Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Esithethe Ekungcoliseni Imithetho Yomtshato

Umtshato ngomnye weyona mibutho yamandulo neyasehlabathini lonke. Noko ke, inkcazo engokwasemthethweni neyoluntu ihlala ihleli. Ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo omtshato anamhlanje `kuquka umtshato ongowesini esinye, i-scheme-styhed, i-mission, kunye nokususwa kwezithethe zobufana-budoda , kudla ngokungqubana nezithethe ezikudala zihleli. Le zithethe aziyonkqubo nje engaqhelekanga; zizinkqubo ezidityaniswe ngokunzulu zenkolelo eziphembelela imithetho, ingxuba-caba yezobupolitika, kunye noluvo loluntu. Ukuqonda indlela izithethe ezichaphazela ngayo imigaqo enxulumene namalungelo omtshato kuyimfuneko ngayo nabani na ofuna ukutshintsha okanye utshintsho lwentlalo.

Ukunciphisa olu ngquzulwano lulula phakathi "kwenkqubela-phambili" ne "isithethe" lungahoyi ubuntsonkotha bendlela ezitshintsha ngayo izithethe. Iinkcubeko ziguqula, kwaye intsebenziswano zamalungelo omtshato ngokwazo ziba yinxalenye yendlela yokulungisa inkcubeko yebutho labantu. Izixhobo ezisebenzayo azizami ukuzama ukusula isithethe kodwa kunoko ziphinde zichaze ngeendlela eziphakamisa isidima somntu kunye nokuqhubekeka kwenkcubeko. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima yonqulo, izithethe zobufana, imilinganiselo yobuhlanga, kunye nezakhiwo zobuzalwana ekuxonxeleni amalungelo omtshato, landule ke liza ubuchule obuphumelelayo obusetyenziswa ekukhuliseni ulwamfaneleko olusemthethweni noluquluko.

Imfundiso Zonqulo Nempembelelo Yazo Ekulinganani Komtshato

Kumazwe amaninzi, ingcaciso engokwasemthethweni yomtshato isuka ngqo kwizithethe zonqulo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo zoMbindi Mpuma neAfrika, umthetho wentsapho ulawulwa ziinkundla zonqulo. Kwanakumazwe angaphandle, igunya lokuziphatha lamaziko onqulo lidla ngokuyila imiphumo yemithetho.

Nangona iimvaba ezininzi ngoku zixhasa ukulingana komtshato, ezinye zimi ngelithi umtshato ulumanyano olungcwele oluxhomekeke kwindoda nebhinqa. Ngokomzekelo, iCawa yamaKatolika ifundisa ukuba umtshato lumanyano olungalungisekiyo phakathi kwendoda nomfazi abajongene nokuzala. Le mfundiso iye yaba ngumqobo omkhulu kumtshato olinganayo kumazwe anabemi abaninzi bamaKatolika, njengeItali, Poland, kunye neLatin America. Kule mimandla, umbutho womtshato olinganayo uye wabandakanyeka kwingxoxo ende yeenkokeli zonqulo okanye, ngokunye, ibeka imbambano yamalungelo abantu ahlukeneyo nezithethe zonqulo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ezinye iinkonzo zamaProtestanti `njengeUnited Church of Christ' neEvangelical Lutheran Church eMelika' ithathe ukulingana. Oku kubonisa ukuba izithethe zonqulo azikho Thixo omnye; zinokuchazwa okanye ziguqulelwe. Abaxhasi bomtshato basoloko besebenzisa ezi ngxoxo zangaphakathi, becaphula iingxoxo zemfundiso zezakwalizwi zokubandakanya, njengomgaqo wothando nokusesikweni. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] Inkampani yamaLungelo e-Humu ilandela imiqathango yokholo , inika uncedo oluluncedo kubaxhasi.

