Table of Contents
ISibhengezo senkululeko simi njengenye yamaxwebhu atshintsha kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu. Emkelwe yiLizwekazi Congress ngoJulayi 4, 1776, amathanga ali-13 aseMelika aqhawula uqhagamshelwano lwawo lwezopolitiko kwiGreat Britain, emisela intsalela yeziganeko ezakuphinda ziphinde ziphele, kungekuphela nje iMelika kodwa ihlabathi lonke. Olu xwebhu lwenguquko lwenze okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokuvakalisa ulwahlulo lwezopolitiko."Ithi ichaze umbono onamandla wamalungelo abantu, ukuzilawula ngokwawo, kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye eqhubeka ifikelela phantse kwiminyaka engama-50 kamva.
Isiphumo sesindululo sadlulela ngaphaya kwenjongo ekhawulezileyo yokuzimela ngokwaseBritane. Saseka imigaqo esisiseko eya kuchaza ukuma kweMelika, iphembelela imibutho emininzi yenkululeko kulo lonke ihlabathi, kwaye ngokusisiseko iguqula indlela abantu abaluqonda ngayo ulwalamano lwabo norhulumente. Umbhali-mbali wePulitzer Incopho- yokuphumelela uJoseph Ellis ubhale ukuba iSindululo siqulethe "wona mazwi anamandla naphumezayo kwimbali yaseMelika", umnqophiso oya kuhlala ubalulekile.
Imeko - ngqangi Yembali: Imvukelo Eyenzekayo
Iimbambano Ezikhulayo Phakathi Kwezingqubano Nesithsaba
Kuyo yonke iminyaka yee-1760 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo1770, amarhamncwa aseMntla Merika azifumanisa echasene ngokukhulayo nemigaqo-nkqubo yeBritane emalunga nerhafu kunye nenkqubo yomda. Xa uqhankqalazo oluphinda-phindiweyo lusilela ukuphembelela iinkqubo zeBritane, endaweni yoko lwaphumela ekuvalweni kwezibuko leBoston kunye nokubhengezwa komthetho wemfazwe eMassachusetts, oorhulumente bamakoloni bathumela iindwendwe kwiCongreslican ukulungelelanisa i-buthaneat.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1770, abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi bayiseka ukuba iPalamente yayifuna ukuphelisa inkululeko yabo. Enyanisweni, amaMelika abona indlela eyandayo yokucinezelwa nokunganyaniseki ehlabathini lonke. Ipalamente yayizimisele ukubangela ukuba abalawulwa bayo abangalawulekiyo baseMerika baqubude. Le meko yaya isanda ngokukhawuleza njengoko iBritani yayilungiselela ukulwa.
Imfazwe yendaleko yaseMelika yaqala ngoAprili 1775 ngedabi laseLexington kunye neSivumelwano. NgoAgasti, uKumkani wavakalisa amajoni omkhosi omkhosi welizwe "ekuhleni nakuvukelo olucacileyo". Esi sibhengezo saphawula ingongoma yokuba ayisazukubuya, sinyanzelisa abenzi boburhamncwa abaninzi ababenethemba lokuxolelanisa ukuba baqwalasele ngokunzulu ukuzimela okupheleleyo.
Impembelelo Yengqiqo
Impapasho kaThomas Paine's Common Sense ekuqaleni konyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe eqaqa phantsi kolu luvo lungacingiyo oluthi luzimele. Uluvo oluqhelekileyo lwathengiswa lwaza lwafundwa ngokubanzi kwaye lwafundwa ngokuvakalayo kwiindawo zokutyela kunye neendawo zokuhlangana. Ngokuthelekisa abemi bamazwe ahlala kuzo ngelo xesha (izigidi ezibini ezilishumi elinesibini), yathengiswa kwaye yasasazwa kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na incwadi epapashwe kwimbali yaseMelika. Ingxoxo enamandla kaPaine yanceda ukuguqula uluvo lukawonke wonke, ukwenza inkululeko ingabi yinto ekhoyo kodwa enqwenelekayo.
Kubo bonke ubusika bonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anesixhenxe-1776, amalungu eLizwekazi iCongress ajonga uxolelwaniso neBritane njengelungenakwenzeka, kwaye ukuzimela okukuphela kwendlela yokuthatha inyathelo ababenokuyifumana. Iqonga lamiselwa ukuba kufunyaniswe isindululo esisesikweni esiza kuguqula imbali.
Ukudalwa Kwesi Sibhengezo
Inkqubo yokudrafti ye Jefferson
NgoJuni 7, 1776, uRichard Henry Lee wasungula isigqibo sokuba "la mathanga amanyeneyo kufuneka akhululwe kwaye azimeleyo amazwe. Bamisela iKomiti yabaNqunu ukuba ibhale isaziso esichaza izizathu zokuzimela gedwa. Ukudratya iSibhengezo senkululeko ngo1776 saba sisiganeko esichazayo kubomi bukaThomas Jefferson. Nangona uJefferson wayenqwenela ukubuyela eVirginia ukuze ancede abhale umgaqo-siseko worhulumente, iCongreskongreskolution yammisela kwikomiti yesihlanu yezozikhundla zokuyila ulawulo. Le komiti yamva koko yamnika umsebenzi wokuvelisa uxwebhu lwedraftiod.
NgoJuni 11, 1776, uJefferson wagqobhoza kwindlu yakhe eqeshisayo yasePhiladelphia waqalisa ukubhala. Waboleka ngokukhululekileyo kumaxwebhu akhoyo afana neSindululo samalungelo aseVirginia kwaye waquka iinjongo ezamkelekileyo zoluTyelelo. Kamva uJefferson wachaza ukuba "wayengazami ukuzama ukuphuma kwintloko okanye imvakalelo". Endaweni yoko, wayethemba ukuba amazwi akhe asebenza njengoluxanduva lwengqondo yamaMelika.
