Ukwazisa: Isiseko somGaqo-siseko saMalungelo aBami baseMerika

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, njengoko wawuvunyiwe ekuqaleni ngo-1788, awuzange ube nazikhuseli ezicacileyo zamalungelo abantu abaninzi. Kwafuneka imfazwe yamakhaya ephalaza igazi, inkulungwane yesiphithiphithi soluntu, kunye nokuzingisa okuzingisileyo kwabaxhasi abangenakubalwa belizwe ukuguqula uxwebhu olusekiweyo lube ngumxhasi ofanelekileyo wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye nolinganayo. Amalungelo asekuhlaleni alungelelaniswa noMgaqo-siseko, kunye nokuguqula umthetho wesizwe, ngokusisiseko luye lwaguqula ibutho laseMerika ngokundisa ubumi, ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, ukuphelisa ubukhoboka babantu, nokukhusela bonke abemi abafanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangabantu, ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, okanye imeko yezoqoqosho.

Ukuqonda ezi ziphendu asikokwenza nje uqeqesho lwemfundo. Zibumba isiseko esisemthethweni apho onke amalungelo asekuhlaleni akhiwa khona, ukususela esikolweni ukuya kulingana komtshato ukuya ekuvoteni. Lo mcamango uhlola ukutshintshwa okungundoqo komGaqo-siseko okuchaza amalungelo abantu eUnited States, ukuhlolisisa amalungiselelo abo, umongo wabo wembali, kunye nempembelelo yabo ehlala ihleli kubomi baseMelika. Silandelela le ndaleko ukususela ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka ngo-1865 ukuya kukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota kwii-1970, size sihlole umthetho wendalo ochaza amalungelo eenkqubo e-octiverations, obeka le migaqo yemimiselo esemthethweni esetyenziswayo.

IsiHlayiso se - 13: Ukupheliswa Kobukhoboka Nokungalawulwa

Iphakanyiswe ngoDisemba 6, 1865, iSihlaziyo se-13 simi njengeyona nguqulelo iphambili kwimbali yoMgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Siphawule isiphelo esisesikweni solungiselelo lobukhoboka bengxoxo eUnited States ukususela kwixesha lamathanga yaye sasiye singundoqo wokuphikisana ekuqulunqeni umGaqo-siseko wokuqala.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo

  • Ukukhutshwa kobukhoboka kulo lonke elaseUnited States kunye nelizwe lalo.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokungabotshelelwa ngokwasemthethweni , ngaphandle kokuba sisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho olulandelayo inkqubo efunekayo.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa ukuba i- agunyaziswa ukulungiselela ukumiswa komthetho ofanelekileyo.

Ulwimi lwezindululo lwalungacacanga kodwa lwalunemvukelo. Icandelo 1 lichaza ngokucacileyo, "Abukho ubukhoboka okanye ubukhoboka obungavumelekanga, ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho apho iqela liza kugwetywa khona ngokufanelekileyo, kuza kubakho eUnited States, okanye nayiphi na indawo ephantsi kwegunya lalo." Esi sigwebo sinye sakhulula malunga nezigidi ezine zamaMelika ase-Afrika akhotyokiswe kwaye sasilahla isicwangciso esisemthethweni esasiphathe abantu njengempahla.

Noko ke, uHlaziyo lwe-13 lwalungesiso isisombululo esigqibeleleyo. "ngaphandle kokubasohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho" icandelo ladala iqhinga elibalulekileyo. Kwiziphumo zemfazwe yamakhaya, amaphondo amaninzi aseMazantsi amisela "Imithetho Emnyama" kwaye kamva "Jim Crow" imithetho eyathi yazenza amatyala amancinane awenziweyo yaza yaqeshisa abantu abagwetyiweyo ukuba basebenze, izigcayiseli, kunye neefektha-ma ngegunya lokukhupha iinkqubo zokukhulula iinkqubo. Le nkqubo yaziqhubekisa ngokuphumelelayo uhlobo lokusebenza ngokunyanzeleka amashumi eminyaka, ichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa namashumi eminyaka amadoda aseAfrika. Njengoko izibonelo zobuzwe zithetha ukuba abantu bagwetyelwe. , ukunyanzela umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho we-mthetho we-omatiko, efuna ukumelana nemithetho ye-666, efuna ukulwanisa inteko yesithembiso se-Blamkstmentationant, njengoko iyakuqhubeka nokulwa kwezithembiso zezizwe.