Indima yenkokeli zonqulo kwimibutho yamalungelo omtshato ikwabalulekile. E-United States, isigqibo soMnyaka ka-2015 i-Obergefell v. Hodges saxhaswa ngamakhulukhulu abefundisi abagcina i-axicus ifutshane. Ngokufanayo, eMzantsi Afrika, emva kwe-apartid system, isiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko sokwalingana kweLGBTQ + abantu ngabanye sabunjwa ngokwenxenye ziimpikiswano zonqulo ngesidima sabantu. Noko ke, ukuchasana kuhlala kungunobangela apho izithethe zonqulo zigxininisa ukugqibelela ubufana okanye ubufanasini. Kule meko, abaxhasi-mthetho-siseko kufuneka basebenze ngocosele befumana isiqinisekiso somthetho solu hlobo behlonela ilungelo lonqulo lokuchaza izithethe zabo.

Indima Yesini Nempembelelo Yaso Kumalungelo Omtshato

Umtshato ubusisithuthi sokulungiselela iindima zobufanasini. Kwizithethe ezininzi, indoda ilindeleke ukuba ibe ngumgcini nentloko yekhaya, ngoxa umfazi engumgcini-khaya nomphathi wekhaya. Ezi misebenzi ziqiniswa ngamasiko afana namathokazi, ikhazi, kunye nendawo yokuhlala ehlala kuyo (apho umfazi ahamba eya kwikhaya lomyeni). Imibutho yamalungelo omtshato yanamhlanje evavanya le misebenzi, ngokukhuthaza amalungelo alinganayo obuzali, impahla, okanye ilungelo lokutshata enoba ungowabhiyo ubufana nomyeni, isoloko ihlangabezana nokuxhathisa.

Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo zoMzantsi Asia kunye ne-Saharan esezantsi Afrika, abaxhasi bamalungelo amabhinqa baye balwa ukuguqula imithetho yomtshato ephatha abafazi njengempahla. EIndiya, uMthetho wokuphumelela kwamaHindu walungiswa ngo-2005 ukuze unike iintombi amalungelo alinganayo elifa, kodwa ukuqheliswa kwelokhazi kuyaqhubekeka, okusoloko kukhokelela kugonyamelo. Ukumiswa kwamalungelo omtshato kunye nobulungisa bobufana kuthetha ukuba imikhosi mayingathethi nje kuphela ukuba ngubani onokutshata kodwa kwanokwenzeka emtshatweni. Amabhinqa aye achaza indlela isithethe somtshato esinokuthi ngayo iqhubekeke ukungalingani .

Ngokufanayo, ukugqalwa komtshato ofanayo kubangela imingeni engqalileyo yokubandakanyeka kwindima ezimbini zobufanasini. Kumazwe apho ubudoda nobubhinqa buchazwa ngokungqongqo, kuvumela amadoda amabini okanye amabhinqa ukuba atshate kuphazamisa ingcamango yokuba umtshato ngokusisiseko unxulumene nesini. Yiyo loo nto kumazwe afana neJapan ne-Korea, apho ukulindela ubufana phakathi kwamabhinqa kuhlala kunamandla, umtshato ongokwesini uhambela phambili ngokucothayo, nangona inkxaso kawonke wonke ikhula.

IMithetho yeCandelo neMpatho-

Izithethe azimi ndawonye; zibunjwe luloyiso, ukwenziwa kothango, nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi. Kwibutho elininzi lasemva kobupolisa, imithetho yomtshato ingumxube wamasiko abomthonyama, imigaqo engokwasemthethweni yekoloni, kunye notshintsho lwasemva kokuthengwa. Olu tshintsho lungadala imiqobo kunye namathuba okuqhuba amalungelo omtshato.

Ngokomzekelo, amaBritane amaninzi awayefudula efumene ifa lemithetho esekelwe kwingcaciso eqhelekileyo yomtshato njengomntu omnye nomfazi omnye. Noko ke, aye ahlala nemithetho eqhelekileyo eyayithi ngamanye amaxesha ivume ukuba isithembu okanye ezinye iintlobo zomtshato. Xa abaxhasi benyanzelisa ukutshata okunxulumene nokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini, basoloko betyholwa ngokungenisa "iiSixeko", ityala elithi lifake iindima ezichasene nolwano-Rholiti. Kumazwe afana ne-Uganda ne- Nigeria, imithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ekwalulo oluthiweyo iye yagwetyelwa njengokukhusela imilinganiselo yesithethe yaseAfrika echasene neshumi leminyaka. Kodwa izazi ngezolwazi ngezolwimi zakudala ziye zangqina ukuba ulwalamano olufanayo kunye nolwalamano lobufana nolwelungu kunye nolweentlalo-Afrika. Amazwe amazwe azimele ngokwawo ngokwawo asungula imithetho elwayo ezi zinto.

