhosi, abacebisi bombuso, kunye geverō[[FL:1] [amagosa angaphezulu] (amadoda amakhulu) aba nempembelelo enkulu ngaphandle kolawulo lwepalamente. Ekupheleni koo-1930, ukunyuka kwemikhosi kunye nobuzwekazi kwaphela ngokunempumelelo kweqela lezobupolitika ezixhasa ubundlobongela. Amaqela aye angene kwiNtlanganiso yoMthetho wolawulo lweziququ zamazwe [[FLT.[FLTLD:3], kunye nonyulo lokuqala lweqela lemikhosi yezokhuphiko lokhuphiswano lolawulo lwehlabathi.

Ulawulo lwasemva kwemfazwe nokuzalwa kweQela le-Eleral Democratic

Phantsi koMbutho Ohlangeneyo (1945-19952), iJapan yamkela umgaqo-siseko omtsha owathi wangenisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, imposiso, kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Amaqela ezobupolitika aphinda abuyela ngehlombe. Unyaka wangaphambi kwemfazwe yazinziswa: inkitha yamahlelo akhuphisana nonyulo, kunye noorhulumente abaxhasiweyo. Ngonyaka ka1505, ummandla wezopolitiki owathi wavela kwiqela lezwe wavela kwilizwe lobuzwe eliziwa ngokuba yi- indlela ye-CMGP]. [[FT:1] [FT:]] Unyaka lowo, [[FT:] LYURD [P]] kunye neqela lombutho [FLD [FLD [FLD]) ngokufumsinya kweqela] umgaqo-JFT] wamiselwa ngokukhawuleza, ngexesha eliphambili lobuzwe yiNt.[FT]

Ulawulo lwe-LDP lwalungazenzeki ngengozi. Lwalungangenisi tyala lolungelelwaniso lwemfazwe yomlomo, lukhusela inkxaso emandla kwimikhosi yasemaphandleni, kwi-comptuecrates (kanye) kunye ne-United States. Amaqela angaphakathi, nangona ayesoloko ethanda ukulwa, abangela ukuba angabi nabuyiselo gwenxa ngaphakathi kwintente. Ukufikelela kwe-LDP elungeleleneyo kwemigaqo-ntlalo yentlalo ehamba phambili yesizwe enempumelelo yezoqoqosho, kwaye yangqina ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho kweJapan ukususela ngo-1960 ukuya kutshona kunyaka wama-1980 ukuphatha kwe-LDP.

Emva konyaka ka-1960: Ukukhuselwa kwenkqubo ye-Dyss esebenzayo ye-Multpolar

Inkcaso Iyaqina

Kuyo yonke iminyaka yee-1960, ulawulo lwe-LDP lwavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kodwa aluzange lwaphulwe. Iqela lobuSocialist laseJapan lahlala lilelona candelo likhulu lokuchasa, kodwa izahlulo zalo zengqiqo phakathi kweqela eliphakathi kunye neqela eliphakathi kunye neqela elithe kratya nelinamandla kakhulu, lavela ngoo-1960 njengelitsha, elinomtsalayo kwingingqi yedolophu neyonqulo. [[FLT:] [FLT]Kōmeitōō" , lihlangene nentlangano yamaBhuda Sōka Gaka Cai, liphinde liqhubekeke phakathi kobugqhinga kunye nookn.[FFFFFF]

Ngeminyaka yee-1970, i-LDP yayingasakwazi ukuthatha lula uninzi lwayo. Kunyulo olunjengo 1976 no1979, iqela lazama ukugcina inkoliso kwiNdlu yabameli, lifuna intsebenziswano kumalungu azimeleyo azimeleyo nangamaqabane amancinane angobudlelane. Kodwa iimfazwe zangaphakathi, amahlazo (njengetyala lokunyoba lokunyoba), nokunganeliseki kwabantu abaninzi akuzange kubangele ukuba iLDP i-LD ilawule. Inkcaso, eyahlukeneyo nengqongqo, ayinakudibanisa urhulumente.

Iminyaka yee - 1980: ILDP Resilience Antient Power

Iminyaka yee-1980 yayilixesha lencopho ye-LDP. Ngaphantsi kweNtloko yabaPhathiswa abaPhathi-mikhosi abanjengoYasuhiro Nakasone, eli qela lalandela umxube wokuxuba (kuquka ukuqhekeka kweJapan National Railwa nomthetho wolunye uhlanga, kunye nemithetho yelizwe yayakhe ngokusondeleleneyo ne-United States. Impumelelo yezoqoqosho, eyaziwa njenge transcumment, yavelisa ingqiqo yempumelelo yesizwe eyanyusa isibheno se-LDP. Kwangaxesha elinye, amaqela abachasi alwa nophawulo: i-JSP yabona ukuba ukurhoxabela kwawo kovota, ngoxa iKōmeitō wazama ukwandisa isiseko sawo ngaphezu kwe-Sōkakka Cauniau. Amalime ukwenza i-evices proft proving procesting (njenge-New Liber Clup kufied ngo 1970-1988)