Esebenzisa amaxwebhu, anjengesibhengezo saseVirginia samaLungelo, sesizwe nakwesasekuhlaleni sifuna inkululeko, nenkcazelo yakhe yomgaqo - siseko waseVirginia, uJefferson wabhala amazwi amangalisayo achaza ilungelo labalawuli borhulumente waseBritani lokuvukela urhulumente aze amisele eyabo isiseko sokuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo namalungelo angenakususwa obomi, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo.
IiNkcukacha eziCwangcisiweyo
Ibhalwe ngoJuni 1776, idrafti kaThomas Jefferson yeSibhengezo senkululeko, iquka utshintsho olungamashumi asibhozo anesithandathu olwenziwa kamva nguJohn Adams (1735-1826), uBenjamin Franklin 1706-1790), amanye amalungu ekomiti emiselwe ukwenza uxwebhu, kunye neBhunga. Akazange akholiswe xa iBhunga "lingene" ukwenziwa kwakhe ngokusika nokutshintsha uninzi lwamagama akhe akhethwe ngenyameko. Wayelusizi ngokukhethekileyo ukuba asuse inxenye ebeka ityala uKumkani uGeorge III ngenxa yorhwebo lwamakhoboka, nangona wayelazi ixesha lokuqhubana nembambazo.
NgoJulayi 2, 1776, iKhomishini yavota ukuvakalisa inkululeko. Kwiintsuku ezimbini kamva, yavumelana nombhalo weSindululo. NgoJulayi 4, 1776, samkelwa ngamxhelo mnye yiNgqungquthela Yesibini Yamazwe Athentinal Congress, eyahlanganisana kwiNdlu Yombuso yasePennsylvania, kamva eyathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yiHolo Yenkululeko, kwisixeko samathanga sasePhiladelphia.
Ukusekwa Kweenjongo Zendaleko YaseMerika
Isigwebo Sesibini Esidumileyo
Isindululo sesibini seSibhengezo, "Sithi ezi nyaniso zibonakala, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuba uMdali wabo ubanike amalungelo athile angenakususwa, phakathi kwazo buBomi, Inkululeko nokusukela ulonwabo", zithathwa njengenye yezona migca zibalulekileyo nezidumileyo kwimbali yehlabathi. La mazwi aguqula intanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa kwehlabathi aguqule ingcamango yezobupolitika yaba sisiseko esiqinileyo sohlanga olutsha.
Ingcamango yamalungelo angenakususwa ngezantsi, `amalungelo angenakususwa okanye angenakulahlwa'.') yamela ukuphambuka okugqithisileyo kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika eyayixhaphakile ngelo xesha. Kunokuba ifumane ilungelo lobuthixo okanye ilungelo elilifa, iSindululo saqinisekisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente livela ekuvumeni kwabalawulwayo kwaye likho ukukhusela amalungelo abantu asisiseko.
Ingcamango yamalungelo okwemvelo neyoluntu
ISindululo senkululeko sabeka iimfundiso zamalungelo emvelo norhulumente phantsi kwesivumelwano soluntu. Olu xwebhu lwathi iPalamente ayizange iphinde ibe nolongamo kumathanga yaye uGeorge III wayesoloko elwaphula isivumelwano phakathi kwakhe njengerhuluneli namaMerika njengabo balawulwa.
Esi Sibhengezo, ekuhlanganeni kwaso okuphawulekayo, sisinika iinyaniso ezicacileyo ezibumba amaza nelungelo lokuvukela kunye namandla okudala oorhulumente abatsha abahleli ngokuvumelana nemvume ethandwayo. Esi sicwangciso sentanda-bulumko samiselwa ukuba xa urhulumente engakwazi ukukhusela amalungelo abemi bakhe, abantu abanalo ilungelo lodwa kodwa banomsebenzi wokuguqula okanye wokuphelisa loo rhulumente nokumisela ulawulo olutsha.
Intsingiselo Eguqukayo Yokulingana
Xa uJefferson wabhala u- "wonke amadoda adalwa ngokulinganayo" kwintshayelelo yesindululo, wayengathethi ngokulingana komntu ngamnye. Oko wayethetha kona yayikukuba amarhanisi aseMelika, njengabantu, ayenamalungelo afanayo orhulumente wawo njengabanye abantu, kwaye ngenxa yoko ayenokuvakalisa inkululeko, ayile oorhulumente abatsha athabathe isikhululo sabo esitsha "sohlukeneyo nesilinganayo" phakathi kwezinye iintlanga.
Noko ke, emva kokuba iMvukelo iphumelele, amaMerika aqalisa ukufunda elo binzana lidumileyo ngenye indlela. Ngoku yaba yingxelo yokulingana ngokomntu ngamnye namalungu onke eqela elihlwempuzekileyo angazifunela ngokwakhe. Kwisizukulwana ngasinye esidlulayo, imbono yethu yokuba ngubani ogqume loo ngxelo. Oku kuchazwa kwakhona kuyakuba nentsingiselo enzulu kwibutho lamaMelika nakwimibutho yamalungelo abantu kangangeenkulungwane ezayo.
Impembelelo Ekhawulezileyo Kwezobupolitika Nasemkhosini
Ukukhusela Umanyano Lwamazwe Asemzini
Ngokuzichaza njengelizwe elizimeleyo, ama-America ayakwazi ukuqinisekisa umanyano olusemthethweni noRhulumente waseFransi nokufumana uncedo lwamaFrentshi kwimfazwe nxamnye neBritane. Owona mphumo ubalulekileyo wesindululo sobuzwe yaba kukuvumela iUnited States iqashelwe ngurhulumente wamazwe angaphandle onobuhlobo.