Abenzi bomthetho baye bafunda ukuphinda bafunde ukuphinda balungise incoko ngokuphinda bafumane izithethe zomthonyama. KuMzantsi Afrika, umgaqo-siseko wasemva kwe-apartheid wokubandakanya imbonakalo yesondo awunikelwanga njengokwakheka ngokwesondo kodwa njengokubuyela kumaxabiso aququzelekileyo uubuntu[FLT] intanda-bulumko, egxininisa ukudibana kunye nesidima somntu. Ngokufanayo, izizwe zamaMelika oMdabini zinemvelaphi yabantu ababini abakwiMidlalo kunye nemibutho efanayo. Ngokufaka isindululo amalungelo omtshato akhoyo kule mithetho yesithethe, imibutho iyakwazi ukuphelisa ukutyholwa kwezithethe.

Inkqubo yeKinship kunye neMibutho Eyandisiweyo Yeentsapho

Asizizo zonke izithethe ezichaza umtshato njengendawo edityanisiweyo yabantu ababini. Kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi, umtshato ngumdibaniso phakathi kweentsapho, izizwe, okanye umnombo. Oku kunentsingiselo enkulu kwimibutho yamalungelo omtshato. Ngokomzekelo, iqabane elicwangcisiweyo liqhelekile eMzantsi Asia, kuMbindi Mpuma, kunye nakumazwe aseAfrika. Inkcazo igxininiswa kukudibana kwezentlalo, ukuzinza kwezoqoqosho, nembeko yentsapho kunokuthandana. Kwinkqubo ezinjalo, ingcamango yokukhetha iqabane elisekelwe eluthandweni kuphela.

EIndiya, imfazwe yokulingana komtshato ixonxwe yi-dichotomy phakathi komntu nentsapho. Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo iguqulelwe ngokusondelene ngokwesini ngo-2018, isenokwenza umtshato olinganayo. Umqobo omkhulu yimbono yokuba umtshato ngumbandela wentsapho, hayi nje kuphela ukhetho lobuqu. Ezi zicwangciso zokuguqula umtshato zifuna ukutshintsha imithetho yeentsapho phakathi kweentsapho zeLGBTQ+ abantu, njengeqela [[FLT: 0] [[FLT:]] i-Orinam [ eChennaiai], ebangela izithuba ezikhuselekileyo zengxoxo. Ezi ndlela zokwenza utshintsho luyavuma ukuba imigaqo-mthetho yemitshato ifuna ukutshintsha izithethe zentsapho, hayi nje ukudlulisa imithetho.

Kwibutho labantu abahlala eTshayina, ukulahlekelwa ngunyana kumtshato ofanayo kusenokubonwa njengesisongelo kumnombo. Ngokuchaseneyo, kwimimandla ehlala abameli njengeMinangkabau yase-Indonesia okanye iMosuo yaseTshayina, ilifa nempahla edlula ngamabhinqa, kwaye izenzo zomtshato sele zibhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Abaphengululi bafumanise ukuba ibutho labantu elinjalo lisoloko libonisa ukuma okukhulu kulwalamano olungelulo olwasekweni.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Indlela Iintlobano Eziphumelele Ngayo Okanye Eziye Zachukumiseka Ngayo

IUnited States: Ukusuka kwiiNqanawa Zobuthanga ukuya kuKhuselo loMgaqo-siseko

Uhambo oluya kulingana nomtshato eUnited States lungumzekelo onamandla wendlela isithethe esinokutshintshwa ngayo ngokuthe ngcembe. Kangangeenkulungwane, umthetho womtshato waseMerika wawusekelwe ngokunzulu kwisithethe samaKristu kunye nesigaba sobuhlanga. Umtshato we-interracial wavalwa kumazwe amaninzi de kwangowe1967 Loveng v. Virginia. Umtshato ofanayo nowesi-Shulumente wamelana nolunye uxhathisa. Noko ke, inkqubela yaphumelela ngokuphuhlisa isithethe somtshato ngokwawo ngokwawo: ngokuphikisa ukuba izibini-zi nezo ezimanyeneyo zazifuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwisakhiwo esinye, ukuzuza umanyano kunye nokuqondana kwebutho elikhuthaza uluntu. Impumelelo yebutho kwakhona ixhomekeke ekutshintsheni iimbono zabantu ngomelo, ukuchaza amabali obuqu, kunye nenkxaso enyani, kuquka neenkokeli zonqulo, kunye neenkokeli zonqulo oluphakamileyo, ngo-2015.

