Unyulo lumela enye yezona ntsika zisisiseko zolawulo-demokhrasi, esebenza njengenkqubo yokuqala apho abemi besebenzisa khona ilungelo labo lokuzigqibela nokubumba ikamva loluntu, amaphondo, kunye nezizwe. Kwidemokhrasi, igunya likarhulumente lifumaneka ngokusuka kuvumo lolawulo-moya, kwaye unyulo lunika inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuguqulela kugunya elisemthethweni likarhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela unyulo olusebenza ngayo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokhuphiswano lonyulo, nesizathu sokuba imicimbi yokuthatha inxaxheba kumntu ngamnye ekufuneka angenelele ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Yintoni Ebalulekileyo Kukhetho Lwakho?

Unyulo yinkqubo esesikweni yokwenza isigqibo seqela apho icandelo okanye bonke abantu okanye iqela bevota ukukhetha umntu okanye abantu abaninzi ukuba babe nesikhundla sikawonke-wonke okanye isikhundla sobutyala. Unyulo beluyinkqubo eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa yidemokhrasi yabameli bale mihla ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-17, inika inkqubo enoxolo nelungeleleneyo yokudlulisela amandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala ephendula kubantu abakhonzayo.

Unyulo lwenza abavoti bakwazi ukukhetha iinkokeli nokuzinika ityala ngomsebenzi wabo. Lo msebenzi wokuphendula ubalulekile kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, njengoko ubangela izisusa kumagosa anyuliweyo ukuba ahlale esabela kwiimfuno nenkxalabo zoorhulumente bawo. Ukuba nokwenzeka kokulawula iinkokeli ngokufuna ukuba bathobele kunyulo oluthe rhoqo nolwexesha ngalinye kunceda ukusombulula ingxaki yokulandelela ukhokelo kwaye ngaloo ndlela kunegalelo ekuqhubekisweni kwedemokhrasi.

Ukubaluleka konyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo akunakuchazwa ngokugqithileyo. Kwidemokhrasi, inkqubo ephambili yokuguqulela kwigunya likarhulumente kukuphatha unyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo. Noko ke, asilulo lonke unyulo olusebenzisa iinjongo zedemokhrasi. Iinjongo zolawulo-demokhrasi ezitsalayo, ulawulo lobuMarx, kunye noorhulumente abanolwahlulelwano olunye, ngonyulo olunokunikezela kuphela ngomvotelwano okanye uluhlu lwabatshateli abangenalo olunye ukhetho, okanye abaqinisekisi ngolo okanye ngolothumelo olunyulwa kuphela ngulowo unyulwayo lukarhulumente ogunyazileyo.

Indaleko Yembali Yokwahlula

Unyulo lunembali etyebileyo ekwandiswa emva kumawaka eminyaka. Olonyulo lokuqala oludumileyo lwamagosa aseofisini kawonke-wonke, apho bonke abemi babekufanelekele ukuvota nokugcina iofisi kawonke-wonke, umhla osemva kuEphors of Sparta ngo 754 BC, phantsi korhulumente oxubeneyo woMgaqo-siseko weSpartan xa inkqubo yonyulo oluninzi lwezimbo zodidi kunye novolo lwelizwi lwasetyenziswa. Ukuvota bekusetyenziswa njengophawu lwedemokhrasi ukususela ngenkulungwane yesithandathu yeBCE, xa idemokhrasi yaziswa ngulawulo-demokhrasi ye-thestiki.

Iindlela zokuvota ziye zatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. KwiAthene naseRoma yamandulo, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvota zasetyenziswa, ukusuka ekuboniseni izandla ukuya kutsho kwizixhobo ezifihlakeleyo. Ibhoti yemfihlelo yenzeke ngokunxulumene nenkqubela-phambili yale mihla, kodwa ngoku igqalwa njengebalulekileyo kunyulo olukhulu olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, njengoko isithintela ukuphumelela koluvotelwa. Olu khuselo lobuqu lwaba yindawo yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

EUnited States, inkqubo yokuvota iye yaguquka kakhulu. Akukho maqela ezobupolitika aye ekho ngokusemthethweni xa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wabhalwa ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1780, njengoko abaseki belizwe ngenene babevakalelwa kukuba amaqela ezobupolitika ayengeyonto ilungileyo kwaye ayeza kwahlula abantu omnye komnye aze onakalise ulawulo-melo, kodwa kwiminyaka elishumi emva kokuba umGaqo-siseko ubhaliwe, iU.S. yayinemibutho emibini emikhulu yezobupolitika.

Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zobuchule

Inkqubo yokhetho yinkqubo emiselwe ngemithetho kunye nobuchule obusetyenziswayo ukufumanisa iziphumo zonyulo, ezisetyenziswa kwezobupolitika ukunyulwa koorhulumente kunye nezicwangciso ezingezo ezezobupolitika ezifana neshishini, imibutho engaziboneleliyo kunye nemibutho engacwangciswanga, ilawula zonke iinkalo zenkqubo yokuvota kuquka xa kuvela unyulo, ovunyelwa ukuba avote, angama njengomvoti, ukuba zingaphi iivoti eziphoswayo, ukuba iibhola ziphawulwe okanye ziphoswe njani, indlela abavoti ababalwa ngayo okanye balinganiswe ngayo, indlela abavoti abaguqulela ngayo kwiziphumo zokhetho, imida yokusebenzisa iphulo, nezinye izinto.

Amazwe ahlukeneyo asebenzisa iinkqubo zokhetho ezahlukeneyo, ngalinye elineengenelo zalo kunye noqwalaselo. Amazwe amaninzi ehlabathini abona unyulo lulwelwa kakhulu phakathi kwamaqela amabini aphikisanayo, aziwa njengeenxenye ezimbini, apho ezi zimbini ziza kuba ngawona maqela asunguliweyo nathandwayo kweli lizwe, njengaku-U apho ukhuphiswano luphakathi kwamaRiphabliki kunye namaDemocrates. Amanye amazwe amaninzi aneenkqubo ezininzi apho iindidi ezahlukeneyo kwintlalo yezoqoqosho, amaqela esizwe, amaqela, namaqela esizwe, namanye amazwe amaqela athandwayo, njengakwiUS apho ukhuphikiswano oluphakathi lwawo.

Amazwe amaninzi anemibutho eguqula unyulo exhasa utshintsho kwezinye iinkqubo zonyulo ezifana nokumela umahluko, ukuvota, ukuvota okudluliswa kanye, ukuvota okukhawulezileyo okanye indlela yeNkqubela, yaye ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngokhetho olungaphantsi kwamanye amazwe apho unyulo olubaluleke ngakumbi lusasebenzisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokubala.

Inkqubo Yonyulo Olupheleleyo: Ukusuka Kubhaliso Ukuya Kwiziphumo

Iimfuno zobhaliso lwezibonelelo

Phambi kokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo, abemi abafanelekileyo kufuneka babhalise ukuvota. Onke amazwe nemimandla yase-US, ngaphandle koMntla Dakota, kufuneka abhalise ubhaliso ngobemi abafanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba bavote kurhulumente, kurhulumente nakukhetho lwasekuhlaleni. Inkqubo yokubhalisa iqinisekisa ukuba amagosa onyulo angaqinisekisa ukuba abavoti banokukwazi ukuvota ngokufanelekileyo kwaye agcine iiroli ezichanekileyo zabavoti.

Kufuneka ube ngummi wase United States oneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo okanye ngaphezulu ukubhalisa kunye nokuvota, nangona amazwe enandipha igunya elikhulu lokumisela iimfaneleko ezongezelelekileyo kubavoti. Kwiimeko ezininzi, uzakufuna ilayisensi yokuqhuba okanye i-ID karhulumente yokubhalisa ukuba uvote, nangona ungenazo ezi, ungakwazi ukunikezela ezinye iintlobo zoxwebhu, kuquka ingxelo yebhanki okanye isigqeba esisebenzayo, kodwa amaxwebhu afunekayo ofuna ukubhalisa ahlukane ngombuso.

Ngeli xesha abavoti babefuneka ngokwembali ukuba babhalise kwiiofisi zikarhulumente ngomhla othile phambi konyulo, urhulumente worhulumente phakathi konyaka we-19990 wenza imigudu yokwandisa ukubhalisa ngokukhulula inkqubo yokubhalisa ngoMthetho we-National Voter Religionation ka 1993 (umthetho "UMlawuli Womvorta") ofuna ukuba oorhulumente banikezele iinkonzo ezisemthethweni ezifanayo kumaziko okubhalisa asemthethweni abaqhubi, amaziko esiphene, izikolo, amathala encwadi, okanye ukuvumela ukubhaliswa kobhaliso loSuku lokhetho lwe-Ecostation.

Kutshanje, amajelo aphumeze iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zobhaliso lovoti. Ngo-2016, i-Oregon yaba ngurhulumente wokuqala ukwenza ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo (opt-emout) xa kukhutshwa imvume yokuqhuba i-ID, ukususela oko kulandelwa ngamaphondo ali-15 nangamaphondo aseColumbia. Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lungqineke njengendlela esebenzayo ukubhalisa abavoti abatsha nokunciphisa isithuba sokubhalisa phakathi kwamaMelika asezantsi naphezulu afumanayo, ngokujika kwabo babebhaliswe ngokuzenzekelayo eOregon 43% yabo bonke abavota emva kokusebenza.