Esi Sibhengezo sasiluxwebhu lwentsebenziswano, olwalujoliswe "Kumandla oMhlaba" ukukhusela umkhosi wabo kunye nenkxaso yezorhwebo ngenxa yenjongo yamarhamncwa nxamnye neGreat Britain. Saqinisekisa amagunya aseYurophu ukuba, ukuvukela kwawo iBritane ngaphandle, iUnited States esandul' ukuvakaliswa ayisayi kuphazamisa ucwangco olukhoyo lwezizwe ngezizwe kodwa iyalunweba, ukuhlalisa umiselo olutsha lwamazwe oluvela ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantiki.
Le ngxelo yayibalulekile. Ngaphandle kolwazi nenkxaso yamanye amazwe, ingakumbi yaseFransi, iMvukelo yaseMerika ngeyasilela. Isindululo saguqula abavukeli boburhamncwa kwiBritane baba ngabadlali abasemthethweni kwiqonga lezizwe ngezizwe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kubekho izivumelwano ezisesikweni.
Ukudibanisa Unobangela Wendaleko
Usukelo olukhawulezileyo — ingcamango engakumbi yomanyano phakathi kwabavukeli nokufumana amahlakani asemzini — lwafezwa, kodwa usukelo olutsha luye lwaqukwa kwiSibhengezo Senkululeko. Olu xwebhu lwanikela injongo enye yaye lwabelana ngokuzibiza amathanga alishumi elinesithathu, lwanceda ekumanyaniseni ulwazi lwamaMerika kubemi abahlukahlukeneyo bamazwe ahlala kwamanye amazwe.
Xa kwasasazeka ilizwi lesigqibo esingozimeleyo, abavukeli babhiyozela imvukelo ngoxa amaLungu eBanglebenze ayeyigqala njengesenzo sokungcatsha. Abanye babenethemba lokuba baya kusinda emfazweni ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okanye ukubandezeleka. Isindululo sanyanzela amaMerika ukuba akhethe amacala, abethelele imfazwe nokuxhasa iinguqu.
Ukuhlengahlengisa uRhulumente waseMerika nophuhliso lomGaqo-siseko
Ukusuka Kwisibhengezo Ukuya KumGaqo-siseko
Isibhengezo, ekuhlanganeni kwaso okuphawulekayo, sisinika iinyaniso ezicacileyo ezibumba amathandabuzo elungelo lokuvukela kunye namandla okudala oorhulumente abatsha abahleli kwimvume ethandwayo. Le migaqo yaphembelela ngokuthe ngqo ukuphuhliswa komGaqo-siseko waseMerika. Nangona isindululo ngokwaso singenawo amandla omthetho, iingcamango zaso zabumba umGaqo-siseko kunye noBhili wamaLungelo owalandela.
USindululo sasijongwa nguAbraham Lincoln njengomgangatho wokuziphatha ekufuneka iUnited States izabalazele ukukufikelela, yaye wakujonga njengengxelo yemigaqo umGaqo-siseko ofanele utolikwe ngayo. Le mbono yamisela isibhengezo njengesiseko sentanda-bulumko apho umthetho nolawulo lwamaMerika wawuza kwakhiwa khona.
Yilonto ithenjiswa ngokulinganayo okusoloko kuchaza isivumo somGaqo-siseko wethu. Uxinzeleleko phakathi kweenjongo eziphakamileyo zesindululo kunye nenyaniso yebutho lamaMelika ``````ikho ubukhoboka, ubukho bamabhinqa nabanini-mali abangeyonto yanto bangenelela kwezobupolitika] lungaqhubela phambili inkqubela enkulu yezopolitiko zaseMerika kwiinkulungwane ezilandelayo.
Ukwandisa Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi
Emva kwemfazwe, njengoko amazwe amatsha ayebhala umgaqo - siseko wawo — inyathelo eliyimfuneko ngoku ekubeni ayelilahle igunya laseBritani — inkoliso yawo yanciphisa imiqobo yaba kukuvota abantu abakhululekileyo nabamhlophe. Ngoku ayekwazi ukuba nelizwi elingakumbi kwindlela ibutho lawo elalilawulwa ngayo. Oku kwabonisa ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi xa kuthelekiswa namaxesha okulawulwa kwelizwe lasekuhlaleni, nangona lahlala lilinganiselwe yimilinganiselo yale mihla.
ENew Jersey, amabhinqa nabantu abakhululekileyo bomnombo waseAfrika nabo babekwazi ukuvota iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30, nangona, njengamadoda amhlophe kwilizwe lawo, kwakufuneka abe nexabiso elithile lempahla ukuze bayenze. La malinge angaphambili asetyenziswa ngokuphangaleleyo, nangona ekugqibeleni egoqweni, abonisa ukuba esi Sindululo sinamandla okukhuthaza ulawulo-demokhrasi olupheleleyo.
Impembelelo yeQumrhu leNtlalo yeLizwe
IXesha Leenguqu
ISindululo neMvukelo yaseMerika zayiphelisa iNkathi Yeenguqu. IMvukelo yaseMerika yaba yeyokuqala kungcelele lwezidubedube zezobupolitika kulo lonke ihlabathi, ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo ukuya kutsho phakathi kweshumi elinesithoba, eyathi yagungqisa ulawulo lookumkani nobukhosi emhlabeni wonke yaza yaqalisa ukuthatyathel ’ indawo yazo ngoorhulumente abameli.
Njengesibhengezo sokuqala sempumelelo senkululeko kwimbali yehlabathi, umzekelo wayo wanceda ekukhuthazeni imibutho emininzi yokuzimela geqe, ukuzihambela, kunye neenguqu emva konyaka we-1776. Olu xwebhu lwabonisa ukuba abantu belizwe lamathanga banokuwacell ’ umngeni ngokunempumelelo amagunya obukhosi kwaye bamise amazwe abo ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo yokuzilawula ngokwawo namalungelo abantu.
Imvukelo YamaFrentshi Nomphumo WaseYurophu
Iinkokeli ezininzi zeMvukelo yamaFrentshi zasincoma isibhengezo senkululeko kodwa zazikwanomdla kwiMigaqo-siseko emitsha yaseMerika. Impembelelo nomxholo weSibhengezo samaFrentshi samalungelo abantu nowaMasipala (1789) savela ngokuyintloko kwiinjongo zeMvukelo yaseMerika. ULafayette walungiselela iidrafs eziphambili, esebenza ngokusondeleyo eParis nomhlobo wakhe uThomas Jefferson.
Enye yoonobangela abakhulu beMvukelo yamaFrentshi yayilityala elikhulu elathathwa yiFransi ukuncedisa ekuhlawuleni iMvukelo yaseMerika, eyaphazamisa ulawulo lookumkani. Ngaloo ndlela, iMvukelo yaseMerika yaphembelela iFransi ngokweengcamango nangezoqoqosho, ifak' isandla kwinkxwaleko enkulu yezopolitiko.
I-Abland, isindululo saba nempembelelo enkulu kwiingxoxo ezikhokelela kwiNguquko yaseFransi (1789). Imigaqo yolu xwebhu yamalungelo emvelo nolawulo oluthandwayo lwayivakala ngamandla iinkcuba - buchopho zamaFrentshi kunye neemvukelo ezifuna ukubhukuqa ulawulo lwawo olupheleleyo.
Imikhosi yenkululeko yaseLatin America
Yakhuthaza uAntonio de Nariño noFrancisco de Miranda ukuba bazame ukubhukuqa ubukhosi baseSpeyin eMzantsi Merika, kwaye yacatshulwa ngehlombe yi-marquis de Mirabeau ngexesha leMvukelo yamaFrentshi. KwiSpanish-America, ukupapashwa nokusasazwa kweSindululo kunye namanye amaxwebhu eenguqu avinjwayo kwavalwa. Nangona kunjalo, yaguqulelwa eSpeyin yaza yaqhubeka isasazwa.
Imfazwe yaseSpeyin neSpeyin echasene nesithsaba seSpeyin esenzeka kumbindi wenkulungwane ye18, kodwa impumelelo yemvukelo eUnited States nase Haiti nxamnye namagunya ombuso yanceda ukukhuthaza ukukhululeka. IBrazil yafumana inkululeko kwiPortugal, iSerbia neGrisi yafumana inkululeko kuBukhosi be-Ottoman, kunye ne-Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela neMexico zonke zafumana inkululeko eSpeyin.
Abanye abavukeli baseSpeyin babalekela ePhiladelphia, behamba apho kwasekuqaleni kweyee - 1790. Besaba isisongelo sokuvalelwa okanye sokubulawa yimikhosi yoorhulumente baseSpeyin, aba bavukeli bajonga iPhiladelphia njengophawu lweriphabliki nenkululeko. Esi sixeko saba liziko lokwenza imvukelo nokusasazwa kweengcamango zokuzilawula kulo lonke elaseMerika.
Imvukelo YaseHaiti
Phakathi kwemigudu yeL'Ouverture, iDessaline, nezinye iinkokeli, iHaiti yasekwa njengeriphabliki yokuqala ezizimeleyo, enezimnyama eMelika. IHaiti yabuphelisa ubukhoboka ngo1793 yaza yaba lilizwe elizimeleyo ngo1804. IMvukelo yaseHaiti yamela ulwando olugqithisileyo lwemigaqo yeSindululo, njengabantu abakhotyokiswe ngokunempumelelo belwela inkululeko nenkululeko yabo.
IMvukelo yase Haiti yanceda ekuqhubeni phambilini ingcamango yokuba idemokhrasi ifanele iquke wonke umntu. Oku kwacell ’ umngeni ukuchazwa okulinganiselweyo kokulingana okuye kwaxhaphaka eUnited States kwaye kwabonisa ukuba imigaqo yesibhengezo ingakhuthaza kwanaleyo icinezelwe kakhulu zinkqubo zoluntu ezikhoyo.
Imikhosi Yenkululeko Yenkulungwane Yama - 20
Hû Chí Minh's Vietnamn Declaration of Independence ka 1945, ebhalwe ngoncedo lwe C.I.A. esebenzayo, ivulwe nge "ingxelo engafiyo" ukusuka kwi 1776 Declaration: "Bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana. Banikwe nguMdali wabo amalungelo athile anokuphambuka, phakathi kwezi buBomi, Liberty, kunye nokuphunyelelwa kolonwabo." HÓ yahlaziya yacacisa la mazwi: "Kwingqiqo ebanzi, le ndlela: Bonke abantu bomhlaba bayalingana ukususela ekuzalweni, bonke abantu banelungelo lokuphila, ukuze bonwabe kwaye bakhululeke".
Inyaniso ebonakala ngokwayo yesibini yesibhengezo ayizange ivele kule ndawo icacileyo yeFlemish okanye ingenjalo iziphumo zenkululeko ezikhutshwe kwikhulu elinamashumi amabini eenkulungwane alandelayo. Ulawulo lwamazwe, njengoko luchazwe kwimihlathi yokuqala neyokugcina yeSindululo saseMelika, lwalungumyalezo oyintloko kwabanye abantu ngaphaya kweMelika ovakalayo kuxwebhu emva konyaka wewaka linamakhulu amabini anesixhenxe.