UMzantsi Afrika: Imvukelo yoMgaqo-siseko

I-South Africa lilizwe lodwa laseAfrika apho umtshato ongokwasemgaqweni usemthethweni khona. Oku kwafezwa ngokwenxalenye kuba umgaqo-siseko wasemva kwe-apartheid ulwalela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo ngokwezizizinziso zesondo. Umbutho wasebenzisa ulwimi lwamalungelo abantu, olwavakalayo emva kokulwa nocalucalulo. Kodwa izithethe, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantsundu baseAfrika, zithetha ukuba ukukhokelwa kwabantu ngenxa yolwazi olusemthethweni. Activits ziyaqhubeka zisebenza kumagunya esithethe kunye neecawa ukukhuthaza ukuqonda.

EJapan: Isithethe njengesixhobo sokuzikhusela esicothayo

IJapan ayinawo umthetho wesizwe wokulingana, nangona inkxaso kawonke-wonke iphezulu (malunga nonyaka wama-67% ngokweenhlolo zakutshanje). Imiqobo ephambili ayikho nkonzo (iSinto kunye nobuBhuda ayinazo iimfundiso ezichasa izithethe ezinamandla zenkqubo yokubhalisa yentsapho ([[FLT: 0]]koseki). Le nkqubo ichaza iintsapho ezisemthethweni njengequkiwe ngumntu omnye nomfazi omnye. Ukutshintsha iyakufuna ukunyusa i-bontsalelane enzulu nesakhiwo sobugcuba. Amashishini asekuhlaleni aqalisa ukukhupha iziqinisekiso zomanyano, kodwa la maqhinga athe athe asebenza ngokusemthethweni. Ngelixa kusenziwa, ngelinye ixesha, ngelinye iqela lolwanothi lwengca.

ENigeria: Ukusetyenziswa Kwezithethe

ENigeria, iSivumelwano samaBhunga esiSafanayo (Isivumelwano Sokugweba) sonyaka ka-2014 sisenza ulwalamano lobufanasini lube lunempembelelo entle kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Umthetho wadluliselwa ngenkxaso enkulu, wamiselwa njengokukhusela izithethe zobuNtsundu kunye nemilinganiselo yonqulo yaseNtshona. Apha, abameli bamalungelo omtshato basebenza ngobulumko, bejonge ukusinda namalungelo abantu kunokuba baguqulele umthetho. Ingxubusho yesithethe iye yaphumelela kangangokuba kwanabezobupolitika abalungeleleneyo bayiphephe le mbambano. Icebo le nkqubo lilungiselela ukuxhasa intlalo kunye nenkxaso esemthethweni kwabo bajoliswe phantsi komthetho, ngoxa besebenza ukuze kubhalwe imbali eyahlukeneyo ubufana nobesini nezithethe kunye nezithethe.

Imisebenzi Esebenzayo: Isithethe Esingekhoyo Singasitshabalalisiyo

Imibutho yanamhlanje elwela amalungelo omtshato efikelela iinguqulelo ezihlala zihleli ayithathi nje isithethe, kunoko, isebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo.