Urhulumente omninzi ukwafuna ukuba ubhalise neqela lezobupolitika ukuba livote kunyulo oluphambili. Amazwe amaninzi amisela imihla yokubhalisa okanye ukuhlaziya iinkcukacha, ukusuka kwiiveki ezimbini ukuya kwezine ngaphambi konyulo, lo gama amaphondo angama-25 kunye neWashington, D.C. enokuba nobhaliso olunye lomhla womvoti, oluvumela abemi ukuba bafanelekele ukubhalisa okanye bahlaziye ubhaliso lwabo ngomhla ofanayo abavota ngawo.

Ixesha Lephulo

Uhambo lokuya kuthethelela ukunyaniseka luqalisa kwiminyaka engaphambili, kuqaliswe abo basenokuba ngabathathi - nxaxheba kwiingxubusho, ukuvota nokuqokelela imali ukuze balungiselele amaphulo abo. Ebudeni bolu cwangciso lokuhlola, abo banokuthabatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo, bakha iinkqubo zokuxhasa, baze bavelise imigangatho eya kuseka isiseko samaphulo abo.

Xa abatshati bevakalisa ngokusemthethweni injongo yabo yokuqhuba, ixesha lephulo liyanda. Amagxamesi abandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo elungiselelwe ukufikelela abavoti kwaye anxibelelane nemiyalezo yabo, kuquka ukubonakala kwasekuhlaleni, iingxoxo, izibhengezo, kunye nezikhundla zotyani. Kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente, ukusuka kwindawo ephakathi ukuya kwilizwe, abatshati bachitha ixesha elininzi kunye nemali besenza iphulo lokuvota elisuka kwiqela elincinane labantu, ababizwa ngokuba "babhekimvoti," nabahlalubisi bezobupolitika abangakhange bacingelwe ngaphambi konyulo oluninzi lwangaphambili, ama-45 ekhulwini bathathwa njengevoti yeRepublican kunye ne-40 ekhulwini leDmocratic, beshiya kuphela i-15% bengabancediswangancelanga.

Ukhetho Oluphambili Nezicwangciso

EUnited States, indlela yokukhetha jikelele idla ngokuqala ngonyulo oluphambili okanye ngokuzikisa. Le nkqubo ibandakanya amaqela amabini amakhulu ezobupolitika, iDemocratic Party kunye neRiphablikian Party, aqhuba unyulo lwangaphambili olwaziwayo ngokuba luziiPrimial okanye ii-kaucuuse ukukhetha abo baza kunyulwa kwisizwe.

Amaqela aba nonyulo oluphambili lokuphelisa bonke ngaphandle komvotelwa omnye, mbuso ngamnye eqikelela umhla wezipringi zakhe, nangona uninzi lwamazwe luzicwangcisa rhoqo ngomhla omnye, nowona mzekelo ubalaseleyo ngu "ngoLwesibini," odla ngokuba ngoMatshi, apho kukho amazwe amaninzi akwimiba ephambili ebamba unyulo okanye iicuba.

Unyulo oluphambili luwela kwenye yeendidi ezimbini: luvaliwe luvulwe, luvalwe, luvumela kuphela amalungu eqela elithile ukuba avote kwintloko yeqela. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kuba uchaphazela umntu onokuba nenxaxheba ekukhetheni umtyunjwa ngamnye.

Ngaxa lithile, abatshabhisi bakhuphisana kwizindlu zangasese ukukhusela ukutyunjwa kweqela labo, ukufikelela kwincopho kwiNdibano yesiZwe apho umbhalisa onyuliweyo enikelwa ngokusemthethweni. Injongo yendibano namhlanje kukuxubusha ngemigaqo nemigangatho yeqela, endaweni yendlela yokukhetha umlandeli weqela lomongameli, indibano iye yaba sisixhobo sokubonisa nokukhuthaza umlandeli ophumeleleyo.

Unyulo Jikelele

Emva kokuqukunjelwa kwexesha lokuqala namaqela akhetha ii-asmeines zawo, ukujolisa kwimiqathango yonyulo jikelele. Emva kokunyulwa, abatshatisi, bajolise ingqalelo yabo kwiphulo jikelele lonyulo, ukujolisa ijongo elilungeleleneyo apho kuthe akuzange kuqinisekiswe oko kukhethwa ngumvoti. Oku kujoliswe kuko kubonisa ukuba kwimimandla emininzi, iindawo ezithile zisoloko zikhetha iqela elinye ngaphezu komnye, zenza imimandla enokhuphiswano lube yeyona ibalulekileyo.

Ngosuku lonyulo, abavoti bafaka amavoti abo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zelizwe labo. Amanye amaphondo anika amaxesha okuvota kwangoko, ngelinye ixesha amanye anika iposi okanye ivoti yokuvota engekhoyo. Ummi ngamnye uba ngumvoti ofaka ibhanki ngokufihlakeleyo ngokhetho lwakhe, kwaye ukuze unyulo lufanelekele ukuthembeka kwedemokhrasi, le nkqubo kufuneka ikhululeke yaye ihambe kakuhle ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa okanye ukunyotywa okanye ukunyotywa nokuzimele kwemiqathango.

Ubalo

Emva kokugqiba uphando, inkqubo yokubala iqala. Amagosa okhetho alandela iinkqubo ezingqongqo ukuqinisekisa ucoselelo nokubonakala kwenkqubo yokubala. Iziphumo zidla ngokuxelwa kumgangatho webala lengingqi, emva koko zibekwe ngokwemiqathango kwiphondo nakwimigangatho karhulumente. Ukubala kugqityiwe kwaye naluphi na ubalo olufunekayo okanye uphicotho-zincwadi olufunekayo luqhutywa, iziphumo zingqinwa ngokusemthethweni ngabasemagunyeni abachopheli abafanelekileyo.

Umgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi omninzi unikela ukuba unyulo luqhutyelwe kwiziphumlisi ezizinzileyo, yaye eUnited States, unyulo lweeofisi zikawonke-wonke ludla ngokuqhutywa phakathi kweminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithandathu kumaphondo amaninzi nakwimigangatho karhulumente, ngaphandle kwezikhundla ezinyuliweyo ezinokuba nemithetho yezomthetho emide.

Iindidi Zonyulo EUnited States

Unyulo lobuMongameli

Unyulo lomongameli lumela olona khuphiswano lubonakalayo nolulandelwe ngokubanzi eUnited States. Inkqubo yonyulo lomongameli waseUnited States iyenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine kwaye iphawulwa yintsonkothe nophuhliso lwayo oluphawulekayo. Intloko yesebe ilinganiselwe kumabinzana amabini eminyaka emine, kwaye nangona abantu bevota abathathi-nxaxheba, enyanisweni uphumelele umiselwa yiElectoral College, kunye neqela ngalinye elikhetha umongameli kunye nomphathi-sekela womongameli osebenza njengeqela, inkqubo eyavela emva kokukhuliswa kwe-Roption ye-1244.

Inkqubo ye-Electoral College ihlukile kwaye idla ngokuqondwa kakubi. EUnited States, umongameli unyulwa ngandlela-thile esebenzisa inkqubo yeqonga emibini apho ivoti ethandwayo kwiphondo ngalinye ikhetha amalungu ekholeji enyulwayo eya kunyulwa nguMongameli, enokuba yimeko apho uvoti omninzi kwilizwe lonke angayifumani ivoti yekholeji yokhetho, njengoko kutshanje kutshanje yenzeka ngo 2000 nango2016.

Le nkqubo yekholeji ehambayo ingakhokelela kwiimeko apho umvotelwa ephumelela umongameli ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwivoti ethandwayo, ebalaselisa impembelelo yonyulo lorhulumente, kwaye ngoxa abanye bejonga ikholeji yabanyuli njengendlela yokulinganisa umelo phakathi kwamazwe, iziphumo zayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ziyaqhubeka zingumcimbi wengxoxo.

Ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufumana uninzi lwevoti zeElectoral College, umongameli ngoko ukhethwa ngqo yindlu yabameli, kwaye ukuba oku kuyenzeka, urhulumente ngamnye ufumana ivoti enye.

Unyulo lweBhunga

Unyulo lweKhomishini lumisela ukuba kwenziwe iKhomishini yeUnited States, enamagumbi amabini: iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Olu nyulo lubalulekile kuba iKhomishini inegunya elibalulekileyo lowiso-mthetho kwaye isebenza njengengqwalasela kwigunya elilawulayo.

Amalungu eNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yase-U.S. akhonza iminyaka emithandathu, nala mabinzana ashukumayo ukuze izihlalo zeNtlanganiso zibe zivulelwe unyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko layalela ukuba abaququzeleli bakhethwe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, kodwa iSindululo se-17 seSigunyaziso, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1913, sayiguqula le nkqubo ukukhomba unyulo ngabavoti, inkqubo efanayo esetyenziswa ekunyulweni kwamalungu eNdlulweni.

Indlu yabameli isenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, zonke izihlalo ezingama-435 zinyuka ngexesha elinye lonyulo. Lo mjikelo wonyulo othe rhoqo uqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu ihlala inxulumene ngokusondeleyo noluvo lukawonke-wonke kwaye ivumela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kuqalo lwegumbi olusekelwe ekutshintsheni izikhethelo zovoti.

