Table of Contents

Umthetho wokulawula kukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili evota ngabom ukuze kuthandwe liqela elithile lezobupolitika okanye iqela. Oku kuqheliselwe kuye kwaba sesisongelo esibalulekileyo sokumela idemokhrasi elungileyo eMelika, ngokubhekiselele ekutshintsheni indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo kumandla ezobupolitika. Xa iimaphu zixhotyiswe, abepolitiki nabalawuli abanamandla bakhetha abavoti endaweni yokukhetha abezobupolitika. Ukuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo, impembelelo yabo kuluntu, kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo ukuzisebenzisayo kuyimfuneko kubo bonke abavoti abafuna ukukhusela ingqibelelo yokhetho lwedemokhrasi.

Yintoni Ebangela Intsholongwane Ibe Nesizathu Sokuba Ibalulekile?

Emva kweminyaka eli-10, emva kokuba kuqatshelwe, lichaza ukuphinda kutsalwe imida yephondo kunye nephondo lowiso-mthetho ukubonakalisa utshintsho lwabemi, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-rediforming. Ngelixesha le nkqubo iyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuma komelo olulinganayo njengotshintsho lwabemi, ikwadala amathuba okusebenzisa kakubi kwezobupolitika. Igama elithi "gerrymaning" laqala ngo-1812 xa iGaveseMassachusetts Elbridgery yatyobela umthetho odala isithili esifana nesalamandela, elikhokelela abagxeki ukuba baqaphe igama elithi "Gerry-mander"

Ukuvuleka kwemithetho kulithuba lokuba abo balawula inkqubo baxhobise iimaphu ukuxhasa abathathi-nxaxheba abathile okanye amaqela ezobupolitika, uqheliso olwaziwayo ngokuba ngumxhasi wegerrymaning. Kumazwe amaninzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawula inkqubo yokuvuselelela, okuthetha ukuba iqela elisegunyeni lingazobatsala iimaphu ezibancedayo ngeminyaka elishumi ezalandelayo. Oku kudala ungquzulwano olungundoqo lomdla apho abezobupolitika bakhetha abavoti babo kunokuba bakhethe abameli babo.

Imiphumo yokunyuswa kwemitshato idlulela kude ngaphaya kweziphumo zonyulo. Ukujija kwelifa lemveli kunokwenza okungaphezulu kunokugqwetha umelo kwiKhonkqele. Kulula ukukholelwa ukuba unyulo lulungile, isiseko somthetho wedemokhrasi. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba iziphumo zokhetho zimiselwe kwangaphambili ngokusetyenziswa kwemaphu kunokukhethwa ngumvoti, kuphelisa ukuthemba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi yonke.

Indlela Okuphumela Ngayo Ukugqwetha

Amandla okuguqula imephu yonyulo azinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Isiphumo sikhutshwa, imaphu engachazwanga apho iziphumo zonyulo ziqinisekiswe, naxa abavoti bekhethele ukutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, iqela elizoba iimaphu lisenokukwazi ukuphumelela ubuninzi bezihlalo nangona liphumelela kuphela iqaqobana levoti.

IBrennan Center iqikelela ukuba olu qikelelo luza kunika amaRiphabliki uncedo lwezihlalo ezimalunga ne-16 zendlu kuhlanga lwama-2024 ukulawula iiKhomishini xa kuthelekiswa neemaphu ezifanelekileyo. Olu ncedo lungagqiba ukuba liliphi iqela elilawula iNdlu yabameli, elichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kumthetho ukuya kumsebenzi weekomiti ukuya kuvelela iimbopheleleko.

Umntla Carolina unika omnye wemizekelo ebalaseleyo yokusebenza kweggerrymaningering. Ngaphantsi kwemaphu etsalwa yinkundla, umNtla Carolinian wakhetha iDemocrates kunye neeRepublicans ezisixhenxe kwi 2022-drms. Lo tshintsho oluphawulekayo lwenzeka nangona luncinci kukhetho lwevoti, iRiphabliki zoRiphabliki, iiRepublicans redw transw, endaweni yemephu ekhethekileyo ye-7-10-7 yemaphu edweliswe ngokwemithetho enyuliweyo eyanyulwa i-10-Democrats kunye ne-4 Democrats ngo-2024. Olu tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwenzeka phezu kwayo nje iinguqulo oluncinci kwi-voti ye-vota, ebonisa indlela iintambo kuphela ezinokufumana ngayo iziphumo zonyulo.

Ngo-2024, abaxhasi baseMntla Carolina Democrates baphumelela ngaphezu kwama-46 ekhulwini evoti kwintlanga zombutho (emva kokuziqhelanisa nezizwe ezingavavanywanga), kodwa i-29 ekhulwini kuphela lezihlalo ezizimeleyo. Olu mahluko ocacileyo phakathi komvoti nokwabiwa kwesihlalo ubonisa ukungalungisi okungundoqo okudalwayo.

Ukudala Iinqwelo - moya Ezikhuselekileyo Nokhuphiswano Oluncitshisiweyo

Injongo ye-Gerrymandering kukunciphisa ukhuphiswano ngokukhusela izihlalo ukusuka kujikelezo kuluvo lwabavoti, ukuguqukela ngamandla kuluntu olunciphileyo, kunye nokuthomalalisa intlalo-ntle, ngaloo ndlela kuxelwa kwangaphambili ukuba ityala lokhetho libuthathaka. Xa isithili sicetyiswa ukuba singakhuphi, olona nyulo lokwenene luyenzeka kukhuphiswano oluphantsi oluphambili kunokuba lube lunyulo jikelele.