Ngowama - 1990: Ulungelelwaniso Olukhulu Lwezobupolitika

Ingxaki, iScandinal, kunye nokuLahleka kweNkqubo yowe-1955

Iminyaka yee1990 yaphawula ukutshintsha kwenyikima. Isiphelo semfazwe yoMdado siguqula impembelelo yehlabathi, kodwa iingxaki zamakhaya eJapan zaba yeyona nto ibangela ukudubuleka kwezoqoqosho ngo 1990-19991 kwakhokelela ekurhoxeni kwezoqoqosho okuya kuqhubeka, okwathi kwathi kwathiwa yi-Lost Deminual Degree, okwaphelisa ukuthemba abantu kwi-LDP. Uthotho lweziphazamo zenkohlakalo ``````Intshantsha''''''''. Ngokungakumbi ingqwala e-Recruit''' kunye nehlazobugxa-Sagawa Kyūbin'. Ngo-1993, iqela le-LDDP Diether labangela ukurho Hoka kwamalungu e-I-I-I-I-Irōwa' asuka kwi-Anjiko entsha, nto leyo yabangela ukuqhekeka kweqela elina kwamashumi eminyaka.

Unyulo oluqhelekileyo lwachithwayo ngo-1993. LDP yalahlekelwa luninzi lwayo okokuqala ukususela ngo 1955. Urhulumente odibeneyo wamaqela asibhozo enkcaso `kuquka i- iQumrhu elitsha laseJapan[, iJapan Reconstal Parti [, , [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT] iSivumelo sobucala [[FLT]] [iiP] [iiiiiiiindawo engaphambili] [iPSP]] [iP] , [[FULT] , [[FULT]] , [iiiiP] , i-JSP] wathatha amandla phantsi komPhaka]. Nangona le ngqungquthela] [iiiiiiii encinane [iiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Utshintsho Lwenkqubo Elungelelanisiweyo Nemiphumo Yalo

Utshintsho olungundoqo lwasekuqaleni kowe-1990 lwaba kukusekwa kwenkqubo yokudibanisa amalungu adityanisiweyo (MMM) inkqubo yonyulo lweNdlu yabameli. Ithabathel' indawo yesithili esidala esinamalungu amaninzi, le nkqubo idibene neendawo ezidityaniswe namalungu enye (SMDs) kunye nomelo lwezithintelo (PR). Injongo yayikukukhuthaza inkqubo yecandelo leqela leqela lento kunye nokunciphisa imodeli. Ngoko, isiphumo esingaqwalaselwanga sisiphumo sasikukukhawulezisa ulungelelwano lwengingqino kuneziqinganiso ezizinzileyo. Iipali zeqela zadityaniswa kwaye zidityaniswe ngokukhawuleza.

Iqela ledemocratic eJapan (DPJ) yakhiwa ngo1998 (ukudibanisa iqela elincinane) yaza yakhula yaba ngumbangeli omkhulu we LDP. i-LDP ngokwayo, phantsi kweNkulumbuso AbaPhathi abanjengo Ryutahimoto ne Yoshiro Mori, bazama ukugcina ikhon'. Kodwa i-LDP yakwazi ukubuyela ebukhosini ngo-1995 ngokuyila umbutho iSikolo sobucuphi (ngoku ngokuthiyathiya i-Socianst Comforalist Iqela leNdemocratic Partioti) kunye neqela elincinane eliqhelekileyo. Eli qela “liqela le-LDDEmocractic P” lagcina i-LDP kodwa libhedneexa.

Uphawu Lomhlaba Lowama - 2009: IDPJ Ithatha Ulawulo

Elona xesha liphawulekayo lomthetho wonyaka ka-1990-eratic lafika kungekhona ngelo shumi leminyaka kodwa ngo-2009. I-DPJ, ikhokelwa nguYukio Hatoyama, yaphumelela uloyiso lwelizwe kwiNdlu yabameli, iphelisa ulawulo oluqhubekekayo lwe-LDP. Ithembisa ukujolisa urhulumente kwiimali ezisetyenziswayo kwizindlu zamalungu eenkampani, inciphisa amandla empumlo, kwaye iphinde ikwazi ukuqhubana ne-United States. Kodwa, i-DPJ’s 10 (209,2012) yakhathazwa yingxabano yangaphakathi, inkqubo ephosakeleyo (ingakumbi malunga nesiseko se-Fuma eqhutywa ngumoya eOkinawa), kunye nomonakalo we-2011 ye-Tōhoku, kunye ne-Fashima yentlekele.