UKhetho lweMbali noLocalulo

Unyulo lungazalisa iiofisi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, maxa wambi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ephetheyo, nakurhulumente wengingqi kunye nowasekuhlaleni, njengezixeko okanye iidolophu. Urhulumente kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni lusoloko lunempembelelo engqalileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi, njengoko la magosa enza izigqibo malunga nemfundo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, izibonelelo, indawo, kunye neenkonzo zasekuhlaleni.

Unyulo lwezikhundla lwephondo luquka imiba yerhuluneli, izigwebi zikarhulumente, amagqwetha, oonobhala besizwe, nezinye ii-ofisi zeli lizwe. Unyulo lwengingqi luquka izikhundla ezifana nezisibonda, amalungu ebhunga lengingqi, abaphathi-mikhosi, amalungu equmrhu lesikolo, kunye nabagwebi. Ngokwe-avareji, malunga nama-60% e-avareji ye-Melika kunyulo lomongameli, kodwa kunyulo lwengingqi, uvotelwano lwengi ludla ngokuthoba phantsi kakhulu.

IiReferendem kunye nezinyathelo eziphambili

Ukongeza kunyulo oluvotelwe ngokusemthethweni, imimandla emininzi ivumela abemi ukuba bavote ngqo kwimibuzo yenkqubo ngokusebenzisa ii-assendium kunye neenyathelo zokuthatha inxaxheba. Ezi nkqubo zedemokhrasi ezingqalileyo zibangela ukuba abavoti bakwazi ukuvuma okanye ukugatya imithetho ethile, ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko, okanye izicelo zemigaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokusebenzisa abameli abanyuliweyo.

IiReferendendum ziquka imibuzo ebekwe kwikhasi ebekwe ngamaqumrhu karhulumente, ngeli xesha amanyathelo ezizizicelo zabemi ezifanelekele ivoti ngokusayina isicelo. Ezi zixhobo zolawulo-lwazi zingqalileyo zinika ubuchule obungakumbi bokuthabatha inxaxheba kubemi kwaye zinokuthetha ngemibandela enokuba ngabanyulwayo abanokuba mathidala ukuyiphatha.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuthanda Kwakho Kube Yingxaki: Amandla Omntu Ngamnye Okuthabatha Inxaxheba

Impembelelo ngqo kumgaqo-nkqubo noLawulo

Kuvota okugawulwayo kunyulo, kubonelelwa ukuba ngubani oza kuba negunya naza kusetyenziswa imigaqo-nkqubo. Amagosa acuthayo enza izigqibo ezichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwinkxaso yemfundo nakulwazi lwempilo ekufikeleleni kwimimiselo yemekobume kunye nemigaqo yezoqoqosho. Ngokuvota, abemi basebenzisa impembelelo engqalileyo kwezi zigqibo zibalulekileyo.

Umgangatho wedemokhrasi nguwo oya kuphendula amagosa anyuliweyo kubantu, kwaye kufuneka abuyele kubavoti ngexesha elimiselweyo ukuze afune umyalelo wawo wokuqhubeka ekwisikhundla, nenkoliso yemithetho-siseko yedemokhrasi enika ukuba unyulo luqhutywe ngamaxesha athe ngqo athe rhoqo. Le nkqubo yokuphendula isebenza kuphela xa abemi bethabatha inxaxheba kunyulo baze bagcine abameli babo benoxanduva ngezenzo zabo.

Unyulo Olusondeleyo Nezindululo Ezinempumelelo

Imbali izaliswe yimizekelo yonyulo olugqitywe ngemida yesinyithi, ibonisa ukuba uvoti nganye ingenza umahluko ngokwenene. Kwintlanga ezisondeleyo, iziphumo zingaxhomekeka kwiqela levoti, kwaye inxaxheba yomntu ngamnye iba yeyona inzima ngakumbi. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba ukuvota kwabo akunto ibalulekileyo kwaye bekhetha ukungathabathi nxaxheba, bayakwazi ukukhupha ilizwi labo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kwabanye.

Isiphumo esinyukayo sezigqibo zokuvota sijonga iziphumo zonyuso lokhetho, kwaye, ngokwandiswa, ulwalathiso lwenkqubo karhulumente. Kwanakwizizwe ezingasondelekanga, umvoti ophezulu uqinisekisa ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo agunyaziswe ngokucacileyo kwaye akuqonda kakuhle ukuthanda kwabantu abawameleyo.