ISindululo neQumrhu lamaLungelo aMasipala aseMerika
Intshukumo yenkululeko yokuzikhusela
Imibutho elwa nobukhoboka yalwa nokuphelisa kunye nemikhosi yamajoni emfazweni nayo yawabhekisa rhoqo amazwi esibhengezo, njengoko kwaba njalo kamva abaxhasi kwiNtlanganiso yamaLungelo yangaphakathi. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwesigqibo soluvo lokuba "zonke izibhengezo zidalwe ngokulinganayo" nobukho bobukhoboka eMelika banika abaphelisi ngesixhobo esinamandla sokuphendula imibuzo.
Isibhengezo seSindululo seSikhululo safeza iinjongo zaso ezikhawulezileyo zezobupolitika nezomkhosi, kodwa senze enye into ekwanjalo: sanikela ingqiqo ecacileyo, ngokuthe ngqo, evela kwamanye amadoda aphambili kwimimandla emitsha, ukwenzela ukuba abantu abangazange bavunyelwe ukufikelela kumalungelo emvelo kumathanga abo bawafuna. Lo mphumo ungacwangciswanga ubunye bezona ziphumo zexesha elide zeSindululo.
Iqela lamalungelo amabhinqa
Imposiso yamabhinqa kunye nentsebenziswano yamalungelo amabhinqa ixhomekeke kwiSindululo ukuxhasa iimfuno zawo zokulingana phantsi komthetho. Umzekelo, abo babekho kwiNdibano yeeFasi zeSeneca ngo1848 bavelisa isibhengezo seMimiselo efuziselwe emva, kwaye basebenzisa ulwimi olufanayo, ukubhengeza iSindululo seNdendeko.
Abafazi abanjengoAbhigali Adams babeqonda ibinzana elithi "onke amadoda adalwe ngokulinganayo" ukuba amalunga noluntu lonke, amadoda namabhinqa ngokufanayo. Le nkcazelo yaphikisa imbono exhaphakileyo yokuba izithembiso zesibhengezo zisebenza kumadoda kuphela, kwaye zalungiselela isiseko somlo owexesha elide wokulwa amabhinqa akhutshwa kunye namalungelo alinganayo.
IQumrhu laMalungelo aMasipala leNkcubeko lenkulungwane yama-20
I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s kunye neyowe-1960 yasebenzisa kakhulu ulwimi nemigaqo yesindululo. Iinkokeli ezifana noMartin Luther King Jr. zazisoloko zicela isithembiso soMgaqo-nkqubo sokulingana ukugxininisa umahluko phakathi kweenjongo zaseMelika kunye nenyaniso yocalucalulo lobuhlanga. Isindululo sanika igunya lokuziphatha lokufuna ukuba iMelika iphile ngokwemigaqo yayo esunguliweyo.
Amanye amabinzana esibhengezo aye aphembelela ngokuthe ngcembe eUnited States, ingakumbi isibhengezo esithi, "Sikholelwa ukuba ezi nyaniso zibonakala, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana, ukuba uMdali wabo ubanike amalungelo athile angenakuthathwa, ukuba phakathi kwala magama bubomi, inkululeko nosukelo lolonwabo." Nangona iintsingiselo zala mabinzana, kunye neziphelo ezithathwe kuwo, ziye zadityaniswa ngokungapheliyo, esi sibhengezo siye sanceda ekuthetheleleni ukukhula kwedemokhrasi yezobupolitika nedemokhrasi yaseMelika.
Isiseko Esibunzululwazi Sesibhengezo
Impembelelo Yokukhanyiselwa
Isibhengezo senkululeko senza iimbekiselo ezininzi kwiintanda-bulumko, okanye iingcamango, ezazixhaphakile ngelo xesha. Ezinye zezi ziquka uJohn Locke, uThomas Hobbes, isivumelwano soluntu, kunye nolawulo lobungangamsha lukaJean Jacques Rousseau. Ezi ngcamango zentanda-bulumko zanika ubuchule bokuyila imvukelo yeSindululo.
Ngo1922, umbhali-mbali uCarl L. Becker wabhala, "Inkoliso yamaMelika yamkela imisebenzi kaLocke njengentlobo yevangeli yezobupolitika; kwaye isibhengezo, ngendlela yaso, sikwisivakalisi samagama, silandela ngokusondeleyo izivakalisi ezithile kwintetho yesibini kaLocke kurhulumente". Ngelixesha abaphengululi bephikisana ngomlinganiselo weempembelelo ezahlukeneyo, ngokucacileyo iSindululo esikhutshelwe ukuvela kwincwadi yezobupolitika eluncedo.
Umthetho Wehlabathi Lonke Nolongamo
Umbhali-mbali uDavid Armitage uthe isindululo saphenjelelwa ngamandla yi-de Vattel’s The Law of Nations, eyona ngxelo iphambili yomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngelo xesha, kunye nencwadi uBenjamin Franklin athi yayingu "ngokuqhubekayo ezandleni zamalungu eBhunga lethu". UArmitage ubhala, "IVattel wazenza inkululeko yasisiseko kwinkcazelo yakhe yobuzwelonke"; ngoko ke, injongo ephambili yesi Sindululo yayiku "ukubonakalisa ulawulo lomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe zeUnited States".
