Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soKhuselo lwaMalungelo aMasipala

Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu eUnited States usekelwe ngokunzulu kuMgaqo-siseko kunye nokubuyiselwa kwawo. UHlaziyo lwe-13th Sumplition (1865) lwaphelisa ubukhoboka, uMphengululo we-14 (68) waqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, yaye uMphetho-we-15 weSindululo (1870) walwalela ukuchotshelwa kwesizwe okusekelwe kuhlanga. Nangona ezi zithembiso zesiseko, inkulungwane zesivumelwano, ukudiliselwa kocaluvo-calulo, ukurhoxiswa, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho yesizwe, nokukhutshwa kocalulo-calulo-calulo, kunye norhulumente wawayo, walandela umgaqo-mthetho wesizwe wonke owe-okanye nowama-1950, nowe-1960s owayilawulayo, ukufikelela kwemithetho yezemfundo yoluntu ebanzi yezomthetho wesizwe, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yegunyazwe lesizwe, i-ogcuntraka yegunya lelizwe, iziphumo zemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yelizwe, ekwaphulonke, enziwa, enziwa

UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Wangowe - 1964 – Umqondiso Owaphucukileyo

UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1949 usele uwumthetho olawulayo wamalungelo abantu. Wasayinwa nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson, waluphelisa ucalucalulo localulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke nolukunqabela ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yebala, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Isihloko II salwalela ucalucalulo kwiihotele, iivenkile, neendawo zokuhlala abantu. ISihlomelo VII sadala i-ECI i-OPPU i-OPPP (E.E.) i-E. i-E. i-E. i-E. i-E. i-Oct yawayigunya eligunyazwe li-U.[199] i-A. i-Act i-Act i-loventine yagunyaza ingumele i-O.[94] i-A.

UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Wowe - 1965 – Ukususa Izithintelo Kwibhola Yomkhosi

Ngaphandle kweSigqibo se-15 seSigqibo soMmiselo kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo wama-15 ka-1942, ama-Afrika amaninzi aseMzantsi Afrika aye ekuthintelweni ngokunempumelelo ekuvoteni ngokuvavanywa, ngeemvolo-mvume, kunye nokoyikisa. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1956 ojolise ekupheliseni le miqobo. ISiqendu sawo esinamandla, kwakufuneka amagunya athile azimeleyo nembali yokukhetha ulwamvolo ("prequaration""") phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Icandelo 4(b) linikeze icandelo lokuchaza amagunya agqunyiweyo. Abavavanyisi be-56 banokuthunyelwa ukubhalisa i-Rhulumente novote. ISibonelo siphinda siphinde sifumane imigaqo-mvume yokulawula ulawulo olutsha, nangona i-Rhoversethisogo i-A. I-A.[Foctive As Astion i-Activectives, i-ceancesstion i-octives yomthetho eeances yoluvolu

UMthetho Wolawulo Wowe - 1968 – Ukuphelisa Ucalucalulo Kwizindlu

Ityikitywe kamsinya emva kokubulawa kukaGqr. Martin Luther King Jr., iSivumelwano sowe-1968 salela ucalucalulo kwintengiso, kwirente, kwindlu yokuqesha, kwibala, kwinkonzo, ngokwesini, okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe. Kamva yalungiswa ukuze iquke imigaqo yokukhusela iintsapho ezinabantwana nabantu abakhubazekileyo. ISivumelo sokwenza umgangatho wokunyanzelo ngeSebe le House ne-Urban Development (HUD) kunye neSebe leJajiko-Jaji. Kwakhona yaseka ingcamango ye "ukukhuthaza ngokuqhubekayo ukubekwa kwezindlu ezintle,"ifuna oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bathathe amanyathelo okuzinyuko okunciphisa i-nciphelo. Ngaphandle kokuba uMthetho ohlukene wonikezelo lwemeko olukhoyo, unikezelo oluthe ngqo, unikezelo olungekho mthethweni lwe-ok'[5]

Ucalucalulo Lweminyaka Kwisenzo Somsebenzi Sowe - 1967

IAge Discrection in Working Act (ADEA) ikhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu ekukhetheni abaqeshwayo, ekunyusweni, ekukhutshweni, nakwezinye izindululo zemisebenzi. Isebenza kubaqeshi abanezikhundla ezingama-20 okanye ngaphezulu, kwakunye nemibutho esebenzayo kunye namaqumrhu asebenzayo. I-ADEA yaphenjelelwa yinkxalabo malunga nokuncitshiswa kwasebe abadala ngexesha lomsebenzi. Ngokungafaniyo noMgaqo-siseko we-VIDI, i-ADEA ivumela ukuba kube "nothunywa obalulekileyo kunobudala", kwaye umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukwahluka kweziphumo zemali. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula [[FLT:]. vLGross. FL .[FFFFFOM.AM.S, kunye noncedo lwamanyuko olukhoyo, uluntu olufuna ukuncelwa, uluntu olufuna ukuvuzwa kwabanga olukhoyo, uluntu olufumana uluntu olunoluthi olufuna ukusetyenziswayo, olufumana uqeqesho oluthe ukunyukayo, oluthelela ukuqinisekisa "ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kweminyaka