I-Gerrymandering incunts ngokuyila, iguqula unyulo ngokubanzi lube "zizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo" nokutshintsha ukuphendula kwi-primeriting. Xa isithili sijinganiswa ukuba singadibanisi ngoNovemba, ukhuphiswano olugqibelelyo luhamba lusiya kwiintsontela ezisezantsi, apho abameli abancinane, abancinane, abancinane, abanokhetho bamisela isiphumo. Oku kunciphisa impembelelo kumagosa anyuliweyo ukusabela kwiminye ebanzi eluncedo kwaye kuwakhuthaza ukuba anelise eyona miqathango yesiseko sawo.

Ukunciphisa imimandla yokhuphiswano kuneziphumo ezinzulu zokulawula. Xa abameli bengenaso isisongelo esisengqiqweni sokuphulukana nezihlalo zabo kunyulo jikelele, abanazikhuthazo zininzi zokulalanisa, ukusebenza ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela, okanye ukuphendula kwinkxalabo yequmrhu. Oku kunegalelo ekunyuseni ukwanda kwethafa kunye nokubekwa kwegridi yowiso-mthetho.

Impembelelo Etshabalalisayo Kuluntu

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Gerrymander akuchaphazeli nje kuphela iziphumo zonyulo − ngokusisiseko kunciphisa umelo loluntu kunye namandla ezobupolitika. Ingingqi ekwabelana ngezilangazelelo, inkxalabo, kunye ne-OF kudla ngokwahlulwa ngabom okanye ukomelezwa ukuphelisa amandla abo okuvota.

Ukudityaniswa Kwamandla Amancinane

Uluntu oluhlwempuzekileyo kunye noluntu olunemibala eninzi luchaphazeleka ngokungenakulinganiswa kukusetyenziswa kwe-gerrymanider, yaye ngenxa yoko, igunya labo lezobupolitika liyahlanjululwa. Oku kwenzeka ngokusetyenziswa kohlanga nokonakalisa, okudla ngokuphindaphindeka.

Ucalulo oluqhubekayo lwendawo yokuhlala kunye neendlela zokuvota ezisukruqulwa ngokweentlobo zobuhlanga, ingakumbi kumaphondo asemazantsi, luthetha ukuba ukuqhekeza okanye ukupakisha abantu bemibala kusenokuba sisixhobo esisebenzayo ukuba sikrobisa ibutho ekulawuleni ipeni lemaphu. Ngoxa iVoting Rights Act ka-65 kayilelwe ukuthintela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuncipheni, izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zazenza zaphelelwa zezi zikhuseli, nto ekwenza kube lula ngakumbi ukuba kubekho ukuzoba iimaphu ezinciphisa amandla okuvota phantsi kovavanyo oluncinane.

Ukudibana kohlanga kunye nocalucalulo kudala iintlobo ezichuliweyo zocalulo. Kumazwe nakwimimandla engqonge ilizwe, ucalucalulo oluhamba ze lusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo njengesingxengxezo seemaphu eziphelisa amandla okuvota entlalo ekhula ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuvumela iimaphu zokufumana ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ngeli lixa zifuna iintshukumisa zazo zisuka nje zisuka ziphele.

Ukwahlukana Nabantu Abanomdla

Ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ubuhlanga, ukuqhatha kudla ngokwahlula phakathi abantu abanomdla omnye, abaxhalabele izinto ezifanayo, okanye abanobuzwe. Izixeko zisenokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwemimandla emininzi yasemaphandleni, imimandla ehlala abamelwane isenokuhlukaniswa kumaziko ayo emvelo ezoqoqosho, kwaye abantu abanenkxalabo ehlukeneyo ngemekobume okanye yezoqoqosho bangazifumana besasazekile kwimimandla emininzi nabameli abangenazikhuthazo zokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo.

Oku kwahluka kwenza kube nzima kuluntu ukuba lulungelelanise imicimbi yezobupolitika nokuxhasa izilangazelelo zalo. Xa ummandla wahlulelene phakathi kwesithili esithathu okanye ezine ezahlukeneyo, abemi baphulukana namandla okubeka ityala lommeli omnye ngokuphendula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Umphumo kukuba ezinye imimandla zifumana iinkxalabo zazo zichaziwe ngokucwangcisiweyo kurhulumente, kungakhathaliseki indlela ezivota ngayo.

Iindlela Zokwenza Intsholongwane

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Gerrymander kuxhomekeke kubugcisa obuntsonkothileyo ukulawula imida yesithili. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kunceda abavoti baqonde xa umelo lwabo luncitshiswa.

Ukujija: Izixhobo Zokuphelisa Inkcaso

Ukutsala kubandakanya ukuzoba izithili ngendlela yokuba kwahlulwe ulwahlulo lweendidi ezithile zabavoti kwisithili ngasinye kangangokuba bambalwa kwisithili ngasinye, phantse kungekho themba lokufumana umelo kuzo naziphi na izithili. Obu buchule busebenza kakhulu xa kujoliswe abantu abaninzi basedolophini okanye kuluntu oluncinane.

Elinye iqhinga eliphazamisayo kukuhlanyisa amaqela okuvota asedolophini ngokuba neendawo ezininzi ezivela emaphandleni zidibane njengentetho yevili kwisikhululo esidilikileyo sesixeko. Umzekelo, isixeko esinokunyula abameli ababini ababonakalisa izinto eziphambili ezisedolophini endaweni yoko sinokwahlulwa phakathi kwesithili sasemaphandleni amahlanu, siqinisekisa ukuba abavoti basedolophini bahlala bembalwa kwisithili ngasinye kwaye bengakwazi ukukhetha kwanomnye ummeli obeka phambili kwimicimbi yabo.

Imizekelo yakutshanje ibonisa ukuphumelela kokwaphuka. ETennessee, iiRiphabliki ziye zacebisa ukuqhekeza uNashville ngenjongo eyahlukileyo: Bafuna ukwahlula phakathi kwemimandla emininzi yedemokhrasi ukuze babe nethuba elikhulu lokuphumelela. Oku kuthintela abavoti bakaNashville basedolophini ukuba bangabanyuli ababonakalisa iinjongo zezopolitiko zesixeko.

Ukupakisha: Ukuphelisa Iindawana Zenkcaso

Ukupakisha kubhekisa kuqheliselo lokuzoba izithili ezithile ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba umntu oza kuthabatha inxaxheba uphumelele kuloo ndawo ngomda omkhulu. Nangona iqela eliphikisanayo liqinisekile ngesihlalo, ukupakisha kwenza izithili ezingqonge isithili zikhuphisana kancinci, kwaye ngaloo ndlela linika umlinganiselo wamandla kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho jikelele kwiqela elilawulayo.

Ukupakisha kwenzeka xa abaxhasi abaninzi beqela elilixhoba bexinene kwinani elincinane lesithili, bebanika uphumelele olukhulu. Amalungu aseleyo eqela lexhoba aqhekezwa, asasazwa kwinani elikhulu lesithili, ukuze aphumelele ngokuqhubekayo ngaphantsi kwama-50% evoti. Oku kwenza indlela eyahlukileyo apho iqela elizeleyo lizuza amaphondo ambalwa ngemida emikhulu ngelixa liphulukana nemimandla emininzi ngemida emincinane.

Ukuphumelela kokupakisha kusekulahleni iivoti zenkcaso. Ukuba iqela lingaphumelela kwisithili nge 55% yovoti, naziphi na iivoti ezongezelelekileyo ezingaphaya komqobo zidla ngokulahlwa. Ngokunikelw ’ ingqalelo abavoti benkcaso kwimimandla apho bawina khona nge 75% okanye 80% yevoti, i-mephu iqinisekisa ukuba abo bavoti bongezelelweyo abanako ukunceda ukuphumelela izihlalo ezongezelelekileyo kwenye indawo.

Ukuxilonga: Ukuxhobisa Abasebenzi

Ukuphinda utsale imida yesithili ukunyanzela abameli abakwiqela eliphikisanayo ukuba bakhuphisane ngqo omnye nomnye okanye kwisithili apho bajongene neengxaki ezinkulu. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokubeka ezimbini kwisithili esinye, kubanyanzelisa ukuba bakhuphisane kwibala eliphambili, okanye ngokutsala kwakhona isithili esikwisidili sokukhuphisa ukuquka uninzi lwabavoti kwiqela eliphikisanayo.

Le ndlela isebenza kakhulu ngexesha lomjikelo wokulungisa uphicotho xa iqela elilawula inkqubo lifuna ukuphelisa abameli abathile abachasayo. Ngokuhlalutya ngenyameko apho isiseko senkxaso sikhoyo nalapho zikhoyo, imizobo yemephu ingenza isithili esiphantse singabinako ukuphumelela kwimiqathango ethile ekwimiqalo.

Ukuchitheka: Ukudibanisa ubugcisa ukwenzela isiphumo esikhulu

Ngeli xesha ukonakalisa nokupakisha bubuchule obungundoqo bokwenza imigca, imephu yemephu entsonkothileyo isoloko idibanisa iindlela ezininzi ukwandisa uncedo lwayo. Ezi nkqubo zimbini zisebenza ngokudibeneyo, kodwa zombini zinokwenziwa liqela elinamandla elifuna ukwandisa amathuba alo okukhetha ngokusebenzisa ijijingajinga.

Abaqhubi abasebenzayo basebenzisa ukuqhekeza kwezinye iindawo nokupakisha kwezinye, kuxhomekeke kukusasazwa kwelizwe labavoti kunye nenani lezihlalo ezisemngciphekweni. Oku kwenza izibuko lesithili ezikhulisa isihlalo seqela lemephu lomkhosi lolwahlulo lokwabelana ngeli xesha benciphisa amandla enkcaso okufumana izihlalo kwanaxa befumana isabelo esithe kratya sovoti yonke.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwale Mihla: Ubugcisa Bubangela Ukuba Ingabi Bubi Kakhulu

Ngeli xesha ukubotshwa kwezixhobo kusenzeka ukususela kwiintsuku zasekuqaleni zedemokhrasi yaseMelika, ubugcisa bezi mini buye benza ukuba icace kakhulu kwaye ibe nempumelelo. I-software yokuzoba yemaphu, i-data yomvoti enenkcukacha, kunye nemithetho-algorithi yemithetho-algorithi enamandla ivumela iimephu zokufumana imvume yokuxela indlela yokuvota ngokuchanekileyo okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili.