Umelo nelizwi

Kwidemokhrasi engangqalanga okanye emelelwanga, ukuvota kunye nonyulo yindlela abantu abakhetha ngayo abantu abaza kubamela, ngoxa besenza izigqibo. Ngaphandle kokuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kunyulo, abemi baphulukana nethuba labo lokuba nembono, inkxalabo, nezinto eziphambili ekuthethwa ngazo ekwenzeni izigqibo zikarhulumente.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo ziyaviwa kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Xa amaqela athile abemi okanye abantu bengenawo amaqela asekuhlaleni, izilangazelelo zabo zingatyeshelwa okanye ziboniswe phantsi kwizigqibo zenkqubo. Ngokuchaseneyo, amanani aphezulu okuthabatha inxaxheba kuwo onke amacandelo ebutho akhokelela kulawulo oluthe lwahlukeneyo nolungummeli.

Imbopheleleko Yelungu Nempilo Yedemokhrasi

Ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo kumela imbopheleleko esisiseko yoluntu kwibutho lolawulo-mpukane. Idemokhrasi ifuna ukubhalisa okusebenzayo kubemi ukuze isebenze ngokunempumelelo. Xa amanani amakhulu abavoti abafanelekileyo ekhetha ukungathathi-nxaxheba, kunokwenza inkqubo yedemokhrasi ibe buthathaka kwaye kunokukhokelela ekulawuleni okubonisa ukuba kuthandwa kwecandelo elincinane labemi kunokuba kuboniswe kuluntu ngokubanzi.

Umvoti ophezulu uqinisa ulawulo-demokhrasi kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo amela ngokwenene ukuthanda kwabantu. Kwakhona athumela umyalezo ngempilo nobungqabavu bamaziko edemokhrasi. Ulwabelo lwe-Robhust lubonisa ukuthemba uluntu kwinkqubo yonyulo kunye nokuzinikela kolawulo-demokhrasi.

Iziphumo Zexesha Elide

Iziphumo zonyulo zidlulela ngaphaya kwexesha elifutshane lokulawula amagosa anyuliweyo. Izigqibo ezenziwe ngabameli abanyuliweyo zinokuba nempembelelo ehlala ihleli kuluntu, kumarhulumente, nakumazwe kangangeminyaka okanye kwamashumi eminyaka. Ukumiselwa kwezeejaji, ukuveliswa kwemiqathango yezibonelelo, imigaqo yemfundo, kunye nemigaqo yemeko-bume yeendawo ezimbalwa apho ukhetho lwanamhlanje lubunjwe ngomso

Ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo, abavoti banceda ekumiseleni kungekuphela nje inkqubo yangoku kodwa kwanomthetho wexesha elide woluntu kunye nelizwe labo. Le nkalo ijongwa phambili ekuvoteleni igxininisa ukubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba ngobuchule nokwenza izigqibo kwibhokisi yokuvota.

Izithintelo Zokwabelana Nemigudu Yokwandisa Isabelo

Imiqobo Eqhelekileyo Yokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwizinto Ezininzi

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kokuvota, imiqobo eyahlukahlukeneyo isenokuthintela okanye ithintele abemi abafanelekileyo ukuba babe nenxaxheba kunyulo. Le miqobo iquka iimfuno zokubhaliswa, imithetho yokuvota, iindawo zokuvota ezisikelwe umda, iiyure zokuvota, imigca emide, ukunqongophala kwezithuthi, ungquzulwano lwemiqathango yomsebenzi, nolwazi olwaneleyo malunga nabaza kuthabatha inxaxheba nemibandela.

Impembelelo nobulungisa beemfuno ezifana nemithetho elawulayo engovoti bumbandela oqhubekayo wengxoxo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi amanyathelo anjalo akhusela ukuthembeka konyulo, ngoxa abahlalutyi bephikisa ngokuthi achaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abathile yaye abangela imiqobo engeyomfuneko yokuba nenxaxheba.

Ukwandisa Ukufikelela Kwibhola Yonxibelelwano

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba ebanzi, ulawulo oluninzi luye lwathatha amanyathelo okwenza uvoti lube lula. Ezi ziquka amaxesha okuvota kwangethuba, akukho nkqubo yokuvota, iinkqubo zokuvota ngeposi, iiyure zovotelo ezandisiweyo, kunye nobhaliso olubhaliswe ngomhla ofanayo. Ubhaliso lweVoter lwenziwe ukuba lufikeleleke ngakumbi kwiminyaka, iKhomishini idlulise iNational Voter Regavition Act (NVRA) ngo1994 ngenjongo yokwandisa irejista yobhaliso lwesizwe.

Ubugcisa bukwadlala indima ekwandiseni unikezelo. Kumazwe amaninzi, abemi abafanelekileyo bangabhalisa kwi-intanethi, nangona uza kufuna ilayisensi yokuqhuba, i-ID karhulumente, kunye/okanye amanani amane aphezulu enombolo yakho yokhuseleko lokubhalisa kwi-intanethi, ekubeni uninzi lwamazwe lufuna ikopi yotyikityo lwakho kwifayile.

Imfundo nenkxaso

Ukuthatha inxaxheba okukhulayo akufuni nje kuphela ukususa imiqobo kodwa kukwafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi banenkcazelo kunye nobuncwane ababufunayo ukuze babe nenxaxheba ngokufezekileyo. Amanyathelo emfundo yoqeqesho anceda abemi balapho baqonde inkqubo yokubhalisa, bazi ukuba baza kuvota nini naphi, bafunde malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba, baqonde nendlela yokuphosa iibhola zabo ngokufanelekileyo.

Imfundo ye-pic kwizikolo, iinkqubo zokufumana intlalo, izikhokelo ezingezozo iparatis, kunye namajelo eendaba zonke zinegalelo kwingxelo yonyulo enolwazi. Xa abavoti beqonda imibandela esengozini kunye neendawo zabathathi-nxaxheba abahlukahlukeneyo, bangenza izigqibo ezibonisa imilinganiselo nezinto eziza kuqala kubo.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Ekwahluleni

Amaqela ezobupolitika adlala indima ephambili ekulungiseni nasekulungiseni inkqubo yokunyulwa. Inkqubo yonyulo lomongameli iqala namaqela ezobupolitika aseMelika, iMelika ngokuyintloko iyinkqubo enezahlulo ezimbini eyakhiwe yiDemocratic Party kunye neRiphablikian Party, kwaye ngoxa amanye amaqela ekhona, anamandla amancinci kakhulu kwaye anempembelelo xa ethelekiswa namaqela amabini amakhulu.

Izabelo zenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yonyulo. Zifumana kunye nabaxhasi, ziphuhlisa iqonga lenkqubo, ziqokelela abavoti, zinika izibonelelo zentlangano ukwenzela amaphulo, kwaye zinceda abavoti bakhethe ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo lokhetho lokusebenzisa ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo ngokunikela iilebhile ezibonakalayo kunye neenkqubo zengqiqo. Noko ke, ukulawula amaqela ezobupolitika kuye kwagxekwa kwaye kwaphekwa imigudu ejoliswe ekunciphiseni impembelelo ye-Rhulubest kwiimeko ezithile.

Ukuthembeka Nonqabiseko Olukhethiweyo

Ukugcina ingqibelelo nokhuseleko lonyulo kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe intembelo yoluntu kumaziko olawulo-mpukane. Amagosa okhetho asebenzisa imigaqo emininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amavoti aphoswa aze aqikelelwe ngokuchanekileyo, ukuba ngabavoti abafanelekileyo kuphela, kwaye le nkqubo ayisayi kuba nabuqhetseba okanye ukuqhatha.

Ezi zixhobo ziquka ukuqinisekiswa kobhaliso lwevoti, amanyathelo okhuseleko oluvoti, uqeqesho lomvoti, ujongo lwabasebenzi bemivocalulo, ujongo lwabameli beqela kunye neengqiniwa ezizimeleyo, uphicotho-manani okhetho lwasemva, kunye nenkqubo yokubala okucace gca. Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, intsalela emininzi yokhuseleko nolawulo kunyulo lwangoku yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuqhatha kwaye kube nzima ukunqapha.

Inkxalabo ngokhuseleko lonyulo iye yanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukusongelwa kwekhompyutha nokunganyaniseki kwezixhobo zokuvota. Amagosa okhetho kunye nabenzi bemithetho bayaqhubeka besebenza ekuqiniseni amanyathelo okhuseleko ngoxa begcina ukufumaneka nokuphumelela kwinkqubo yokuvota.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngeennyulo

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku ligxininisa kakhulu kunyulo eUnited States, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba unyulo lwedemokhrasi luyenzeka ehlabathini lonke, ngalunye luneempawu ezahlukeneyo ezibunjwe zinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zonyulo, kunye nezithethe zezobupolitika. Iindlela zonyuso kunye nezingephi zisetyenziswa phantse kuwo onke amazwe olawulo-mpumezo, ngaphandle kokuba amanginya aseBritane namaFrentshi.

Ufundo lweenkqubo zokhetho kwezinye idemokhrasi lunganika ingqiqo exabisekileyo kunye neembono ngendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaphazela unyulo, ukuthabatha inxaxheba, kunye nolawulo. Iintlanganiso zonyulo lwezizwe ngezizwe zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni imigangatho yedemokhrasi nokuchaza ezona zenzo zilungileyo ezinokuxelwa kuzo ngaphaya kwemida.