Imeko Nelifa Lembali

Uhlaziyo lwe-13 lwayimveliso yokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko ngexesha lokugqibela lemfazwe yamakhaya. UMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wayekhuphe iEmancip Proclation ngowe-1863, kodwa olo yayingumlinganiselo wemfazwe owawusebenza kuphela kumazwe avukelayo kwaye enokuba nomgaqo-siseko othandabuzekayo. Ulungiso lwaqinisekisa ukuba ukukhutshelwa kwemithetho-siseko kuya kuba kokusisigxina kwaye kube sezweni lonke. Yadlula iNdlu yeeNtsimi ngoAprili 1864, kodwa yajamelana nenkcaso enzima kwiNdlu de igoqwe kaLincoln iqinise isiphelo semfazwe sayo ngoJanuwari 1865.

Isigqibo sabekwa isiseko esisemthethweni sokuHlaliswa kweMimiselo yeSigxina ye-14 neye-15 yaye siye sakhankanywa kumatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo yale mihla abandakanya ukubotshwa kwabantu ngenkani kumacala aquka ukuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ukuya ekusetyenzweni nzima entolongweni. Ilifa layo lintsonkothile: lafikelela usukelo olubalulekileyo lokufumana imvume esesikweni yokubanjwa nokusekwa kwenkqubo yokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi ephikiswayo ngokuqhubekayo ukuphelisa nokuxhaphaza abantu abachasa amalungelo abantu.

IsiHlaziyo Se - 14: Ubumi, Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Nenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Iphakanyiswe ngoJulayi 9, 1868, uHlaziyo lwe-14 luthathwa ngokubanzi njengolona tshintsho olubalulekileyo kumthetho-siseko waseMelika. Lwathetha ngobume bomthetho babantu ababengamakhoboka, bakhaba ityala elibi .Dred Scott v. Sandford isigqibo, kwaye luseke imigaqo engundoqo eyakuba sisiseko samalungelo amakhaya angoku.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo

  • ICelastripty Claus : Bonke abantu abazelweyo okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ngabemi baseUnited States nabaseburhulumenteni abahlala kuyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhusela uClaus : Akukho zwe linokukhanyela nawuphi na umntu okwigunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.
  • Imodeli Yolungiselelo ka Claus. Akukho meko inokuthintela nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho.
  • [[NT.:0] Privileges okanye iImmonities Claus : Amazwe akanakukwazi ukuvala ibhulorho yamalungelo okanye ukugonywa kwabemi base-U.S.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa ukunyanzelisa ukuququzelela ukuququzelela ukuququzelelwa kwamandla okuvota. kunye nonciphiso lomelo lwamazwe akhanyela amalungelo okuvota.

Ukukhusela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

UKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus luye lwaba libala elisembindini lamalungelo abantu eUnited States. Kwimeko yophawu lwango 1954 Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zasekuhlaleni lwaphula umthetho uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus, lwangquzula uluthisa ulwahlulo "lo kodwa olulinganayo" imfundiso emiselwe Py v. Ferguson (1186). [[FLT:] Iingxelo zobuRhulumends zobuRhulumend [[FLD:]] zobuzwe:5] ezithelwemcimbini lwamanyeneyo lwamanyusela ukuba iziko zemfundo zilingana, zikhonza njengeequmss ezilungele amalungelo aphezulu.

Igalelo likwasetyenziswa nakumatyala ocalucalulo ngokwesini, aqala nge Reed [771] kunye Craig v. Boren, eyamisela umgangatho wokuhlola okuphakathi kwe-scheme-session zocation. Kutshanje, [[FLT:]] kudala, kudala, kuwenyuke v. Hodges (20), iNkuthelekisa ukuba i-Exmoble Protection Claus, iqinisekisa izibini ezitheneyo ukutshata ekunene. I-externexternet kucel, isetyenziswa ukuvavanyanisa iindwendwe ezithene, ezinye ii-m, kunye nokubonisa ngokwezikolo, kunye, ezinye iintetho zezentelelo ze-fidiac.

IClaus Elindelekileyo Nomanyano

I-Bacted Claus yeNkqutyana ka-Claus itolikiwe ukuquka zombini izikhuseli zeprocebral (isaziso esingumgangatho wempumezo, iinkundla ezingakhethiyo) kunye nokhuseleko olusezantsi (amalungelo enkolo angadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko). Ngemfundiso ye ekhetha ukuqukwa , iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa i-Active Procesmentation's Proces Claus e-14'sting (Umgangatho wamalungelo oqhelekileyo we-ogratyanion, ukhuseleko olukhula ngokuphawulekayo lwamazwe ngamanye amazwe.