Imirhozo yemapu ngoku inolwazi olubonisa kungekuphela nje indlela iintendelezo ezivotelwe ngayo kunyulo oludlulileyo, kodwa ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nokubhalisa kweqela ngalinye labavoti, imbali yokuvota, iimpawu zamanani, kwanehambo yabathengi edibanisa izicwangciso zezopolitiko. Oku kubenza bakwazi ukuzoba izithili ngobuchule botyando, ukwandisa uncedo lwengingqi lokhuseleko lohlobo lobukho beqela, imimandla eqwalaselayo.

Iggerrymanderer ekrelekrele ingadala izithili ezidibeneyo nezipakishweyo ezikhangeleka zicocekile kwaye zinezikwere kodwa nangona kunjalo zithanda iqela elinye. Nangona imigca yesithili ingabonakala iqhelekile, ihlela abavoti ngempumelelo elumkileyo kangangokuba iiRiphabliki ziqinisekiswe ngokuphumelela ishumi leshumi lemibutho yesizwe ye-14 kwaye zinokuphumelela njenge 11 — iziphumo ezikhutshiweyo zedabi elikwindawo yedabi ekwindawo ebanzi ehlala ikhethwa rhoqo kwii-Democrats ukuya kwiiofisi zelizwe elibanzi.

Oku kuthetha ukuba abavoti abanakuphinda baxhomekeke kuhlolo lokubona izithili ezithe tye. Ngelixesha ezinye izithili ezinomjikelo ongaqhelekanga, ezifakelweyo, abaqhubi abaninzi bale mihla basebenzisa isithili esibonakala sibumbene kwaye sisengqiqweni kodwa sekunjalo bahlolwa ngobuchule ukuze bavelise iziphumo ezimiselwe kwangaphambili.

Ukuhlanganiswa Komthetho Wedemocratic

Ngaphandle kweziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zonyulo, ukuphengulula kuthoba isidima esisisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Uphando logcino-lwazi olusuka kumashumi amawaka abavoti kunyulo lonyaka wama 2020 nowama-2022 lubonisa ukuba amaMerika ajonga ukuqhatha ngokudelela okufanayo agcinela ukunyoba nezinye iintlobo ezicacileyo zorhwaphilizo lwezobupolitika.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Nokubandakanyeka Okuncitshisiweyo

Xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba unyulo lumiselwe kwangaphambili ngabapolitiki, kunokuba kugqitywe ngabavoti, basenokungatyekeli ukunikela kwabatsha - ntliziyo, amatsha - ntliziyo, okanye kwanangokuqhambuka kohlolo. Oku kudala umjikelo okhohlakeleyo apho ukuqhutyelwa phambili kunciphisa ukhuphiswano, okunciphisa ukubolekisana kwabavoti, okukwenza kube lula ngakumbi ukuba abavoti bagcine igunya kungakhathaliseki ukuba benza ntoni.

Impembelelo engokwasengqondweni ye-gerrymandering inwena kwimigca yeqela. Oku kufunyaniswe nguBowler kucebisa ukunqamleza imigca yeqela edidekileyo. "Nangona unguRiphabliki eTexas, uyazi ukuba ukuqhatha kwaqhubeka," uthe. Nabavoti abangenelo babo kwiqela lokufumana i-gerrymandering bayaqonda ukuba inkqubo ithoba igunya ledemokhrasi.

Ukungakhuthazi Ukuphendula

UGerymandering unegalelo ekuncipheni kwentembelo kawonke-wonke kunyulo. Kunciphisa ingqiqo yabantu yokuba iinguqulelo zinokwenzeka, kwaye kunciphisa amandla abavoti okuphendula iinkokeli. Xa abameli besazi ukuba izihlalo zabo zikhuselekile kungakhathaliseki ukuba benza ntoni, abanazikhuthazo zininzi zokusabela kwizinto ezixhalabisayo okanye ukusebenza kulawulo olunempumelelo.

Ukuziphendulela kufuna ukukhuphisana: xa kukho ithuba lokwenene lokubuyiselwa, iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo zinesizathu sokuphulaphula nokuzivumelanisa. Injongo ye-Gerrymandering kukunciphisa ukhuphiswano ngokukhusela izihlalo ekujikeni koluvo lomvo, ukuguqukela kwamandla kuluntu olunciphileyo, nokuncitshiswa kwentsebenziswano edibeneyo, ngaloo ndlela kuxelwa ukuba kuya kubangela ukuba abachongi banciphiswe.

Oku kukhukuliseka kokuziphendulela kuchaphazela ulawulo ngeendlela ezikonkcithiweyo. Abameli abasuka kwisithili esiphelisweyo basengozini yokuthatha iindawo ezigqithisileyo, ezincinci ekulalaniseni, kwaye abathathi nxaxheba kwinkxalabo yabantu abangengomalungu eqela labo. Oku kunegalelo ekubopheleleni i-grid yowiso-mthetho kwaye kunciphisa amandla karhulumente okucombulula iingxaki.

Ilizwe Elikhoyo LeGerrymandering eMelika

Emva kobalo-manani lwama-2020, amaRiphabliki ayilawula inkqubo yokuphinda ilungelelanise kwiimeko ezininzi kune-Democrates, kwaye asebenzisa olu ncedo ngonyamezelo. Oku kuye kwadala uncedo lwesakhiwo oluchaphazela ulungelelwaniso lwamandla kwiBhunga kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Ngaphandle kokukhuphisana kwemekobume yesizwe, amaRiphabliki angena kumgama wokugqibela wephulo elingenelwayo kwintloko engeyoyonto ngenxa yokulawula umgangatho wombuso. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaLamocrates bafuna uphumelele uvoti oluthandwayo lwesizwe ngomgca obalulekileyo ukuze nje babe nethuba lokuphumelela uninzi olumxinwa kwiNdlu yabameli.

Imilinganiselo yengingqi kunye nolwahluko

Iimaphu ezitsalwayo zinika amampuku amavuzo amakhulu kumaphondo ali-11, ubukhulu becala kuMzantsi nase Mbindini. Ezi nzuzo zichazwa ngokukhethekileyo kumazwe apho iiRiphabliki zilawula khona indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nephondo, zinika ulawulo olupheleleyo kwinkqubo yokuhlaziya.

Noko ke, igerrymander ayingoqheliso lwamaRiphabliki kuphela. omabini amaqela abandakanyeka kwimiqathango apho anamathuba apho akhoyo, nangona unikezelo lwamandla omgangatho karhulumente lunike amaRiphabliki amathuba amaninzi ukuphinda-phinda kwimijikelezo yokubomvu. Umba ungowona uphambili malunga nesakhiwo senkqubo yokulungisa ipedilification kunehambo yalo nawuphi na umbutho othile.

Isiphazamiso Sokuzilungisa Ngangaphezulu Kwendlela

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, ukuhlasela ngenkohlakalo maxa wambi kungabuya nemiphumo. IGerrymering isenokuba yenze izihlalo zeRiphabliki zakhuseleka, kodwa ngokunikel ’ ingqalelo abavoti baseRiphabliki kwimimandla enzima yeRiphabliki, yayinesiphumo esilinganayo sokwenza izihlalo zedemokhrasi zibe khuselekileyo. Kodwa, ngokwentsimbi, ukudalwa kwemimandla emininzi ye-GOP ekhuselekileyo kakhulu kusenokuba nesikali esilinganiselweyo seRiphabliki ye-2024 yeRiphabliki.

Xa iqela lizenzela izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo ezininzi, lisasaza abavoti balo bebhitye kakhulu kwisithili esininzi, lishiya abavoti abambalwa bekho ukuthatha izihlalo ezongezelelweyo kwimijikelo yonyulo elungileyo. Oku kungalinganisela amandla eqela lomntu okwandisa uninzi lwalo naxa iimeko zesizwe ziluvumela, ludala uphahla kwimpumelelo enokwenzeka.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Nezimvo Zenkundla

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali eqingqiweyo ngokusemthethweni kuye kwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, yaye oko kuye kwaphumela kwimiphumo engafaniyo kwabo bafuna ukulwa nalo mkhwa.

ISihlomelo seNkundla ePhakamileyo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithi iinkundla zephondo aziyi kuthumela mvume yokuququzelela okunyulu. Esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo kwiRucho v.Isizathu esiqhelekileyo (2029) sazisusa ngokunempumelelo iinkundla zikarhulumente kwiphondo lobupolisa, zishiyele lo mba kwiinkundla zephondo nakwizindlu zowiso-mthetho.

Ingcinga yeNkundla yayikukuba abalawuli abagwebi banike umbuzo "wezobupolitika" ngaphandle komda wohlolo lwezomthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, njengoko kungekho mgangatho ocacileyo womgaqo-siseko wokugqiba xa iingqwalasela zocalulo oluguquliweyo ziba zigqithisile. Esi sigqibo siye saba neziphumo ezinzulu, ngokubhekiselele kwimithetho yowiso-mthetho, ngokuyintloko inika iindlu zowiso-mthetho inkululeko ngokukhululekileyo kwi-gerryman ukwenzela uncedo lobugqeba logama nje zingangqubani namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko.

Iintlawulo zeNkundla yaseRhulumente

Ngeli xesha iinkundla zikarhulumente zirhoxisile kumatyala ahlaziyiweyo, ezinye iinkundla zikarhulumente bezikulungele ukungenelela. Inkundla yeUtah ikhumbuza ilizwe elibamba usiba kwidemokhrasi xa libetha imaphu yalo yombutho wama-2021 kwaye liyalela imigca emitsha ehambelanayo neenguqu ezivunyiweyo, iqinisekisa ukuba abantu banegunya lezobupolitika kwaye banelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuguqula urhulumente wabo.

Iinkundla zelizwe ePennsylvania, eMntla Carolina (phambi kotshintsho kuqalo lwenkundla), namanye amazwe aye abetha iimaphu ezibekwe phantsi kwemimiselo yomgaqo-siseko. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unganikezela ngokhuseleko nxamnye nomthetho-siseko naxa iinkundla zikarhulumente zingavumi ukungenelela.

Ngoko, ukuphumelela kongenelelo lwenkundla yenkundla yenkundla kuxhomekeke ekuqulunqeni kweenkundla zikarhulumente kunye neelungiselelo ezikhethekileyo zomgaqo-siseko worhulumente. Kwamanye amazwe, iinkundla bezimathidala kwizigqibo zesibini zomthetho zomthetho, ngoxa kwezinye, ukutshintsha kolwakhiwo lwenkundla kukhokelela ekuguqukeni kwemizekelo yangaphambili echasene nomthetho.

Ukuhlahlela Kobuhlanga Kusenobulungisa

Nangona iinkundla zikarhulumente zingavumi ukuphendula amatyala abandakanya ukukhuthaza ubuhlanga phantsi koMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-nkqubo we-Voing Rights kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo weSikhuseli-mali we-Celas. Noko ke, umahluko phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba nowesizwe uyaqhubeka ufiphaza.

Xa abavoti abamnyama bacel ’ umngeni isithili esiphinde samiselwa kwinkundla yesizwe njengegqwesi elingekho mgaqo-siseko, abamisi-mthetho bathethelela imaphu esekelwe kwezobupolitika — oko kukuthi, umnqweno wokwenza isithili sokhuphiswano olukhulu sikaMace sibe selukhuphisweni oluthembekileyo. Ukujongwa koBlack Coption kunye namandla abo ezobupolitika kwayindlela nje yokuphelisa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma, ukufumanisa ukuba amaBlack Consois angazange avume ukuba imigca yemaphu yayisekelwe kuhlanga kwaye ayinxulumani neqela.

Oku kubangela ubuchule obuphawulekayo apho abaphulaphuli bemaphu banokufumana ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ngokuthi bafune ukuhlasela, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu kuluntu oluncinane ukucel ’ umngeni iimaphu ezidambisa amandla abo okuvota.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Nezicombululo

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, kukho imigudu emininzi yokulungisa iinguqu esele ikho yokuthetha nokulungisa izinto.

IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Enye yezinye iinguqu ezithembisayo kukudala iikhomishini ezizimeleyo okanye eziziibhiparisan ezisusa inkqubo yokulungisa imo yemithetho ukusuka kulawulo oluthe ngqo. Amazwe amaninzi amkele le ndlela ngokuthabatha amanyathelo okulwa okanye isenzo somthetho.

Kumaphondo amaninzi, iimaphu zintle kakhulu kunasemva kobalo-manani lonyaka ka-2010, xa ulawulo olulodwa lwecandelo lobubomvu bemeko ngenxa yeziphumo zombindi wamaxesha zanika iidrowa zemigca ejikelezayo ngesisa ukuba zisebenze ezinye zeenqanawa ezigqithisileyo kwimbali yeMelika. Lo mjikelo wokujika ubone uphuculo oluphawulekayo. Umgangatho wemeko yemeko yesizwe kwiimeko zamazwe akanye (iMichigan neVirginia), ukuzimisela okukhulu kweenkundla zikarhulumente ukunyanzelisa imida kwi-Rhoversi e-gridermanting, inegalelo ekuboniseni iimaphu ezintle.

Iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ziyahluka kwisakhiwo sazo kunye nempumelelo. Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ngenene namalungu akhethwe kwiinkqubo ezingezo zamaqela, ngelixa amanye esebenzisa iikhomishini ze-bipartistan ezifuna uvumelwano phakathi kwamaqela omabini. Owona msebenzi usebenzayo uneendlela ezicacileyo zokuhlaziya, iinkqubo ezikhanyayo, kunye negalelo likawonke-wonke-wonke elinentsingiselo.

Izicombululo zoMthetho woManyano

Ngo-2022, iKhomishini yaphantse yagqithisa inkululeko kuMthetho weVote, umqulu ophawulayo wotshintsho oquka ukwalela ukukhutshwa kwemibutho edibeneyo ekudweleni kwemida. Imali yokuguqula yadlula kwindlu kwaye yaba nenkxaso enkulu kwiNdlu yeNdlu. Yanqanda kuphela kuba iNdlu yeeNtsimi yemikhosi yecawa yasilela ukulungisa imithetho yegumbi elidala lemveli ye-Reacnbuster ukuvumela uxwebhu ukuba luqhubele phambili kwivoti yomgangatho ophezulu okanye ophantsi.

Inkululeko yoMthetho weVote yayiza kumisela imigangatho yesizwe yokulungisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo, ukuvalwa kobuhlanga phakathi kwe-decciading, kwaye yadala imposiso echasene neemaphu eziphambukayo ngokubalulekileyo ukusuka kubulungisa obusesikweni. Ngexa isibhengezo singadluli, ibonisa ukuba izisombululo zolawulo eziseluntwini zihlala zinokwenzeka ukuba kukho uthanda kobupolitika okwaneleyo.

Indlela Yokwamkelwa Kwemithetho Yomthetho Nezibalo

Abaphandi baye bavelisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zezibalo kunye nezibalo zokufumana i-gerrymanidering kunye nokwenza ezinye iimaphu ezintle. Ezi ndlela zingabonisa xa iimaphu zesithili zithe zaphambuka ngokuphawulekayo koko bekunokulindelwa phantsi kwemilinganiselo yokulungisa ephakathi.

Umgama wokusebenza kakuhle, umahluko othe ngqo ophakathi, kunye neminye imilinganiso yoqikelelo inokubala umququzeleli kwiimaphu zesithili. Iimfaniso zekhompyutha zingavelisa amawaka eemaphu ezichaseneyo neemfuno ezisemthethweni, zinika umgca osisiseko wokuthelekisa neemaphu zokwenene. Xa iimaphu zisoloko zixhasa iqela elinye ngokuthelekisa iimaphu ezithelekisa ubundilele, oku kunika ubungqina obunamandla bokusebenzisa i-germanider.