  • Ukuhlela Umtshato njengentsebenziswano ejikelezayo: ikhumbuza abantu ukuba umtshato usoloko utshintsha / ukusuka ekudlulisweni kwempahla ukuya kumanyano, ukusuka ekulungiselelweni ukuya kulwandiso lothando. Le mbono yembali inceda ekulungiseni utshintsho oluthe vela.
  • Iinkokeli zonqulo nezoluntu: Izinhlangano zakha izivumelwano nabefundisi abanovelwano, abadala, kunye nabalawuli besithethe. Ngokomzekelo, eTaiwan, amaqela obuBhuda namaTao ahlulwa, kwaye abaxhasi baphumelela ukuxhasa ezinye iitempile ezinkulu phambi komthetho osemthethweni ka-2017-wezo nyaka mnye.
  • Ukusebenzisa uLwimi lwamalungelo abantu: lwamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke kunika isigama esigqitha izithethe zasekuhlaleni. Iseko leZizwe Free & Elilinganayo[ licebo elingundoqo elibonisa ulinganayo umtshato njengelungelo lomhlaba wonke.
  • Utshintsho lomthetho olungokwemfundo: Kumazwe amaninzi, ukulingana okupheleleyo komtshato kwandulelwa kukuqwalaselwa okuncinane okufana nomanyano lwasekhaya, amaqhina asemthethweni, okanye umanyano lwasemthethweni. Oku kuthabatha amanyathelo aqhelanisa uluntu kwaye kuvumela iinkqubo zomthetho zilungelelanise.
  • Ukuchaza nokubonakala: Ingxelo zobuqu ziguqula impikiswano. Xa iintsapho, abamelwane, kunye nabasebenzi abasebenza kunye bebelana ngamabali abo, iingxoxo ezingeyonto ziba zingqinelana. Oku kuphumelela ngokukhethekileyo ekuqokeleleni ulwalamano lobuqu apho lubaluleke ngaphezu kwemigaqo yomntu.
  • Imithetho emininzi yempumelelo equka ukukhulula amaqumrhu onqulo angafuniyo ukwenza imitshato efanayo. Oku kulalanisa kuxhomekeke kwisithethe ngoxa unika imilinganiselo esemthethweni.

Indima Yemfundo Nemithombo Yezazulu

Izithethe zenkcubeko zidluliselwa ngeentsapho, izikolo, nangamajelo eendaba. Ngoko ke ukutshintsha amalungelo omtshato kufuna ukutshintshwa kwala majelo engxelo. Kumazwe amaninzi, imfundo ngeentsapho ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkcubeko zesini iyaphikisana. Noko ke, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuchanabeka kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo kwimithombo-ndaba, imiboniso, iifilimu, amajelo eendaba, amajelo eendaba . Umzekelo, ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni komtshato omnye ongokwesini eIreland ngo-2015 kwaqaliswa yincoko ephambili kawonke kwizixhobo zokunxibelelana nabantu, apho amawaka abantu afumana khona abahlobo nentsapho.

Kuluntu oluqhelekileyo, amaphulo emfundo kufuneka abe novelwano ngokwesithethe. EThailand, ubunikazi be-i- buqondwa ngokwemiba equka kathooy (ngokufuthi iguqulelwe ngokuthi "line"). Activician zifake olu manyano lwenkcubeko olukhoyo lwesithethe ukuphikisana ngamalungelo omtshato aquka ukwahlukahlukana kwesini. Ngokufanayo, eBrazil, isithethe se- candomblé[ kunye nezinye iinkonzo ze-Brazil sele zikholisiwe ngolwalamano olufanayo-ezentengiso, zinika isiseko sotshintsho olusemthethweni.

Isiphelo: Isithethe njengeBridge neBridge

Izithethe zenkcubeko azingomqobo nje kwimibutho yamalungelo omtshato yanamhlanje; ikwazibonelelo ezinokuchazwa ngokutsha. Ibutho ngalinye linemizekelo yembali yothando, isibopho, kunye nolwalamano olungangqinelaniyo neenkcazelo ezingqongqo. Eyona ntshukumo iphumelelayo yileyo ihlonela intsingiselo enzulu yenkcubeko nentlalo ngoxa igxininisa kwisidima esilinganayo sabantu bonke. Ngokubandakanyeka kwisithethe esilinganayo . /h_ukusilahla)

Ikamva lamalungelo omtshato liya kuxhomekeka ekubeni amabutho anokufumana iindlela zokuhlonela ilifa lawo lenkcubeko lo gama emkela imfuno esisiseko yomntu yokwakha iintsapho nokukhulisela abantwana eluthandweni nokhuseleko. Impendulo ayizukufunyanwa kwimodeli enye elinganayo, kodwa kwinkqubo yencoko, ukuqhelaniswa, kunye nokufakwa kwenkalipho.