Lo mlinganiso womthetho wehlabathi lonke usoloko utyeshelwa kodwa wawubalulekile kwinjongo yesibhengezo. Ukuba iUnited States yayinokuba nethemba lokuqatshelwa ngamagunya aseYurophu, imvukelo zaseMelika kwakufuneka ziqale zikwenze kucace ukuba zazingasaxhomekekanga kwiBritane Enkulu. Isindululo sayiphumeza le nto ngokuthetha ulwimi lolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe nangokumisela ilungelo leMelika lokuthatha indawo yaso phakathi kwezizwe ezilawulayo.
Ukuphikisa Nokusikelwa Komqathango Kwesibhengezo
Umbuzo Wobukhoboka
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umGaqo-siseko wokuqala, wawuquka iqela lemiqathango yezopolitiko eyayivuma ukuba likwisikhundla esisemthethweni sobukhoboka kumarhulumente, yaza yenza urhulumente wesizwe wabeka imbopheleleko encinane ekuxhaseni "isiko elingaqhelekanga". Njengoko uDon Fehrenbhaker owayesele engasekho umsebenzi wam wayephikisa, umGaqo-siseko wawubandakanyeke ngokunzulu ekumisweni "kweni iriphabliki yabasebenzi abakhonzi" eyayikhusela ubukhoboka ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo ukuya kutsho kunyaka we-1861.
Ukuphikisana okucacileyo phakathi kwesibhengezo esithi "onke amadoda adalwa ngokulinganayo" nobukho bobukhoboka eMelika buye baba ngumthombo wengxoxo kunye nokugxekwa ukususela ngowe-1776. UJefferson ngokwakhe wayengabantu abangamakhoboka, njengokuba kwabaninzi babatyikityi beSindululo. Olu luhanahaniso luza kukhathaza ibutho lamaMerika kwaye ekugqibeleni lufak ’ isandla kwiMfazwe Yamakhaya.
Intlekele yokwenene yayikusilela kokuvuselelwa kwakhona nokuvela komkhethe kaJim Crow ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 owathabatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba abhukuqe. Elo yayilithuba elikhulu lomgaqo-siseko elasilelayo amaMerika ukuliqonda, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba iminyaka emine yemfazwe yamakhaya kunye neminyaka elishumi yokulawulwa komkhosi waseMantla udibene uluvo oludinisayo lukawonke-wonke wonke. Kwangoku, ukuba ujonga kwimicimbi yokucinezelelwa kwevoti, sisabambene neziphumo zayo.
Ukugxothwa kwamabhinqa kunye nabanini abangalawulekiyo
Isithembiso sesindululo sokulingana kwasekuqaleni sadluliselwa kumadoda amhlophe kuphela aphethe impahla. Abafazi, abantu abangamakhoboka, amaMelika Omthonyama, kwanamadoda akhululekileyo akhululekileyo akhutshwa ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwezobupolitika. Ababhali beSindululo babengavumelani ukuba, ukuba, njani, okanye xa ezo mpikiswano zisebenza kubantu abanobuhlanga obungaphaya kolwabo.
Oku kusetyenziswa okusikelwe umda kwemigaqo yesindululo kwabonisa iinyaniso zentlalo nezezobupolitika zenkulungwane ye-18, kodwa kwadala isiseko solwando lwexesha elizayo. Umsantsa phakathi kolwimi lwesibhengezo esisininzi kunye nesicelo saso esisikelwe umda wanika isiseko semibutho elandelelanayo ukufuna ukubandakanywa kwisithembiso sokulingana.
Ifa Elihlala Lihleli Le Declaration
Ingxelo Ephilayo
Ngokungafaniyo namaxwebhu amaninzi embali athe aba ngamaxwebhu exesha lawo, esi Sindululo sisasebenza kwaye sinamandla phantse kwiminyaka engama-50. Imigaqo yaso iyaqhubeka ikhuthaza amaMerika yaye iwacel ’ umngeni ukuba aphile ngokuvisisana neenjongo zawo.
Ababhali badala into eyayingakhange ibonwe, neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga ezaziza kuvakala ngexesha lendaleko kunye nangaphaya. Amandla esindululo ahlala ngokwenxenye kulwimi lwaso lwendalo yonke, oluvumela izizukulwana ezilandelayo ukuba zichaze kwakhona kwaye zandise intsingiselo yazo ukuquka amaqela angazange aqukiwe ngaphambili.
Impembelelo Ehlabathini Lonke Kumalungelo Abantu
Inkoliso yamaMerika iye yajonga esi Sindululo njengomgaqo wamalungelo awo obuqu "Ubomi, Inkululeko, kunye nokuFuna Ulonwabo". Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inkoliso yabo bangaphandle kwe-U.S. iye yathabatha ingumqathango wamalungelo abo ahlangeneyo ukwenza "Abantu ngabanye," ukuvukela amagunya angaphandle, ukusukela ubukhosi, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuseka amazwe azimeleyo.
Akukho xwebhu lwaseMelika luye lwaba nempembelelo enkulu emhlabeni wonke kuneSibhengezo senkululeko. Belubalulekile kwimbali yamaMelika ixesha elide kunayo nayiphi na enye imibhalo kuba yayingowokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "iUnited States of America" ngale ngqiqo, isibhengezo sasiyisiqinisekiso sokuzalwa kohlanga lwaseMelika.
Olu xwebhu luhlala lubalulekile ngokwembali kuba lwaluqulethe isibhengezo sokuqala esisemthethweni esithe sathethwa ngabantu bonke ngelungelo labo kurhulumente abazikhethelayo. Lo mgaqo uphembelele imibutho yenkululeko notshintsho lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, ukwenza iSindululo sibe ngomnye wamaxwebhu anempembelelo kwezobupolitika embali.