Ezi zixhobo zisetyenzisiweyo ekuboniseni ukuba iimaphu ezifanelekileyo zinokwenzeka kwaye iimaphu zokwenene zibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolawulo zamaqhinga kunokuba zibe yinxalenye yendlela yokulungisa iinqobo. Noko ke, iinkundla azivumelani ekuzimiseleni kwazo ukuthembela kwezi ndlela zezibalo.

Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke

Indlela engcono phambili ziimaphu ezilungileyo, ezizotywa kuwonke-wonke, zikhutshwa ngamaziko anokuphendula abantu, kunye nokunyuswa kwindlela esikhetha ngayo iinkokeli ukuze iinkokeli ziphendule kwaye ziphendule kwiinkokeli ezibanzi ezisebenza kuzo. Ukwanda kokubonakala kwinkqubo yokuhlaziya nokuqinisekisa ukuba inxaxheba kawonke-wonke enentsingiselo inceda ukuhlisa ezona ndlela zilinganayo zokuzilolonga.

Ngoku amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuchotshelwa kwabantu ngeemaphu ezicetyiweyo, apapashe inkcazelo yemephu ne-software, aze avumele abemi ukuba bathumele iimaphu zabo ezicetyiweyo. Ngoxa ukubonakala kwelinye icala kuphela kungenakuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-gerrymaninder xa omnye elawula le nkqubo, kunokunyusa uluntu luqonde yaye kubangele uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko ukuze kubonwe iimaphu ezifanelekileyo.

Oko Kunokwenziwa Ngabenzi Bezinto Ezininzi

Ngoxa ukubopha kuyingxaki yesakhiwo efuna izicombululo zenkqubo, abavoti kunye noluntu ngabanye bangenza okuthile ukulwa iziphumo zalo baze bakhuthaze utshintsho.

Hlala Unolwazi Uze Ube Nesabelo

Ukuqonda indlela ulungiso olusebenza ngayo kwimeko yakho linyathelo lokuqala lokuphumelela ekulawuleni inkqubo yokulungisa i-odivocation. Funda ukuba ngubani olawula inkqubo yokulungisa, yeyiphi imilinganiselo, naxa umjikelo olandelayo wokulungisa ukwenzeka. Imibutho emininzi engeyoya apartis nikeza ubuncwane nolwazi malunga nokuvuseleleka okungacaciyo kumazwe athile.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwasesidlangalaleni nasekugqabazeni ngexesha lokuhlaziya. Ukunikela ubungqina obuchaza indlela iimaphu ezicetyiweyo eziya kuchaphazela ngayo uluntu lwakho. Ukusebenza nabamelwane nemibutho yoluntu ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanomdla bagcinwa kunye kunokuba bahlulelwe phakathi kwesithili esininzi.

Ukuxhasa Amanyathelo Okuqalisa Utshintsho

Amaphondo amaninzi anenkqubo yokuthatha inyathelo lokufaka izithuba ezivumela abemi ukuba bamisele iinguqu ezithe ngqo. Amanyathelo okuxhasa ukwenza iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokulungisa iinguqu, ukuseka iinkqubo ezicacileyo zokuhlaziya, okanye ukwandisa ukubonakala okucacileyo kwinkqubo yokulungisa.

Xhumana nabamisi-mthetho besizwe sakho uze ubakhuthaze ukuba baxhase utshintsho oluhle. Ngoxa abamisi-mthetho besenokungakuthandi ukuyeka ukulawula ukuhlaziya, uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke lungenza umahluko, ingakumbi xa utshintsho lufunyaniswe njengembambano karhulumente elungileyo kunokuba lube yinkqubo ekhuthazayo.

Lumkela Kukhetho Lonke

Kwanakwisithili ezithenjiswe, ukuvota kuhlala kubalulekile. Ngexa ihlombe lisenza iziphumo zicace ngakumbi, alizenzeli ukuba zingaphepheki. Umvoti ophezulu ungenza uphakamile nobunzima obubalulekileyo besakhiwo, kwaye ukuvota konyulo oluphambili kungaphembelela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bamele iqela ngalinye.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuvota kunyulo lwemithetho yesizwe kubaluleke kakhulu kuba abamisi-mthetho besizwe basoloko belawula inkqubo yokulungisa ummandla. Iqela elilawula urhulumente ngeminyaka yokulungisa imimandla linamandla amakhulu okubumba iimaphu zesithili kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.

Ukuxhasa Ucelomngeni Olusemthethweni

Imibutho enjengeBrennan Center for Justice, Common Cange, uManyano Lwamabhinqa, nezinye zizisa imingeni engokwasemthethweni kwiimaphu eziqeshiweyo. Ukuxhasa le mibutho ngeminikelo okanye ngomsebenzi wamatsha - ntliziyo kunceda ukuxhasa imali eninzi efunekayo ukuvavanya iimaphu ezingekho ngqiqweni.

Ukuba uhlala kwimeko enemaphu exhotyisweyo, cinga enoba umi ukuze ungenelele kwiimaphu ezicel ’ umngeni. Iinkundla zidla ngokufuna abamangaleli abanokubonakalisa ingozi ethile ekusebenziseni imvume, kwaye ukuba nenxaxheba kwakho kunokuba lucelomngeni olunempumelelo.