Umthetho Womvuzo Olinganayo Wowe - 1963 – Ukuvala Umsantsa

I-Unicial Pay Act (EPA) yayilinyathelo lokuqala lokuzama ukuchaza intlawulo esekelwe kwi-aron. Kufuneka ukuba amadoda namabhinqa afumane intlawulo efanayo ngomsebenzi ofanayo, apho umsebenzi ufuna ubuchule obulinganayo, umgudu, kunye noxanduva kwaye wenziwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Lo Mthetho ugubungela zonke iimali, kuquka umvuzo, ibhonasi, kunye neenzuzo. I-EPA ilawulwa yi-EOC kunye nokungahlawulwa yityala eliliyo. Nangona i-EPA, umsantsa wesi wobufana uyaqhubeka. Amabhinqa, ngokwe-avareji, afumana iisenti ezi-82, kunye nemali ehlawulwa kakhulu yamabhinqa, ehlawulwayo, engenakunikwa nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na enye imposiso ekhoyo, i-EPA ifuna ukuhlawula okulula, i-ev.

AmaMerika AnoMthetho Wesiphene Wowe - 1990 – Ukufikelela Nokudideka Okungakumbi

Umthetho oweyisayo (ADA) waseMerika oneSiphazamiso sokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu oweyisa ucalucalulo ngabantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi boluntu. Wamiselwa emva koMthetho wamaLungelo we-1964, uneziqu ezihlanu ezigquma (Isihloko I), urhulumente kunye neenkonzo zikarhulumente (isihloko II), iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke (isihloko II), i-tententer (isi-I), kunye nezipho ezidibeneyo (isihloko se-V), (intloko V). I-statimendifuna abaqeshi abasebenzi abane-15 okanye abasebenzi abangakumbi ukunikezela izithuba ezifanelekileyo zokuhlala abantu abakhubazekile, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko kubangele ubunzima obungephi. Isikhululo se-OOMbali siqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo-nkqubo zabo ezifikeleleyo ezikhoyo, isiHlabe se-A, i-AD, i-APromenti, ingulogosa, i-od exhotyiswe ngurhulumente elilawulayoku, i-omele iziphumo ze-ondo yoncedo, i-o

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Nocelomngeni Oluqhubekayo

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu uyaqhubeka uguquka. UMthetho we-Eality, ocetyiswe kwiKhomishini, uza kuphelisa uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1949 ukuphelisa ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo nakwisimo sesini. Ngoxa isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sama-2020 kwi- Bostock v. ISiqithi se-Clayton[ esisisiHlawutolike [I] esisisiSihlomelo seSihlomelo se-VII] sokufihla imbonakalo yesondo nokungangenisimo se-yo, uMthetho we-Eatgender, oya kukuthi ukwandisa ezikhuselwe kwizindlu, ingcebiso lesizwe, ingqeqesho, ingqeqesho yemfundo yemithetho yesizwe, i-Equmbhungane nemithetho ye-E-ograc, i-ede i-ekho i-oct, i-ekuphendum, i-ekuphendume ngokufanelekileyo, i-omele i-ekho i-ekho i-ekho i-ekho

Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Komthetho Wamalungelo Abemi

Imithetho yamalungelo abantu ayizinqumli ngokwayo; ixhomekeke ekunyanzelweni komthetho, ekuhlawulweni kwemithetho, nasekugabeni kwabantu. Le mithetho inika abantu amandla okucelw'iingxaki yocalulo enkundleni nakumaziko olawulo. Kwakhona isebenza njengesiseko esiqhelekileyo, ibonakalisa ukuba ucalucalulo luchasene nemigaqo kawonke-wonke. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda imbali kunye nobuchule bale mithetho, kunika ukuqonda ngendlela utshintsho olusemthethweni, nokudibana kwebutho labantu nendlela elinokusingatha ngayo isiphithiphithiphithi-xa. Ngaphezu koko, ukulwela amalungelo abantu asekuhlaleni kuyaqhubekeka, ubugcisa obutsha budala iindlela ezintsha zokungalinganiyo, kwaye ukutshintsha kwezobupolitika kusongela imigaqo ekhoyo. Ngokuthe rhoqo ukuhlazinziswa kwemithetho efana nemithetho efana nemithetho efuna ingqwalaselo, kodwa akufuneka singakhange sifumane inkqubela, kodwa kusoloko kusenzeka oko kusenzeka, kodwa kusenzeka oko kusenzeka kusenzeka ukuba sivume.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yamalungelo abantu echazwe apha yenza uthungelwano olubanzi lwezikhuseli eziye zaguqula ibutho lamaMelika. Ukusuka kuMthetho wamaLungelo oMhlahlolo-mthetho ka-1964 ukuya kutsho ngaphaya, le mithetho iye yaphelisa ukuhlahlelana okusemthethweni, ukufikelela kovota, ukwandiswa komkhethe wemisebenzi, ukwalelwa kolwaluvolo, kwaye iqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo kwizindlu kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke. Kodwa olu hambo lugqityiweyo. Ukungalingani okutsha kwemiqobo, ukungalinganiyo, ukuchasana, ukuchasana nomthetho, ukuvalela, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho, kunye nokuvota, kuyimfuneko ukubonelela isiseko somthetho ofanelekileyo, kodwa kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngemfundo, kwaye kuqwalaselwe kwimfundo, kwaye kuqwalaselwe kwimithetho yemfundo.