Ikamva Lonyulo

Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili kwaye butshintsha uluntu, iinkqubo zovotelwa ziyaqhubeka zitshintsha kwaye zitshintsha. Ingxoxo malunga neenguqu ezinokutshintshwa iquka iingxoxo kwiElectoral College, imimiselo yezemali, iindlela zokuvota, iinkqubo zokuhlaziya inkqubo yobugcisa, nokusetyenziswa kovota nobalo.

Ubugcisa obudibanisayo bunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni kunyulo. Uvotelo lwangaphakathi, iinkqubo ezisekwe kwiziqobo, kunye nee-database eziphuculiweyo zobhaliso ezinyuliweyo zinokukwandisa ukufumaneka nokuphumelela, kodwa ziphakamisa imibuzo ngokhuseleko, ukhuseleko, nolwahlulo lwamanani. Ukulungelelanisa uphuhliso nokhuseleko nokufumaneka kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kubalawuli bonyulo kunye nabenzi benkqubo.

Ukuthabatha Inyathelo: Indlela Yokuba Nenxaxheba Ngokunempumelelo

Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi wonyulo omele uthathiswe ngayo kwintsebenziswano enentsingiselo. Ukubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, abemi kufuneka:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Zigcine usazi malunga namanyathelo onyulo, amatsha,
  • Iindawo zabafuna uphando kunye neerekhodi zerekhodi phambi kokuvota
  • Ukuqonda iinkqubo zokuvota ezilawulayo, kuquka ixesha elimisiweyo lokubhalisa, iindawo zokuvota, neemfuno zokuvota
  • Yenza icebo lokuvota, enoba ngomhla wonyulo, ngexesha lovotelo lwangaphambili, okanye ngeposi
  • Bakhuthaze abahlobo, intsapho namalungu asekuhlaleni ukuba abe nenxaxheba
  • Qwalasela ukuvuma ngokuzithandela njengomvotelwa okanye umcholathi wonyulo
  • Ukuzibandakanya phakathi konyulo ngokulandela inkqubo ephuhlisiweyo nokunxibelelana nabameli abanyuliweyo

Abo bafuna ukubhalisa okanye ukufumana ulwazi ngonyulo oluzayo, oovimba abasemthethweni abafana .gov banikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi, ezingenapartistan malunga nenkqubo yokubhalisa, iimfuno zovota, kunye nemihla yonyulo. Urhulumente nee-ofisi zonyulo zasekuhlaleni zinika iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo kwigunya ngalinye.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lusisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, lunika inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuba abemi babonise ulongamo baze bagcine iinkokeli zabo zinobutyala. Ukusuka kumanqanaba okuqala okubhaliswa kovoti ngeziphumo zokugqibela, inkqubo yonyulo ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi, iinqobo, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abasebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuthanda kwabantu kuboniswa ngokuchanekileyo kurhulumente.

Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyulo, ukusuka kukhuphiswano lomongameli ukuya kutsho kwimiba yeentlanga zasekuhlaleni kunye namanyathelo okusebenza, kunceda abemi baqonde ubukhulu begunya labo ledemokhrasi. Enoba kuvotelwa isikhundla esiphezulu kwelo lizwe okanye kumalungu equmrhu lesikolo sasekuhlaleni, isigqibo ngasinye sonyulo sinegalelo ekulungiseni inkqubo nezinto eziza kuqala ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba komntu ngamnye akunakuchazwa ngokugqithileyo. Imicimbi nganye yokuvota, kungekuphela nje ekuboneni iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zonyulo kodwa nasekuqiniseni amaqumrhu edemokhrasi, ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lwabameli, nokubumba indlela yexesha elide yoluntu nezizwe. Xa abemi beqonda indlela unyulo olusebenza ngayo kwaye bethabatha inxaxheba kuyo, idemokhrasi iyachuma.

Njengoko imimandla yedemokhrasi iqhubeka iguquka ize ijongene neengxaki ezintsha, imigaqo esisiseko ephantsi konyulo ihlala ihleli: urhulumente ufumana igunya lakhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa, kwaye ukwamkela kwakhe kumele kunikelwe ngokukhululekileyo ngeenkqubo zokukhetha ezithe thaca, ezicace nezifikelelekayo. Ngokuqonda le migaqo nokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo, abemi baphumeza imbopheleleko yabo yezentlalo-ntle yaye baqinisekisa ukuba idemokhrasi ihlala inamandla, iyasabela, kwaye isebenza kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngovotelo, tyelela izibonelelo zonyulo okanye jonga kwiofisi yakho yonyulo lwesahlulo ukwenzela iimfuno neenkqubo ezithile kwindawo yakho.