Ikamva Lomelo Olufanelekileyo

Umlo nxamnye nokulwa ngokusisiseko kukulondolozwa kwesithembiso esisisiseko sikarhulumente wedemokhrasi: ukuba igunya lezobupolitika lisuka ebantwini yaye unyulo lunika abemi amathuba afanelekileyo okukhetha abameli babo baze babaphendulise.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi lidinga lokuba igunya lisuka ebantwini kwaye linokukhululwa ngabo. Ukuphendula kuyindlela esigcinwa ngayo eso sithembiso. Ngaphandle kwalo, unyulo luyintelekelelo nje, kwaye umelo luyigama nje eliqhelekileyo, hayi elenyani.

Ngeli xesha ukubotshwa kwezixhobo zezobupolitika zaseMelika ukususela ekusungulweni kwelizwe, ukwanda kobuntlola nokusebenza kwalo kubangela unxunguphalo olungenakuthelekiswa nanto kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Udityaniso lobugcisa obuhambe phambili, ugcino-lwazi oluneenkcukacha, kunye nokurhoxa kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo kuye kwadala imeko-bume apho igunya lezobupolitika elikwizizukulwana ezingaphambili lingase likwazi ukucinga.

Noko ke, kukho izizathu zokuba nethemba. Ukukhula kolwazi olungakumbi lokulawula, imigudu yokuguqula impumelelo kwiingingqi ezininzi, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zokufumana nokulinganisa izinto kuye kwavelisa amathuba amatsha enkqubela. Umbuzo ngulokuba ngaba abemi nabahlali bangavelisa impembelelo eyaneleyo ukoyisa izilangazelelo ezizinzileyo eziyingenelo kwinkqubo yangoku.

Ukhetho alukho phakathi kombutho omnye nomnye; luphakathi komzabalazo wegunya osisigxina kunye nenkqubo eyakhelwe ukuvota kwaye iphendulelwe abavoti. Ukudala iinkqubo zokuhlaziya ezifanelekileyo kufuna ukushukuma okungaphaya koncedo lwabathathi-nxaxheba ukuze kwamkele imigaqo yomelo olulungileyo, ingqibelelo yoluntu, kunye nokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Ulawulo - melo Ngeemaphu Ezintle

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Gerrymander lumela olunye locelomngeni olubalulekileyo kulawulo-melo lwaseMerika kwinkulungwane yama-21. Ngokuvumela abezobupolitika ukuba bakhethe abavoti babo kunokuba bavote bekhethe abezobupolitika babo, kululaza umgaqo osisiseko wokuba urhulumente afumane ilungelo lakhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa.

Iziphumo zokuqhuba zidlulela kude ngaphaya kweziphumo zonyulo. Kunciphisa ukhuphiswano lonyulo, kunciphisa ukuphendula, kunciphisa amandla okuvota abantu abambalwa, uluntu oluneenxalenye ezincinane zomdla, kwandisa ukwanda kommandla othe tyaba, kwaye kuphelisa ukuthembana koluntu kwimibutho yedemokhrasi. Oku kuchaphazela intlupheko eqhubekayo, njengoko iimaphu eziqukuqelayo zisenza amandla ezobupolitika acutheneyo kwaye kwenza utshintsho lube nzima ngakumbi.

Kanti ingxaki ayisososombululo. Iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokulungisa umgangatho, iinkqubo ezicacileyo zokucacisa imbonakalo, ukwanda kokukhanya, izixhobo zezibalo zokufumana i-gerrymanider, kunye nabemi abathembisiweyo bonke banokunikela kwiimaphu ezithe tye kunye norhulumente ongaphezulu wabameli. Iinkundla zikarhulumente, amanyathelo okufaka ipetroli, kunye nomthetho wesizwe unika izitrato ezininzi zotshintsho.

Isitshixo kukuqonda ukuba ulungiso olulungileyo aluyombambano yabalawuli kodwa ngumbuzo osisiseko wolawulo lwedemokhrasi. omabini amaqela aye abandakanyeka ekulawuleni xa enikwe ithuba, kwaye abavoti bobabini bayabandezeleka xa inkqubo isetyenziswa ukuze kungenelwe abaququzeleli. Ukudala iinkqubo zokuvelisa iimaphu ezifanelekileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela elilawulayo elinceda ulangazelelo lwexesha elide lwedemokhrasi kunye nabo bonke abemi.

Kubo abavoti abaxhalabele ingqibelelo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ukuqonda nokulwa nokulawula imigaqo-nkqubo kubalulekile. Ngokuhlala benolwazi, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuhlaziya, ukuxhasa imigudu yokuguqula, nokugcina amagosa anyuliweyo ebeke ityala, abemi banokuqinisekisa ukuba iimaphu ezinyuliweyo zibonisa ukuthanda kwabantu kunokuba zibonise izilangazelelo zezobupolitika.

Umlo wokumela umelo olulungileyo uya kuqhubeka, kwaye iziphumo ziya kubumba idemokhrasi yaseMerika kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ummi ngamnye ubotshelelwe ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iimaphu zesithili zizotywa kakuhle kwaye unyulo lunika amathuba afanelekileyo kubavoti ukuba bakhethe abameli babo baze babaphendulise. Ikamva lolawulo lwedemokhrasi lixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwethu ukubiza nokukhusela iimaphu zonyulo ezifanelekileyo ezinceda abantu kunokuba zincede amaqela ezobupolitika.

Inkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo ngokulungisa kunye nokulungisa, tyelela i [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center yeJaji, iPrinceton Gerrymaning Project, Fairvote, iCMMMM