Ukubuyiselwa
Isindululo siyaqhubeka sibumba intetho yezopolitiko yaseMerika kunye nokuzichaza kwayo kwinkulungwane yama-21. Iingxoxo ngokufuduka, amalungelo abantu, ubulungisa bezoqoqosho, kunye nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente zisoloko zikhuthaza imigaqo yesibhengezo. Iintsebenziswano zezobupolitika kulo lonke icala zibiza ilifa leSindululo, zitolika amagama aso ukuxhasa oonobangela baso.
Impembelelo yolu xwebhu ingaphaya koko kwakunokucingwa ngababhali bayo, iqhubekeka ikhuthaza inkululeko, ukulingana, nokuzihambela phambili ehlabathini lonke.
Isibhengezo Njengomzekelo Kwamanye Amazwe
Ukudala Inkqubo Entsha Yezobupolitika
Kunqabile ukubona indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo yezobupolitika ivela, kodwa iSibhengezo senkululeko sasiyinto entsha. Bekukho intlupheko kunye nemvukelo phambi koo1770, kakade, kunye nabaququzeleli beSindululo babeyazi kakuhle imiyilo yaseYurophu njengeZigqibo zoMvukelo zamaDatshi zasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe.
Noko ke, "ukuzimela" yayilixabiso elinophawu oluncinane lwezopolitiko kumawaka angamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe, nokuba lusetyenziswa kubantu okanye kumanqaku: ukuduma kwembali yokuzimela ngokwale ngqiqo kungumphumo omkhulu wempembelelo yomhlaba wonke yesibhengezo. Olu xwebhu lwaseka isikhokelo ezinye iintlanga ezaziza kusilandela xa zifuna ukuqinisa ulawulo lwazo nenkululeko.
Armitage uphikisa ngelithi esi Sibhengezo sasisokuqala kwisivumelwano esitsha senkululeko esazisa ukudalwa kwamazwe amatsha. Olu hlobo lutsha lwezobupolitika ```isaziso esisemthethweni sokuzimela geqe'''') lwaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo kubantu abafuna ukuseka iintlanga zabo.
Utshintsho Kwimodeli YaseMerika
Ezi zibhengezo zaphinda iSindululo seZindululo seZikhundla saseUnited States sokuzimela geqe kwilizwe elitsha, ngaphandle kokuyigxeka intanda - bulumko yezobupolitika yeyamandulo. Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa esi Sindululo njengempembelelo okanye akhuphele ngokuthe ngqo amacandelo asuka kuso.
Amazwe awahlukeneyo avumela indlela yesindululo kunye nolwimi ngokwemeko zawo. Amanye agxininisa amalungelo adibeneyo kunye nolawulo lwesizwe, ngoxa amanye ejolise kumalungelo omntu ngamnye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ububhetyebhetye bemigaqo yesibhengezo yavumela ukuba ichazwe kwakhona kwaye isetyenziswe kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zenkcubeko nezobupolitika.
Iingxaki Ekuguquleleni Nasekujijekeni Kwezithethe
Iilwimi Nemiqobo Ekhoyo
Inguqulelo yesiTshayina yeSibhengezo seNkqubela-mali ayizange ipapashwe de kwango1901. "Ingcamango yamalungelo emvelo ibisoloko ingaqhelekanga engqondweni yamaTshayina," umguquleli uFrank Li. "Iingcamango zamalungelo abantu yayingafumaneki kulwandle olukhulu lwamaTshayina lwezopolitiko, intlalo-ntle, intanda-bulumko kunye nencwadi. Kodwa, ngamaxesha amanqaphandle, igama elithi 'inkululeko' (umntu) belisetyenziswa kwimibongo nezinye iincwadi ukuchaza umoya ongalungelelanisiweyo".
Ucelomngeni lokuguqulela esi Sindululo lubalaselisa indlela iingcamango zaso ezazisekelwe ngayo kwizithethe ezithile zentanda-bulumko zaseNtshona. Ingcamango efana namalungelo emvelo, isivumelwano soluntu, kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo zazingafanelani ngqo nezithethe ezininzi ezingezozaNtshona, zifuna abaguquleli ukuba benze amagama amatsha okanye balungise iingcamango ezikhoyo.
Iinkcazelo Zezithethe Nezonqulo
Umphengululi uJoaquim Olra wabonakalisa, "Ukuba iSibhengezo senkululeko sasingafane siguqulelwe kwisiSpeyin singaba ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Kusenokuba kubandakanya uJefferson 'kukuhlobo oluthile lwamalungelo olonwabo' phakathi kwamalungelo angamkelekiyo,' achaseneyo nokuqondwa kweSpeyin kwemfundiso yamaKatolika ngolonwabo, ekubeni oku kwakusoloko kuqondwa njengokufumaneka kwelinye ihlabathi kuphela.
Izithethe ezahlukeneyo zobuNjikelezi nezonqulo zatolika imigaqo yesibhengezo ngokwezicwangciso zazo. Oko kwakubonakala kucacile kumaMelika angene kwintanda-bulumko yokhanyiselo kwakufuna ingcaciso kunye nolwamkelo kwezinye iimeko. Le nkqubo yokuguqulela nokutolika kwakhona ibonisa ukuba isibhengezo sinomtsalane womhlaba wonke kunye nenkcubeko yaso.
Isibhengezo Kwinkumbulo Nezithethe ZaseMerika
Umqondiso weSizwe noMphathiswa
Njengoko sijonga iindlela esibhengezo esiye sasetyenziswa ngazo ngexesha laso lesikhumbuzo samaxesha angaphambili , ngombutho wamalungelo wamabhinqa, ngoMbutho wamaNative Merika okhululekileyo nokhotyokisiweyo, ngokubona ukubaluleka kokugcina owesine kaJulayi njengosuku lokuzalwa. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela kungekuphela nje isenzo sokuvakalisa inkululeko kodwa kwanamazwi okucacisa eso senzo, kuba babenexesha lokuphinda badibane kuzo zonke izizukulwana ukususela ngowe-1776.
Isikhumbuzo sesine somhla kaJulayi asingombhiyozo wokuzimela geqe eBritani. Sisisikhumbuzo saminyaka le semigaqo echazwe kwisindululo kwaye sinikela ithuba lokuqwalasela indlela iMelika eye yaphila ngayo ngokwezo njongo. Le holide iqinisa ukuzaziwa kwesizwe kwaye inika uvavanyo lwenkcubeko oluneemvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo kumaMerika.
Ixwebhu Olubonakalayo
ISibhengezo senkululeko siboniswa kuwonke-wonke kwi Rotunda yogcino-lwazi lweSizwe eWashington, DC. Lo xwebhu lokwenyani luye lwaba yinto engcwele yedemokhrasi yaseMerika, lutsale izigidi zeendwendwe ezize kubona esona sikhumba soqobo apho imigaqo esekelwe kuso yeli lizwe yabhalwa khona.
Ugcino nophawu lweSibhengezo santlandlolo lubonisa ukuba sisekelwe kuxwebhu oluchaza amaMelika. Njengabo bonke ubuncwane besizwe, lusebenza njengento ecacileyo enxulumene nesizukulwana esisekiweyo kwaye lukhumbuza ngeenjongo zeenguqu ezabangela ukuba kuvele uhlanga.
Isiphelo: Uxwebhu Olwaguqula Ihlabathi
Isibhengezo senkululeko saguqula iMelika nehlabathi ngendlela eziqhubeka zityhileka malunga neminyaka engama-50 emva kokumkelwa kwalo. Saseka iUnited States njengesizwe esizimeleyo, sachaza imigaqo yenguquko yamalungelo abantu kunye nokuzilawula, sanika isikhokelo kwimibutho yenkululeko ehlabathini lonke. Isiqinisekiso solu xwebhu sokuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo nanganikwa amalungelo angenakususwa siye sabangela imizabalazo emininzi yenkululeko, ubulungisa, kunye nokulingana.
Impembelelo yesindululo idlulela ngaphaya kwenjongo yayo ekhawulezileyo yezobupolitika. Yaguqula inkqubela-phambili yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika, yaphembelela ienguqu kulo lonke ihlabathi, yanika iimbumbulu eziphicothayo kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu efuna ukwandisa idinga lokulingana. Imigaqo yayo iye yacelwa ngabaphengululi-mthetho, ababhaliswa ngokusemthethweni, abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu, kunye nentsebenziswano yenkululeko kwilizwekazi ngalinye.
Kodwa isindululo sikwaquka iimpikiswano ezinokuqhubeka zilwisana neMelika. Umahluko phakathi kolwimi lwayo lwendalo yonke namalungelo alinganiselweyo wanwenwela kumaMelika amaninzi ekusungulweni kwaso wabangela ukuxinezeleka okuye kwaphembelela imbali enkulu yaseMerika. Umzabalazo wokwenza izithembiso zeSindululo zibe zokwenene kubo bonke abantu usaqhubeka.
Yayingumomo othe ngqo ngokokuziphatha kwaye isebenza ngokwezobupolitika. Ukuba ilungelo lemvukelo alinakusekwa ngokweziziqinisekiso zembali, kodwa lixhomekeke ngokuqinileyo kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ilungelo labathathi-nxaxheba kurhulumente ekugqibeleni liyasebenza. ISindululo sinegunya elihlala lihleli kubuchule bemigaqo egqitha kumzuzu wabo wembali .
Njengoko sicinga ngelifa lesibhengezo, sibona uxwebhu olwaguqula iMelika ngonaphakade ngokuseka kungekhona uhlanga olutsha kuphela, kodwa umbono omtsha woko kusenokuba ngurhulumente. Sathi igunya lezobupolitika lifumaneka ngokuvumelana nokulawulwa, ukuba abantu banamalungelo emfuno abamele bawahlonele oorhulumente, kwaye abantu banelungelo lokutshintsha okanye lokuphelisa oorhulumente abangakwaziyo ukukhusela loo malungelo. Ezi ngcamango zemvukelo zaguqula iingcamango zezobupolitika nokuqhelisela kobupolitika ehlabathini lonke.
Isibhengezo senkululeko siseluxwebhu oluphilayo, intsingiselo yaso isoloko ichazwa ngokutsha kwaye yandiswa zizizukulwana ezilandelayo. Isithembiso sayo sokulingana nenkululeko siyaqhubeka sikhuthaza abo bafuna okusesikweni nenkululeko, ngelixa iimpikiswano zayo zisikhumbuza ukuba umsebenzi wokwakha umanyano olufezekileyo alunakuze uphele. Ngale ndlela, isiphumo esikhulu seSindululo sisenokuba asiko oko sikuphumezayo ngo1776, kodwa oko siqhubeka sikhuthaza abantu ukuba bafikelele namhlanje.
Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nobhengezo lwenkululeko, tyelela ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe ukuze ufunde umbhalo opheleleyo, okanye uhlole iSibonelelo somboniso weKhompathimente[ kulwakhiwo loxwebhu nelifa. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [4] umGaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unika oovimba abaninzi kwindlela uphuhlisoMgaqo-siseko waseMelika ophembelekileyo, ngelixa [[FLT:]]Gilderman weSiko unika izibonelelo kwindima yembali yeZiko leMelika nempembelelo yayo yomhlaba.