Oku kuye kwasetyenziswa kurhulumente nakurhulumente. Ngaphandle koMmiselo we-14, amaziko ebeya kukhululeka ukutyeshela iBhili yamaLungelo.

IsiHlaziyo Se - 15: Ukudlulisela Amalungelo Nomgangatho Wobuhlanga kwiBox yeBalot

Igunyaziwe ngoFebruwari 3, 1870, iSihlaziywa se-15 soMphengululo yaba yeyesithathu kwiiNkqubela-guquko zokwakha kwakhona yaye yayifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba amadoda aseAfrika aseMerika anokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo

  • Isiqinisekiso sokungavumelani nocalucalulo lohlanga olukhetha ukuvota: Ilungelo lokuvota alisayi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe ngenxa yohlanga, umbala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa ukunyanzelisa ukuququzelela ukuqhuba i-' ukumisela umthetho ofanelekileyo.

Ukulwela Ukunyanzelwa

Ngaphandle kokucaca kolwimi lwayo, uMphetho we-15 wabhaqwa phantse inkulungwane emva kokusetyenziswa kwayo. Amazwana aseMazantsi asebenzisa uludwe lwendlela zolawulo, kuquka uvavanyo lobuzali [ (oluye lwasetyenziswa rhoqo ukukhupha u-Black moffanti), [[FLT:] iirhafu ezingqukuva [iiiiiiindawo] yerhafuthelo [i-DS] (ethentithe xhathiswe kakhulu yi-Aft African-merics), [[FLT:] ucawalu , [[FLT]] ukququlu , [iluvo olusebenzayo] [iKlt'eluvolu `irrential transtivey] [irtiventialtives]

Ugonyamelo kunye noloyikiso, kuquka i-lynchings kunye nemisebenzi yeKu Klux Klan, iphinde icinezele ukuvota okumnyama nokubhaliswa. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwiimeko ezifana United States v. Cruikshank [1876] kunye Geles v. Harris[ [1903], etolikwa kancinci amandla orhulumente ukunyanzela ukunyanzela imvume, eshiya ukunyanzelisa ulawulo olukwalo mbuso olukhuthaza ucalucalucalucalulo.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Ekugqibeleni uHlaziyo lwe-15 lwafumana amandla okwenene ngoMthetho wamaLungelo we-65 (VRA), iKhomishini eyawulawulayo phantsi kwegunya lawo lokugunyazisa. ISebe le-VRA lalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, iimvavanyo zokubhalisa nokuvala ukufunda nokubhala ezinye iinkqubo zolawulo, kwaye lafuna amagunya aphezulu kunye nembali yokuchola embali yokufumana ucalucalulo lwasemthethweni ngaphambi kokutshintsha imithetho yabo yokuvota. [[FLT:]U.S. ISebe leJaji leMithelo liphawula ukuba loMthetho ugqalwa njengomnye wezona ziphendumiso zisebenzayo zamalungelo abantu oluntu oye wakha wamiswa. Kwiinyanga yeenyanga ezingamashumi amawaka abemi baMntlanga ababhalthiweyo ababhaliswe kwivoti.

Noko ke, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2013 Selby County v. Umphathi we- wabetha igalelo lentengiso yemfuneko yangaphambili, isenza buthathaka ngokuphawulekayo iVRA. Ukususela ngoko, amazwana amaninzi aye amisela imiqathango emitsha yokuvota echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abavoti abambalwa, ebonisa ukuba ukulwa ukuqonda isithembiso soMphengululo we-15 kuyaqhubeka nanamhlanje.

IsiHlanzi se-19: Imposiso yabafazi nokwanda kweDemokhrasi

Iqinisekisiwe ngoAgasti 18, 1920, ukuHlakulelwa kweMpanzi ye19 kwaphumela kwisiphelo somzabalazo othabatha amashumi eminyaka omzabalazo wamabhinqa ukukhusela ilungelo lokuvota amabhinqa. Imela ulwandiso olukhulu lwamalungelo okuvota kwimbali yamaMelika kwaye ngokusisiseko yaguqula uhlobo lwedemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo

  • Ilungelo labafazi ukuvota: Ilungelo lokuvota alizukwamkelwa okanye livalelwe ngenxa yesondo.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kolawulo olukwiNtlalo-ntle.