Inkulungwane yama - 21: Inkqubo Engakumbi Ekhuphisanayo Kodwa Engaguquguqukiyo

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ngonyulo jikelele lwangowama-2012, i-LDP phantsi kwe Shinzō Abe yabuyela ebukhosini ngoloyiso olukhukulisiweyo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokunganeliseki yi-DPJ kunye nenkcaso eyahlukeneyo. U-Abe umgama ozinzisiweyo (202-20) we-LDP. “Iinkqubo zakhe ze-Adbecomics". Imigaqo-nkqubo ```iiingxubecomfa-''''''''''''' . . . . . . .intlanganiso edibanisela i-mali enyibilisiweyo, kunye nentluvoluvo oluthe kratya, , , nangona iziphumo zexesha elide zadityaniswa. U-Abe walandela kwakhona inkqubo yokhuseleko oluqinileyokuchaza iSigqeqeshiso-Gwa-mthetho-mthetho-9, kunye neminye i-omatilomgal-oms kufuphi namanye asebenzisa i-odevini eUnited States.

Phantsi kwe Abe, iLDP yanandipha ubungangamsha obulungileyo, kodwa inkqubo yeqela ayizange ibuyele kwimodeli endala yonyaka ka-1955. Inkcaso yahlala yahlulwa. I-DPJ yazimisela ngokwayo phantsi kwamagama amaninzi ([[[FLT: 0] Iqela ledemocratic Partiokratial[[[FLT:]], [[FFFPP]]]], [[FLT:]]] [FOLT]] [FP]] [FUMPAT [F:[FP]] [FOP], [FLT], [[FLT], [[10], yasekwa kwiqela elikhulu, kodwa yanesabelo somgalelo, kodwa yafumana iqela lokhetho elingu-2017] [20][25] [iF] [iff] [ithe:[10] [imphany]

Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa Kwangoku

Ngonyaka wama-2025, inkqubo yeqela laseJapan yahluleke kakhulu kunakwinkulungwane yama-20. I-LDP-Kōmeitō iyaqhubeka ilawula, kodwa isiseko sayo sincipha kancinci ngenxa yokuncipha kwamanani, ukuhla koluntu lwasemaphandleni, nokulahleka kokuthembana phakathi kwabavoti abaselula. ICDP, iNippon Ishin no Kaihin (Iqela leSindululo saseJapan), kunye namanye amaqela amancinci akhuphisanayo nge-anti-LDP, kodwa asoloko ehluka kwimigaqo yezoqoqosho, uhlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko, kunye nemicimbi yamanye amazwe. Akukho qela labachasi athe kwangoku lakwazi ukuvelisa umbono wesizwe ovumelanayo nonyanzelekileyo., uvotilo-voterveyi iqhelekile, ingakumbi phakathi kolutsha, olukhuthaza uncedo lwe-CMFLD, olukhuthayo.

Iimpikiswano Ezingundoqo Ezijija Umgcobo

Amaqela zobupolitika anamhlanje aseJapan achazwa ngamanqaku anzima amaninzi:

  • Ukuvuselelwa kwezoqoqosho: Indlela yokuqalisa ukukhula kwakhona emva kwamashumi eminyaka okuhlaliswa nokungahlaziywa. I-LDP igxininisa iintshukumisa zenkampani kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo (umz. CPTP, RCEP), ngelixa abaxhasi beCDP beerhafu eziphezulu kwizityebi, iindleko zoluntu ezandisiweyo, kunye namalungelo omsebenzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ingxaki yobuninzi babantu: Ulwaluko lwamaJapan nomlinganiselo ohlayo wokuzalwa kufuna utshintsho ekufudukeni, ekukhuseleni abantu, nasemigceni. I-Paries azivumelani ngesantya kunye nomlinganiselo wokufuduka //i-LDP ivumela ukufuduka okunobuchule obukhethiweyo, ngeli lixa i-CDP ne-JCP inyanzela ukudibanisa okubanzi.
  • Uguqulelo lweConstitugal: ILDP ne Nippon Ishin inkxaso yeKai iQumrhu 9 ukuqaphela ngokusemthethweni umkhosi oziphetheyo. ICDP ne JCP ichasa uhlaziyo, isithi ikhokelela ekurhintyelweni komkhosi.
  • [[NKT.0] Ukulingana kwe-injini : iJapan ibala eliphantsi kwizalathiso zesini. Amanye amaqela (CDP, iNtlalo-ntle yoluntu) alwela amanani kunye nemithetho elwa nohlanga, ngelixesha iLDP ibicotha ukuba isebenze, nangona oorhulumente bakutshanje bemisele amanani amabhinqa akwinkokeli.
  • Inkqubo kunye nokhuseleko lolunye uhlanga: ILDP iqinisa umdibaniso we-U.S.-Japan kunye nokuqhubela phambili ukuze kusebenze indima engakumbi kukhuseleko lwengingqi. Amaqela enkcaso ayahluka ukusuka kwinkxaso yobulumko ye-CDP yokuxhasa umanyano kwinkqubo ye-JCP engagunyaziswanga yelizwe langaphandle.
  • Engalawulekiyo nemozulu: Post-Fukushima, amandla enyukliya ahlala elwahlula-hlula kakhulu. I-LDP iye yaxhasa ukuqala kwakhona kwamandla okusebenza ngemilinganiselo yokhuseleko engqongqo, ngelixa i CDP ne JCP ikhetha isigaba esikhawulezayo sokuphuma kunye notyalo-mali oluninzi olunokubuyiselwa.

Imikhwa Yangoku Nemouse

Ukungabi Nanto Yakwenza Neepolitiki Zokungazali Kwabantu Nezeembono Zoluntu

Inkqubo yokhetho yaseJapan, kunye nokuxuba kwayo nezithili ezidityanisiweyo kunye nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo, ikhuthaza oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo. I-LDP ibixhomekeke kwi-Kōitō kangangamashumi eminyaka, kodwa umanyano olo aluqiniseki ukubamba ngokungenasiphelo. Intshukumo ezintsha `njenge Reiwa Shingumi okanye amaqela asekuhlaleni eOsaka (Nippon Ishin).[1] Unyulo oluqhelekileyo lwabona unyuselo oluncinane lweCDP, kodwa lwalunganele ukuwisa umbutho. Unyulo lwexesha elizayo lungabona ukunyuka okuqhubekayo njengesizukulwana kunye neendawo ezihlala kuyo.

Ukukholosa Okunganyanisekiyo Nokukhangela Iiplatform Ezintsha

Ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kwancipha emva kwe-G95-2012 DPJ debacle. Ngeli xesha i-LDP ifumene ukuthembeka okuthile, ukuvotelwa kubonisa ukuba iqela elikhulu labanyuli lichaza “njengelingaxhomekekanga” kwaye aliziva linyanisekile nakuliphi na iqela. Oku kuvelisa amathuba okufumana abathathi-nxaxheba okanye imibutho e-asemgangathweni enye. Ukuvela kwe-intanethi kunye namajelo eendaba entlalo-ntle kungakwahlula imiqobo emitsha, nangona i-mbutho ekwamkelekile.

Utshintsho Oluza Kubonakala

Iingcamango eziliqela zokuguqula zixutyushwa ukuze kuvuselelwe inkqubo yeqela laseJapan:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Imali eninzi egqithisileyo: Nciphisa ukuthembela kwiminikelo yenkampani kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke ukuze kunyuswe indawo yokudlala.
  • ulungiso lwenkqubo olukhoyo: Abanye bacebisa inkqubo epheleleyo yokulungelelanisa ukubonakalisa ukhetho lomvoti ngokuchanekileyo, ngexa abanye befuna ukunciphisa inani lezihlalo zePR ukukhuthaza ukhuphiswano olunezahluka-sibini.
  • Ukunika imvume ngexesha lokuvota (elisele lisenzelwe abantu abaneminyaka eli-18 ubudala) kunye nokwandisa ukufika kwangoko okanye ukuvota nge-intanethi ukuze kunyuswe inxaxheba kulutsha.
  • Ukuqinisa uphalamente ukuphatha ukunciphisa ulawulo oluphezulu nokunika amaqela achasayo iindima ezinentsingiselo ngakumbi kwiikomiti.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Enamandla Ehlala Ikho

Inkqubo yeqela laseJapan isuka kulawulo olunye oluphantsi konyaka ka-1950 ukuya kutsho kwimo engqineke ingumbane, isekelwe kwimo eguqukayo. I-LDP ihlala ingumoya onamandla, kodwa imeko yayo ayisasebenzi njenge-hegemonic. Amaqela enkcaso, nangona ahlukene, anokuyila kwaye aziseke oorhulumente (njengoko kubonwe ngo1993 kunye no-2009. Ikamva liza kuxhomekeka kwindlela amaqela athetha ngayo ngeengxaki ezingundoqo zebutho labantu abalupheleyo, ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho, kunye nolungelelwano lwe-geothematilo. Ixesha lokuthembeka okuzinziwa kwemibutho leJapan liza kuqhubeka libunjwa yimibutho, imibutho emitsha, imibutho emitsha, kunye nemizabala eqhubekayo yokuchaza indlela yesizwe ngenkulungwane yama-21.

[[UMTLL:0] Izalathiso ze-External:[[UMTL:1]