Intshukumo Ebangela Igalelo

Intshukumo yokuzingisa kwamabhinqa yaqalisa ngokunyanisekileyo kwiNdibano yeeFalls yaseSeneca ngo1848, elungiselelwe nguElizabeth Cady Stanton kunye noLucretia Mott. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-70, ababhali-zincwadi basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo kuquka iindlu zowiso-mthetho zephondo ezikhuthaza ukungenelela, ukulungiselela imiboniso yasesidlangalaleni, kwaye, phantsi kokhokelo luka-Alice Paul kunye neSizwana samaNamasti, bebandakanye nokulwa ngemfazwe kuquka nokuthatha iNdlukwano yeNdlukwano yeSizwe neNdlunda.

Inkqubo yokwandiswa yaba ngumdlalo wesikhonkwane odityanisiweyo wezopolitiko. Ukulungisa kwadlula iNdlu ngoMeyi 1919 kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ngoJuni 1919, kodwa kwafuneka ukuba ama-36 kumazwe ngoko athathe i-ravince. NgoAgasti 1920, iTennessee yaba lizwe elinoluvo olupheleleyo lama-36, ngokuvota kwehlela kummeli wesizwe oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala uHarry Burn, owaguqula ivoti yakhe emva kokwamkela incwadi evela kunina wambongoza ukuba axhase ukuphekaliswa kwemvume.

Impembelelo Neengxaki Eziqhubekayo

UHlomelo lwe-19 lwaphinda-phinda unyulo lwaphinda-phindeka kabini lwaza lwakhokelela kunyulo lwamabhinqa okuqala kwiNgqungquthela kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Noko ke, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba utshintsho aluqinisekisanga ukuba amabhinqa amaninzi ahlala ephandle ayawachaphazeleka. Amabhinqa amaninzi amibala, kuquka amabhinqa ase-Afrika, amabhinqa aseMerika ase-Melika, amabhinqa ase-Asia, namabhinqa ase-Speyin, aqhubeka ejongene nemiqobo esemthethweni nangaphezulu yokuvota de kube nguMthetho we-Voling Rights ka-656 kunye nomthetho olandelayo othetha ngezi zi

Kwakhona oku kuye kwayisiseko sokulingana kwesini esithe thaa phantsi kweThe Experimence Protection Claus, kunceda ekupheliseni imithetho yolwaphulo - mthetho emsebenzini, kwimfundo nakwizindlu zikawonke wonke.

IsiHlomelo Se - 24: Ukungamkeleki Kwerhafu Yokungcolisa

NgoJanuwari 23, 1964, uMphetho-nkqubo wama-24 wathetha ngenye yezona zixhobo ziqhelekileyo ezazisetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukuvota: irhafu yokuvota. Ngoxa ukuhlaziywa kwe-15 kokuvota kwakwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, irhafu yahlala isemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi njengemfuneko yobundilele yokuba abavoti abangamahlwempu, kuquka abantu abaninzi baseAfrika, kunye nabamhlophe abavoti.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo

  • Isiqinisekiso sokunyulwa kwerhafu yovolo: Ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lwamaqumrhu alizukugunyaziswa ekuhlawuleni irhafu yokuvota okanye nayiphi na enye irhafu.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kolawulo olukwiNtlalo-ntle.

Ngexesha lonyuselo, kuphela kumaphondo amahlanu (Alabazama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia) awasebenzisa irhafu yovolo. Noko ke, loo maphondo ayeyisebenzise ngokunempumelelo irhafu ukukhupha inxalenye ebalulekileyo yonyulo. IsiHlanzi soMa 24 seSinyuso sasebenza kuphela kunyulo lwamagunya. IBhunga le-Equastars ye-Exptions [1966], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa ummiselo wovotelo, irhafunxa yawuza intelo echasene nokhuselo olulinganayo lweSinyulo se-14. Oku kuthintelwa okungqalileyo komthetho-Gajiniyo-Phinda-mthetho-mthetho-siseko we-ejinik-Grative-ejini kwabonisa ukuba kukhuselwe kunye nelungelo elingundoqo.

UMthetho - siseko We - 26: Ukuthoba Iminyaka Yokwanelisa Imali Ibe Yi - 18

NgoJulayi 1, 1971, uMphengululo wama - 26 wanika abemi abaneminyaka eli - 18 nangaphezulu imvume ekhawuleza yagunyaziswa kwimbali yaseMerika, yaye kwiinyanga nje ezintathu kwafunyanwa imvume efunekayo karhulumente engama - 38.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo

  • Ukuvota iminyaka emiselwe kwi 18 : Ilungelo lokuvota alizukukhanyelwa ngenxa yobudala babemi kwiminyaka eli-18 okanye ngaphezulu.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kolawulo olukwiNtlalo-ntle.

"Omdala Wanele Ukulwa, Omdala Wanele Ukugqabaza"

Ulungiso yaba ngumphumo othe ngqo wexesha lemfazwe yase Vietnam. Izigidi zamadoda aselula zazibhaliswe ukuba zikhonze emkhosini xa zineminyaka eyi-18 ubudala, kodwa zazingamkelekanga ukuvotela iinkokeli ezenza izigqibo ngemfazwe noxolo. Isiqubulo esithi "Nkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ilwe, indala ngokwaneleyo ukulwa, ukuba ithathe umkhosi wemigaqo yempikiswano. Imigudu yangaphambili yokuthoba ixesha lokuvota yenziwa kumgangatho wesizwe, ngempumelelo ethile, kodwa ulwandiso lwe-1970 lwamalungelo eVoting Act lwazama ukumisela uRhulumeko lwesizwe lweminyaka eli-18, kodwa ukuba neNkulawula okuphakamileyo kweNkundla yezo. . Mitchell[[FLD:] v[FLT] [FLD1] [70]) ikhomba enokuthi imisele iminyaka yesizwe kodwa uvolorhoqonga okanye unyulo-volo lwasekuhlaleni.

Isiphumo somphumo womsebenzi wokhetho owenziwe ngexesha lokhetho lomgangatho owahlukeneyo asizange sisebenze. Ingqungquthela yaphendula ngokumisa uMmiselo wama-26, owasusa yonke imiqathango esekelwe kubudala yabavoti 18 nangaphezulu kuzo zonke iinyuko. Isivumelwano saphembelela ulutsha oluqikelelwa kwizigidi ezili-11 yaye besingumbandela othe rhoqo wengxoxo malunga nomvoti, ukubhaliswa kwezobupolitika, kunye nendima yolutsha kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ngaphaya Kwale Mimiselo: Umthetho Oguqula Amalungelo Esizwe

Nangona izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko zinika isiseko somthetho, zisoloko zifuna ukuba umthetho usebenze. Imimiselo eliqela ephawulayo yeli zwe ibiyimfuneko ekuguquleni isithembiso sokubuyiselwa kwemiqathango ibe yinto yokwenene kubemi baseMerika.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka-1964 ngowona mthetho uphambili wamalungelo abantu ukususela ekuvuselweni kwakhona. Udlula ngexesha lolawulo lukaMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson nasemva komphathi-mikhosi omde kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga, uMthendeleko ugweba olungekho mthethweni ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe ebanzi.

  • Isihloko I: yabonisa ukungalingani kokusetyenziswa kwemfuno zobhaliso lovoti (ukwakha kwisiHlomelo se 15).
  • [ Isihloko II: ucalucalulo olubiwe kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke ezinjengeehotele, iivenkile zokutyela, kunye nemidlalo yemidlalo (ebekwe kulawulo lorhwebo lwe-14 loLawulo loMthetho).
  • Title III: urhulumente okhutshelweyo noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abangavumi ukufikelela kumasebe kawonke-wonke asekelwe kucalucalulo (14th Amendment).
  • Isihloko se IV: yagunyazisa ukhupho lwezikolo zikawonke-wonke (ukubhalisa Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo)).
  • [[UMTL:0] Isihloko VI: ucalucalulo olucetywe ngeenkqubo ezifumana imali karhulumente.
  • Isihloko VII: ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwaye lwaseka iKhomishoni elinganayo yeMbali Ezakhono (EOC).

ISihloko soMgaqo-nkqubo VII sisisiseko socalulo oluninzi lwequmrhu lomthetho wemisebenzi, kuquka ukukhuselwa ekuxhatshazweni ngokwesini, ukucalucalulwa ngokwesondo, kwaye, kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yakutshanje, ucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza kwesini (]Bostock v. Clayton County,2020]).

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngokunxulumene noMphetho-mvakalo we-15, iVRA yowe-1965 yanika iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ezingekhoyo kuMphetho we-15. Yaye yayeka ukusebenzisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala nezinye iimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iimvavanyo ezigunyazisiweyo zikarhulumente ukubhalisa abavoti kwii-ofisi ezigqunyiweyo, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba uqulunqe umthetho wonyulo olawulayo olawulayo olawula imbali ejongene nembali yocalucalulo. Umthetho wavelisa iziphumo eziphawulekayo: ngo-1968, ubhaliso olumnyama eMississippispenishe lwaye lwanyuka kungaphantsi kwe7% ngowe-19649 ukuya ku-959.

Imithetho Yobulungisa Yezindlu yowe - 1968

Idlule emva kokubulawa kukaGqr. Martin Luther King Jr., uMthetho weFair House Act (isihloko VIII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1968) walwalela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, ekuhlawuleni, nasekuxhaseni izindlu ezisekelwe kwibala, imibala, unqulo, imvelaphi yesizwe, kunye nezenzo zamva, ubulwelwe, kunye nokungahlali. Lo mThetho wathetha ngenkqubo eqinileyo yezindlu ezikhuselwe yimigaqo-mthetho karhulumente, ucalucalulo, kunye nezivumelwano ezingqongqo ngokweentlobo-ntlangaluvo. Iye yaba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekucelweni ukrwelo, nakwenziwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, nakweminye imikhwa yolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona ihlala ingumbandela wokuhlala ikho kwizixeko ezininzi zaseMerika.

Imfazwe Eqhubekayo Yamalungelo Abemi Nokunyaniseka KomGaqo-siseko

Ukubuyiselwa kwamalungelo abantu okuchazwe kweli nqaku kumela izibopho zomGaqo-siseko zokulingana nenkululeko esaphikiswayo nokuzalisekiswa. Isithembiso se-13 Computermentation senkululeko sicelw'ucekwa yinkqubo yokubanjwa kwequmrhu kunye nentlobo zokusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi yale mihla. Isiqinisekiso soMphengululo we-14 sokukhusela okulinganayo sivavanywa ziingxoxo zokuvuma, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nokufuduka. Ummiselo we-15 kunye nowe-19 weSinyuso sokuLandlwa kwenkululeko sijoliswe kwimilo jikelele eqhubeka kwiimfazwe zemithetho ye-ID, i-gerrymanning, kunye nokufikelela kwibhokisi ye-bolotte.

Oko ezi zinguquko zifana ngako kukuba zingamalungiselelo okukhulula ukwenzela izizukulwana ezizayo ukuba zifumane amalungelo azo. Zinika iCongress kunye neenkundla amandla okulwa nocalulo olutsha abakhenkethi bezimo abangenakukwazi ukuzibona kwangaphambili. Umthetho wamaLungelo ka1964, uMthetho weVoting Rights ka 1965, kunye noMthetho ka-1968 we-Fairhouse Act womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-1968, zonke ezi zibonisa indlela enokuthi inyathelo lokwabela ukusetyenziswa kolwahlulwa kolunye uhlobo lungabonwa kwangaphambili.

Ukuqonda ezi zindululo akuyonto nje ekwazini imbali. Kumalunga nokuqonda izixhobo ezikhoyo zomthetho zokuqhubeka nomsebenzi wokwakha ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelingenabugqwetha. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sigqibe oko ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo "kukhuselwa kwemithetho" okufunekayo ngexesha laso. Njengokuba izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziqhubeka zibumba iintsingiselo zala malungiselelo, kwaye njengeBhunga nemithetho-siseko zimisela imithetho emitsha phantsi kwegunya labo lokunyanzelisa, amalungelo abantu ahlala ehleli ekwiziphene, ukunqandana kwemithetho-mthetho ye-Gawulayo kuhlala kuyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yoMgaqo-siseko wokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokuqinisekisa ukuba isithembiso sokulingana sisebenza kubo bonke abemi. Imizabala eliqhubekayo lokuvolo lomthetho wobulungisa, i-Rhulumente, i-LGTQ+ amalungelo enyaniswe ngurhulumenteni wonke osemthethweni, namalungelo abantu abasebenzi abakhubazekileyo, lichazwa kulo mgaqo-mthetho, kuba kuthethwa ngulo xwebhu lwalo lwalo lungaphithi, kodwa kusoloko ukusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yokuba kusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo,